Engineering Mechanics:

Dynamics in SI Units, 12e

Chapter 14
Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter Objectives

 Develop and apply the principle of work and

energy that involve force, velocity, and
displacement

 Study problems that involve power and efficiency

 Concept of a conservative force and apply the

theorem of conservation of energy to solve kinetic
problems.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter Outline

1. The Work of a Force

2. Principle of Work and Energy
3. Principle of Work and Energy for a System of
Particles
4. Power and Efficiency
5. Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
6. Conservation of Energy

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.1 The Work of a Force

 A force F does work on a particle when it

undergoes a displacement in the direction of the
force
 The displacement is dr = r’ – r
 The angle between tails of dr and F is θ and
work dU done by F is a scalar quantity
dU = F ds cos θ
dU = F·dr

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.1 The Work of a Force

Work of a Variable Force

 When particle undergoes a finite displacement
along its path from r1 to r2 or s1 to s2, the work is
determined by integration
 If F is expressed as a function of position,
F = F(s), r2 s2
U1 2   F .dr   F cos  ds
r1 s1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.1 The Work of a Force

Work of a Weight
 Consider a particle which moves up along the
path s from s1 to position s2
 At an intermediate point, the displacement dr =
dxi +dyj + dzk
 Since W = -Wj
r2 ~
U1 2   F .dr   (W~j ).(dx~
i  dy~j  dzk )
r1
y2
  Wdy  W ( y2  y1)
y1
U1 2  Wy

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.1 The Work of a Force

Work of a Spring Force

 Magnitude of force in a linear elastic spring when
displaced a distance s from unstretched position
is Fs = ks
 When elongated or compressed from s1 to s2, the
W.D on spring by Fs is positive, since force and
displacement are in the same direction
s2 s2
U1 2   Fs ds   ks ds
s1 s1
1 2 1 2
 ks2  ks1
2 2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.1 The Work of a Force

Work of a Spring Force.

 The constant towing force T does positive work
of
U T  T cos  s

 The weight does negative work of

UW  W sin  s

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 14.1

The 10-kg block rest on a smooth incline. If the

spring is originally stretched 0.5 m, determine the
total work done by all forces acting on the block
when a horizontal force P = 400 N pushes the block
up the plane s = 2 m.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 14.1

Solution
Horizontal Force P
Since force is constant, the work is

U P  400 N 2m cos 30 
 692.8 J

Spring Force Fs
Spring is stretched to its final position
s2 = 0.5 + 2 = 2.5 m
Work is negative as force and displacement are in
opposite directions.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 14.1

Solution
Spring Force Fs
The work of Fs is thus
 1 2 1 2
U s    (30 N / M )(2.5m)  (30 N / M )(0.5m)   90 J
2 2 

Weight W
Weight is in the opposite direction and work is
negative
UW  98.1N (2m sin 30 )  98.1J

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 14.1

Solution
Normal Force NB
This force does no work since it is always
perpendicular to the displacement.

Total Work
The work of all the forces when the block is
displaced 2 m is thus

UT  692.8  90  98.1  505 J

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.2 Principle of Work and Energy

 Consider a particle P path measured with an

inertial coordinate system
 For the particle in the tangential direction,
∑Ft = mat
 s1 Ft ds  v1 mv dv
s2 v2

 s1
s2 1 1
Ft ds  mv22  mv12
2 2
 For principle of work and energy for the particle,

U12
1 2 1 2
 mv2  mv1
2 2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.2 Principle of Work and Energy

 It is often also expressed as

T1  U1 2  T2

 The particle’s initial kinetic energy plus the work

done by all the forces acting on the particle as it
moves from initial to its final position is equal to
the particle’s final kinetic energy

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.2 Principle of Work and Energy

Procedures for Analysis

Work (Free-Body Diagram)
 Establish the initial coordinate system and FBD

Principle of Work and Energy

 Apply the principle of work and energy
T1  U1 2  T2
 Kinetic energy at initial and final points is positive
since it involves the speed squared
T  mv 1
2
2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.2 Principle of Work and Energy

Procedures for Analysis

Principle of Work and Energy
 Work is always positive when the force
component is in the same direction
 Forces that are functions of displacement must
be integrated to obtain the work
 The work of a weight is the product of the weight
magnitude and the vertical displacement
 The work of the spring is in the form of
1 2
U s  ks
2
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
14.3 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles
 Principle of work and energy can be extended to
include a system of n particles isolated within an
enclosed region of space

T  U
1 12  T2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.3 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles
Work of Friction Caused by Sliding.
 When applied force P just balances the resultant
frictional force μkN then due to equilibrium a
constant velocity v is maintained
1 2 1 2
mv  Ps  k N s  mv
2 2
 Sliding motion will generate heat and create
vibration and rough surface

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 14.2

The 17.5-kN automobile is traveling down the 10°

inclined road at a speed of 6 m/s. if the driver jams
on the brakes, causing his wheels to lock, determine
how far s his tires skid on the road. The coefficient of
the kinetic friction between the wheels and the road
is μk = 0.5

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 14.2

Solution
Work (Free-Body Diagram)
NA does no work as and the weight 17.5-kN, is
displaced s sin 10°. Applying equation of equilibrium
normal to the road,
+  n
F  0; ; N A  17500 cos10
N  0  N A  17234.1N
FA  0.5 N A  8617.1N

Principle of Work and Energy

T1   U1 2  T2
1  17500  2

2  9.81 
 ( 6)  
17500( s sin 10 

)  (8617.1) s  0  s  5.75m
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 14.4

The platform P is tied down so that the 0.4-m long

cords keep a 1-m long spring compressed 0.6-m
when nothing is on the platform. If a 2-kg platform is
placed on the platform and released from rest after
the platform is pushed down 0.1-m, determine the
max height h the block rises in the air, measure from
the ground.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 14.4

Solution
Work (Free-Body Diagram)
Initial compression in the spring is s1=0.6+0.1=0.7m
Principle of Work and Energy
We have
T1   U1 2  T2
1 2  1 2 1 2  1 2
mv1    ks2  ks1   Wy   mv2
2  2 2   2
1 
0  {  (200N / m)(0.6m) 2  (200N / m)(0.7m) 2   (19.62 N )h  (0.3m)}  0
1
2 2 
 h  0.963m

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 14.6

The block A and B have a mass of 10-kg and 100-kg

respectively. Determine the distance B travels from
the point where it is released from rest to the point
its speed become 2 m/s.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 14.6

Solution
Work (Free-Body Diagram)
Cable force T and reactions R1 and R2 do no work.

Principle of Work and Energy

T  U  T
1 1 2 2

1 2 1 2
 m A ( v )
A 1
2

1
mB ( v B 1
)  W A s A  WB s B    m A ( v )
A 2
2

1
mB ( v B 2
)
2 2  2 2 

0  0 98.1(s A )  981(sB )   1 (10)(v A ) 22  1 (100)(2) 22 

2 2 

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 14.6

Solution
Kinematics
s A  4 sB  l

A change in position yields the displacement

equation
s A  4sB  0
s A  4sB
Both of these displacements are positive downward,
taking time derivative yields
v A  4vB  8m / s sB  0.883m
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
14.5 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy

Conservative Force
 Defined by the work done in moving a particle
from one point to another that is independent of
the path followed by the particle

Energy
 Energy is defined as the capacity for doing work
 Kinetic energy is associated with the motion of
the particle

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.5 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy.

 When a particle is located a distance y above a
datum, the weight W has positive gravitational
potential energy Vg
 If y is positive upward,
gravitational potential energy
of the particle of weight W is

Vg  Wy

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.5 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy

Elastic Potential Energy

 When an elastic spring is elongated or
compressed from un-stretched position, the
elastic potential energy is
1 2
Ve   ks
2
 Ve is always positive

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.5 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy

Potential Function.
 When particle subjected to both gravitational and
elastic forces, the potential energy is
V  Vg  Ve
 If particle moves from s1 to a lower position s2,
the work done is
U1 2  V1  V2  W s2  s1    1
2 ks22  12 ks12 

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.6 Conservation of Energy

 Work done by the conservative forces can be

written in terms of the difference in their potential
energies
 If only conservative forces are applied to the
body when moving from state to state, we have
T1  V1  T2  V2
 This is called conservation of mechanical energy
or conservation of energy

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.6 Conservation of Energy

System of Particles
 If a system of particles is subjected only to
conservative forces,

T1  V1  T2  V2

 Sum of the particle’s initial kinetic and potential
energies is equal to the sum of the particle’s final
kinetic and potential energies

 T  V  const

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.6 Conservation of Energy

Procedures of Analysis
Potential Energy
 Draw 2 diagrams showing particle’s initial and
final points along the path
 When particle is in vertical displacement,
establish the fixed horizontal datum to measure
the particle’s gravitational potential energy
1 2
 Recall Vg = Wy and Ve  ks is always positive
2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

14.6 Conservation of Energy

Procedures of Analysis
Conservation of Energy
 Apply the equation

T1  V1  T2  V2

 When determining the kinetic energy,

speed v must be measured from an inertial
reference frame
1 2
T  mv
2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 14.9

The gantry structure is used to test the response of

an airplane during a clash. The plane of mass 8-Mg
is hoisted back until θ = 60°, and then pull-back
cable AC is released when the plane is at rest.
Determine the speed of the plane just before
clashing into the ground, θ = 15°. Also, what is the
maximum tension developed in the supporting cable
during the motion?

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 14.9

Solution
Potential Energy
The datum is assumed at the top of the gantry
Conservation of Energy
TA  VA  TB  VB
1
0  8000(9.81)(20 cos60 )  (8000)vB2  8000(9.81)(20 cos15 )


2
 vB  13.5m / s

Equation of Motion
(13.5) 2
 Fn  man ; T  8000(9.81) N cos15  (8000) 20


 T  149kN
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 14.11

A smooth 2-kg collar C, fits loosely on the vertical

shaft. If the spring is un-stretched when the collar is
in the position A, determine the speed at which the
collar is moving when y = 1 m if (a) it is released
from rest at A, and (b) it is released at A with an
upward velocity vA = 2 m/s.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 14.11

Solution
Part (a)
Potential energy
Datum is assumed at AB.
At C, gravitational potential energy is –(mg)y elastic
energy is 12 ksCB
2

TA  VA  TC  VC

0  0  mvC2   ksCB  mgy 

1 1 2
2 2 
0  0   (2)vC2    (3)(0.5) 2  2(9.81)(1)
1 1
2  2 
vC  4.39m / s 
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 14.11

Solution
Part (b)
Conservation of Energy
If vA = 2 m/s, we have
TA  VA  TC  VC

mv A  0  mvC2   ksCB  mgy 

1 2 1 1 2
2 2 2 
(2)(2)  0   (2)vC    (3)(0.5) 2  2(9.81)(1)
 2  1
1 2 1
2 2  2 
vC  4.82m / s 

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd