11/12/2014

Report
Design of Water Supply System

Submitted By
12-ENV-01
Table of Contents
Chapter1: Water supply project Planning.............................................................................................4
1.1Purpose of Water Supply..................................................................................................................5
1.2Objectives........................................................................................................................................5
1.3Strategties........................................................................................................................................5
1.4Key Principles....................................................................................................................................5
1.5By laws..............................................................................................................................................5
1.6Considerations..................................................................................................................................6
1.7Planning reports...............................................................................................................................6
1.8Sources of water...............................................................................................................................6
1.9Water demand..................................................................................................................................7
1.10Water quantity estimation..............................................................................................................8
1.11Design Water demand....................................................................................................................9
1.12Types of supply.............................................................................................................................11
1.13Definition of design period...........................................................................................................12
1.14Design population.........................................................................................................................13
1.15Design flow...................................................................................................................................15
1.16Methods.......................................................................................................................................15

Chapter2:Water Supply Components.................................................................................................18

2.1Collection system............................................................................................................................18
2.2Purification works...........................................................................................................................19
2.3Transmission works........................................................................................................................20
2.4Distribution works..........................................................................................................................20
2.5Overhead tank................................................................................................................................24
2.6Fire system......................................................................................................................................25
2.7Valves.............................................................................................................................................26
2.8Pipelines.........................................................................................................................................30
Chapter 3: Design Criteria...................................................................................................................35
Chapter 4: Case Study.........................................................................................................................45

1
List of Figures
1Planning process..................................................................................................................................4

2Example of water flow.......................................................................................................................15

3Main components of water supply.....................................................................................................18
4Fire Hydrant.......................................................................................................................................25
5Air valve.............................................................................................................................................26
6Sluice valve........................................................................................................................................27
7Butterfly valve....................................................................................................................................28
8Pressure valve....................................................................................................................................28

9Ball valve............................................................................................................................................29
10Water quantity estimation...................................................................................................................

List of Tables
1Flow according to usage....................................................................................................................22

2Types of pipes....................................................................................................................................31

2
Abstract:
In this report, it is made sure to mention and describe all facts and figures which must be considered
before, during and after planning and laying out water supply scheme. Different components along
with working and standards have been mentioned. In the end a case study has also been given, which
is laying out of water supply pipelines and related components of a scheme.

3
 C
APTER
1:WATER
H

SUPPLY
PROJECT
PLANNING

Community
participation in
water projects is
certainly very
important. This
can be gained
through programs that are series of integrated activities directed to the establishment and
continue functioning and use of water supply services. The challenge of a program is social,
organizational and administrative. It is important that agencies and partners work together
with communities group and users and plan their activities on a mutual agreement. To meet
long-term health benefits of environmental engineering it is important to enhance the demand
for better water use, sanitation and hygiene.

The provision of water to a community has to follow the same route as any other project, in
that it has to go through a series of distinct stages between the initial conceptualisation and
the time when the project is completed. These stages be summarised as follows:
• Identification and preparation: comprise the pre investment planning stages.
• Approval is the stage at which decision-makers, including financiers, determine whether or
not a project will become a reality.
• Implementation is the stage at which detailed designs are completed and the project
facilities are built and commissioned; supporting activities such as staff training are also
undertaken.
• Operation is the stage during which the project facilities are integrated with the existing
system to provide improved services
• Evaluation, the final stage, determines what lessons have been learned so that future
projects

Figure 1 Planning Process

1.1) PURPOSE OF THE WATER SUPPLY:

Establish the purpose of the water supply. Why is the water supply needed? Who will use the
water and for what activities? What is the problem with the current situation and how will the
proposed water supply project alleviate the problem?

1.2) OBJECTIVES:

Set broad objectives, or goals, first for the operational phase and then for the project phase. It
is important to look at operational objectives first, and use these to establish the objectives for
the project phase; otherwise there is a risk that the water supply system will operate
inefficiently, even if the project phase was completed successfully. The objectives of a water
supply project should include the following:
• The provision of water for domestic consumption and personal hygiene in terms of the
Water Services Authority’s by-laws
• The improvement of the quality of the existing supplies
•the improvement of the availability of water to the community
• Community involvement and commitment;
• The improvement of public health;
• The improvement of the living standards of the community;
• The development of local technical, financial and administrative skills; and
• The improvement of the economic potential of the community

1.3) STRATEGIES:
An overall strategy is needed to guide the project through various stages into the operational
phase.

1.4) KEY PRINCIPLES:

5
As a general guide, design of all water services distribution network infrastructure take into
account the following core principles:

 Regulatory framework- planners must be aware of the regulatory framework and its
potential impact on options and implementation programs relating to the provision of water
supply and sewerage services. The regulatory framework includes legislative drivers
relevant to the water services businesses as well as quasi regulatory requirements applied by
local governments within the SEQ water service area;
 Planning and design process – planning and design should follow an iterative process which
seeks to balance infrastructure, operation and maintenance, financial, and environmental
aspects to achieve the defined outcomes;
 Option Analysis –design should include a comprehensive and rigorous identification of all
options to meet the defined outcomes. These options are to include non-asset solutions; and
 Stakeholder involvement - key stakeholders should be identified and involved at all stages
of the process.

1.5) BY-LAWS:
Note should be taken of the by-laws of the Water Services Authority. The following aspects
are of particular importance where Water Services Development Plans are incomplete or
unclear:

Administration: The community should be involved in the planning, implementation and

maintenance phases of the project (preferably through an independent committee of
community representatives).

Finance: Subsidisation of the scheme by bodies outside the community is restricted to the
provision of the basic level of service prescribed in government policy documents. The
community must also be able to bearthe operational costs involved. There are, however,
exceptions to the rule, which can be found in the policy documents. No water supply system
should be planned in the absence of a tariff structure and expense-recovery mechanism,
agreed to by the client community. The client community must be able to pay for its basic
operation and maintenance, with due regard to the free basic water policy of the National
Government.

Development impact: Maximum use should be made of local manpower and materials, with
training given where appropriate. Where possible, local contractors and entrepreneurs should
be employed. However, the technologies employed – including labour-based construction
methods – should be cost-effective.

Health: The improvement of the quality of services should be driven by increased

community awareness of health related problems and their causes. For example,
improvements in living standards and public health in a community may be impossible to
achieve unless hygiene education is provided and sanitation improvements are made
concurrently with an improvement in water supply.

6
Planning activities: The objectives, strategy and policies must provide sound guidelines for
formulating and executing the activities, tasks and sub-tasks required to reach the given set of
objectives. The completion of an activity should result in an objective being met.

1.6).CONSIDERATIONS:
 Relevance: Whatever we are planning should be relevant. It should nt be over planned.
 Technical feasibility: Should be feasible technically.
 Economic feasibility: Should be designed keeping available finance in mind.
 Optimality: Design on basis of optimization. Should serve maximum part of community.
 Reliability: Should be reliable.

1.7) PLANNING: REPORTS

Project reports
In the absence of other guidelines on a project report, the format and contents of the reports
should follow the following format.

Feasibility reports:
Feasibility reports should cover any factors that could be relevant to the detailed planning and
design of anew water supply scheme, or the upgrading of an existing one.

1.8) SOURCES OF WATER:

Right from the beginning of mankind on earth water is an important issue for survival of the
human race. In primitive time’s water for drinking purpose, bathing, clothing and washing
was taken from e natural sources such as rivers, streams and springs. Throughout the history
of mankind the main sources for drinking have been as under:-

 Rivers, streams/ponds and springs

 Open Wells :The open wells were long used as a source for drinking water. Even today we
find a lot of villages in the province that have one or two open wells that provide safe
drinking water to the villagers .
 Pacca Wells :The Dug Wells, as the Kaccha Wells were generally known, were prone to
collapse over time and the supply of water would thus get suspended till the obstruction was
removed. The alternative used for averting this problem in wells was use of stone masonry
and then brick masonry. With the passage of time and with the increase in prosperity
amongst the people, it allowed them to construct pacca wells with bricks to the desired
depth of water. In some of places in Punjab this practice is still in vogue.
 Hand Pumps: In the 18th century, with the help of Boring Machines, boring was carried
out in the ground and using filter and pipe water was pumped out by what were called hand
pumps.
 Tube wells :The water extracted from deep aquifers is free from pollution. Therefore, with
the help of boring rigs, deep tube wells are being installed almost everywhere in Punjab.
Normally, the water pumped out from deep ground water aquifers, when tested chemically
and bacteriologically is found fit for drinking purposes by humans.

7
 Ground Water Tanks :Tube wells draw water from the underground water aquifers. In
order to use it efficiently, the water pumped out is stored in ground tanks slightly raised
from ground surface. One or preferably more than one water taps are installed with the
ground tank for using the water.
 Water through Battery of Taps :An alternate to the ground tanks is the installation of a
battery of taps on a bigger diameter pipe and placing these at suitable places preferably
scattered all over the community for even benefit to all the community.
 Water Stand Posts :This service is similar to the previous service with a difference that
taps are installed at the corners, center and other suitable places of the streets. The drawback
of this service is that considerable quantity of water is wasted and nobody takes
responsibility for the repair of the damaged taps.
 Piped Water Supply :In this mode of service delivery, pipes are laid from the tube well or
other water source to the doorsteps, and a connection is made with the house of the end-
user. The user can provide further connections for water utilization in kitchen, bathroom and
courtyard according to requirements.
 Water Supply through Overhead Reservoir :In this system water extracted from tube
well or other source is first pumped into overhead reservoir, and then through the main pipe
it is distributed to the doorstep.

1.9) WATER DEMAND

Future water demand is one of the key issues in water supply planning. The following
important points regarding the demographic and economic situations determining future
water demand should correspond with the contents of the Water Services Development Plan.
demographic and service information required includes:
• The current population;
• The number of households;
• The number of residential consumer units;
• The incomes related to these consumer units;
• The number and type of non-residential consumer units;
• Current levels of water service;
• Current consumption; and
• The demand for services, in terms of willingness to pay for the services desired. The
information required to make proper projections of future requirements includes:
• Population growth;
• Economic growth;
• Growth in number of consumer units;
• Level of service provided to residential consumer units;
• Changes in income levels of residential consumer units;
• Changes in consumption per consumer unit;
• Effects of water-metering programmes; and
• Weather patterns and climate.

1.10).WATER QUANTITY ESTIMATION:

8
The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the water supply scheme has to
be designed requires following data:

1. Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day per head)
2. Population to be served.

Average Daily Per Capita Demand  = Quantity Required in 12 Months/ (365 x

Population)
Quantity= Per capita demand x Population

Factors affecting per capita demand:

 Size of the city: Per capita demand for big cities is generally large as compared to that for
smaller towns as big cities have sewered houses.
 Presence of industries.
 Climatic conditions.
 Habits of people and their economic status.
 Quality of water: If water is aesthetically $ medically safe, the consumption will increase as
people will not resort to private wells, etc.

 Pressure in the distribution system.

 Efficiency of water works administration: Leaks in water mains and services; and
unauthorised use of water can be kept to a minimum by surveys.

 Cost of water.
 Policy of metering and charging method: Water tax is charged in two different ways: on the
basis of meter reading and on the basis of certain fixed monthly rate.

Fluctuations in Rate of Demand

If this average demand is supplied at all the times, it will not be sufficient to meet the
fluctuations.

 Seasonal variation: The demand peaks during summer. Firebreak outs are generally more
in summer, increasing demand. So, there is seasonal variation .
 Daily variation depends on the activity. People draw out more water on Sundays and
Festival days, thus increasing demand on these days.
 Hourlyvariations are very important as they have a wide range. During active household
working hours i.e. from six to ten in the morning and four to eight in the evening, the bulk
of the daily requirement is taken. During other hours the requirement is negligible.

9
 Moreover, if a fire breaks out, a huge quantity of water is required to be supplied during
short duration, necessitating the need for a maximum rate of hourly supply.

So, an adequate quantity of water must be available to meet the peak demand. To meet all the
fluctuations, the supply pipes, service reservoirs and distribution pipes must be properly
proportioned. The water is supplied by pumping directly and the pumps and distribution
system must be designed to meet the peak demand. The effect of monthly variation
influences the design of storage reservoirs and the hourly variations influences the design of
pumps and service reservoirs. As the population decreases, the fluctuation rate increases.

1.11).DESIGN WATER DEMAND

The system shall be designed to meet the greater of either of the following demands:1.
 Maximum Daily Demand Plus Fire Flow2.
 Maximum Hourly Demand 
Peak hourly demand
Where applicable, individual studies shall be conducted for the following:
1. Special commercial establishments and major commercial areas
2. Special industries and major industrial areas
3. Institutional development
4. High density residential areas

Average Water Demand (light industrial and commercial)

If individual data is not available, the following typical numbers should be used in order
toestablish the daily average flow demand for light commercial and industrial facilities.
The average daily water demand is sized to the community using the following equation:

Average community daily water demand = 

Average daily water demand × Number of people

Maximum Daily Demand:

Maximum daily water demand = 

F × (Average community daily water demand, Where F=1.5-2

Peak Hourly Demand:

Maximum hourly water demand =

F × (Average community daily water demand), Where F=(2.25-3)

F × (Maximum community daily water demand), Where F=1.5

Fire systems:

This system is designed to overcome the fire. They are:

 Direct system (Fire hydrants).
 Mobile system (mobile vehicles like fire extinguishers).

10
Fire hydrants:

A fire hydrant is an active device used for from fire protection, and it is supplied in rural,
suburban and urban areas to assist fire fighters for extinguishing fire a source of water
provided in most urban, suburban and rural areas with municipal water service to
enable firefighters to tap into the municipal water supply to assist in extinguishing a fire. The
areas surrounded by fire hydrant are given with an insurance discount as firefighters
extinguish a fire on the particular insured building property more efficiently water treatment
plants are sized to deal with the amount of water used by fire fighters, the fire flow, as well
as for residential and industrial customers.  The total flow of the plant is defined as follows:

Total flow = Maximum daily water demand + Fire flow

ISO Formula:

F=18C√A where A in m2

F=223.17C√A where A in ft2

C: Wooden=1.5, Fire resistance=0.6, Ordinary=1, Non combustible=0.8

The total flow is the total amount of water that the water plant has available.  This will
include the capacity of the plant and of any storage structures.  In most cases, the treatment
plant can be sized to merely deal with the maximum daily demand as long as the storage
facility is large enough to deal with fire flows.

 Direct system:in this case fire fighting provision is provided in water distribution networkas
a result pipe sizes and capacities would be provided.minimum residual pressure should be
60 psi.
 InDirect system: fire hydrants are not installed in water distribution system. It is also called
mobile system. Minimum pressure is 1.9 to 9.5 m3/min.
 Fire hydrant spacing should be between 150m and 60m. Standard is 100m.

Losses and Waste Provision:

They are present even if the system is very efficient, metered, no unauthorized connection or
water stealing. Losses can never be less then 10%. So 10% of total water estimation should
be added to total water demand. It is also known as unaccounted water i.e. water which is not
used by anyone or is unaccounted.

1.12) TYPES OF SUPPLY

There are two types of water supply

Continuous supply
Intermittent supply
Continuous supply:

11
In continuous flow there is continuous flow of water every time 24 hours a day. There are
fewer chances of losses in this flow. A municipal water supply system cannot service its
customers unless there is a continuous supply of water to meet domestic consumption needs
in the broadest sense and water needs for structural fire protection. Maintaining a continuous
or uninterrupted supply of water for municipal demands is a major challenge to many
municipalities because of the following conditions:
 Droughts.
 Growing demands that cannot be met by the treatment plant.
 Lack of adequate storage capacity.
 Other communities drawing water from the same supply sources such as a lake or a river.
 Undetected underground leakage on the pipe distribution system.
Advantages
The water may be cleaner as there can be no rust in the water from rust build up in the tank.
Unlike storage tank units, there is no risk of health issues from organism growth such as
legionella bacteria, as there is no water being stored in which they can grow.
Continuous supply reduces water wastage arising from overflowing storage systems and open
taps. It saves on stored household water that is discarded when new supply comes in. Because
the network is
Renewed where needed, it also reduces losses arising from leaks in the old pipes. Consumers
can access more water for improved health and hygiene while saving time in queuing and
carrying, and gainfully using the time thus saved for employment opportunities.

Intermittent supply

Intermittent water supply may be defined as a piped water supply service that delivers water
to users for less than 24 hours in one day. It is a type of service that, although little found in
developed countries, is very common in developing countries. In an intermittent supply
situation the consumers secure their water supply through the use of ground or roof tanks,
which are filled during the time that the supply is provided. Intermittent water supply is
enforced not only in cases where there is water shortage, but also where the hydraulic
capacity of a network is such that it is not possible to satisfy demand, as well as in cases
where the networks are severely deteriorated.
Advantage

 Wastage of water is reduced.

 For older distribution systems having weaker joints and more leakage, restrained supply
hours can limit leakage.
 Reduced pressure also helps lowering leakage.
 Time is available for repair and maintenance out of supply hours.

Disadvantages

12
 No fire flow when supply is off.
 We have to store water for supply.
 Stored or stagnant water have chances of contamination. As water becomes stagnant in
service reservoirs, bleaching powder is often used to maintain a residual chlorine level.
 When the tap is remained open then air enters the pipe and then we close the tap. The
water behind it applies a pressure due to which there are chances of pipe bursting.
 There is overflow or losses due to carelessness.

1.13) DEFINITION OF DESIGN PERIOD

The quantity should be worked out with due provision for the estimated requirements of the
future. The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme is known
as the design period.

Design life of different reservoir

 Steel reservoir has minimum service life of 75 years.

 Concrete Reservoir has minimum service life of 75 years
 Rafters and Columns has minimum service life of 40 years
 Purlins has minimum service life of 25 years
 Roof Sheeting has minimum service life of 25 years
 Pipework has minimum service life of 50 years
 Mechanical Equipment has minimum service life of 25 years
 Electrical Equipment has minimum service life of 15 years
 Cathodic Protection System has minimum service life of 20 years

Following factors should be keep in view while designing life of reservoir:

 Factor should consider the structure of reservoir cost.
 Second factor is access easily.
 Third factor is maintenance costs.
 Life and replacement cost of coatings, roof and including ancillary items such as
Switchgear, telemetry, ventilation equipment etc.
 Discounted energy cost over the life of the reservoir (Only where mixers are required).
 Net present values (NPV’s) of alternatives.
 We will insert the pipe 30 to 35cm below the water surface because there may be dust,
leaves or debris on the water surface which may enter in the pipe.
 Depending upon the season we will open the pipe.

13
 It should be protected from floods
 Area of slots on the pipe should be more than the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
 Entrance velocity should not be more than 1.5cm/s.

1.14) DESIGN POPULATION:

Population is one of the most important factors for design of the water systems, so it should
be estimated, so as to know the increasing demand and ensure continuous supply to them.
Population data is obtained by previous records and the rate of increase is found out and this
used for further analysis, which may be by using the methods described below

 Arithmetic growth method

 Geometric growth method

 Curvilinear method

 Logistic method

 Ratio growth

Arithmetic growth method:

It is based on the assumption that the rate of growth of population is constant. It means that the
each year population increase by the same increment.

Mathematically;

dp / dt = Ka

Where, dp / dt is the rate of change of population, Ka = the constant arithmetic increment

Ka can be determined by finding the slop of the graph of population against time. The population
in the future is thus estimated.

Geometric growth method:

It is based on the hypothesis that rate of change of populati on is proportional to the population.
According to this, method it is assumed that the rate of increase of population growth in a
community is proportional to the present population.

Mathematically:

dP /dt ∝ P => dp / dt = Kg where Kg = Geometric Growth constant.

If P0 is the population at any time t0 and Pf is the population at time
tf then

14
 ∫Pf P0 dp/p = Kg ∫ tf t0 dt = Ln (Pf/P0 = Kg (tf/t0)

=> Ln (Pf/P0 = Kg Δt

=> (Pf/P0 = (e) Kg Δt and Pf = P0 (e) Kg Δt

This method gives somewhat larger value as compared to arithmetic method and can be used
for new cities with rapid growth. In normal practice, arithmetic and geometric growth
average is taken.

Curvilinear method:

In this it is assumed that the population of a city will grow, in the same manner as in other
cities in the past. This similarity between the cities includes geographical proximity,
similarity of economic base, access to similar transportation system etc. In practice it is
difficult to find similar cities.

Logistic method:

When the growth rate of population due to birth, death and migration are under normal
situation and not subjected to extraordinary changes due to unusual situation like war,
epidemics earth quakes and refugees etc. Then this method is used:

According to this method

P = P sat / (1+ ea+ bΔt), where P sat is the saturation population, of the community and a, b are
constants. P sat, a and b can be determined from three successive census populations and the
equations are

Psat = 2 P0 P1P2 - P12 (P0 + P2) / (P0 P2 - P12)

Decline growth method:

This method like, logistic, assumes that the city has some limiting saturation population and
that its rate of growth is a function of population deficit;

Ratio method:

Ratio method of fore casting is based on the assumption that the population of a certain area
or a city will increase in the same manner to a larger entity like a province, or a country. It
requires calculation of ratio of locals to required population in a series of census years.

Projection of the trend line using any of the technique and application of projected ratio to the
estimated required population of projected ratio to the estimated required population in the
year of interest. This method of forecasting does not take into account some special
calculations in certain area but have the following advantages.

1.15) DESIGN FLOW:

15
 Capacity of pumps and plants - based on maximum daily water demand
 Capacity of distribution pipes - based on the maximum hourly water demand
 Fire storage volume - based on expected fire flow and duration

1.16) METHODS ADOPTED FOR DETERMINATION OF FLOW:

Hardy cross method:

The Hardy Cross method is an iterative method for determining the flow in pipe network
systems where the inputs and outputs are known, but the flow inside the network is unknown.

The introduction of the Hardy Cross method for analyzing pipe flow networks
revolutionized municipal water supply design. Before the method was introduced, solving
complex pipe systems for distribution was extremely difficult due to the nonlinear
relationship between head loss and flow. The method was later made obsolete by computer
solving algorithms employ the Newton-Raphson
Figure 2 Example of Water flow
method or other solving methods that prevent the
need to solve nonlinear systems of equations by hand.

This method is for the analysis of Water Design Network (W.D.N). There are two basic
principles upon which this method depends upon:

 Sum of inflow at any point is equal to sum of

outflow at each junction or node.
 Sum of head losses in a loop is equal to zero.
For this purpose frictional forces should be same
in all the pipes. Here, anti-clockwise flow is taken
as negative and clockwise flow is taken as
positive. At joints there is turbulence.

The Hardy-Cross method consists of the following procedure:

 Number each of the various loops
 Assume a flow direction (clockwise = positive ; counterclockwise =negative) and assume an
initial flow through each pipe.
 Calculate the head loss in each loop. Use the same sign convention as above.
 Check the closure of loop by summing head losses of all pipes in loop.
 Calculate flow corrections to improve headloss closure.
 Repeat process until head losses converge to desired accuracy.

The Hardy Cross method is useful because it relies on only simple math, circumventing the
need to solve a system of equations.

Hazen william equation:

16
The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical formula which
relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of
the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water
pipe systems such as fire sprinkler systems, water supply networks, and irrigation systems.
The Hazen–Williams equation has the advantage that the coefficient C is not a function of
the Reynolds number, but it has the disadvantage that it is only valid for water. Also, it does
not account for the temperature or viscosity of the water.

The Hazen Williams equation is such a relation and is given below:

V= KCR0.63 S0.54
Where,
C is a factor dependent on relative Roughness.
R is the Hydraulic Radius (the area of flow divided by wetted perimeter).
S is the slope of energy grade line.
K is a factor dependent on

Common Friction Factor Values of C used for design purposes are:

Asbestos Cement 140 , Brass tube 130 , Cast-Iron tube 100, Concrete tube110 , Copper
tube130, Corrugated steel tube 60, Galvanized tubing 120, Glass tube130, Lead piping130,
Plastic pipe140, PVC pipe 150 , General smooth pipes 140, Steel pipe 120, Steel riveted
pipes 100, Tar coated cast iron tube 100, Tin tubing130, Wood Stave 110,.

These factors include some allowance to provide for the effects of changes to the internal
pipe surface due to the buildup of deposits or pitting of the pipe wall during long periods of
use.

Advantages to Hazen Williams approach

1. Coefficient C is rough measure of relative roughness

2. Effect of Reynolds number is included in formula
3. Effect of roughness on velocity are given directly

Disadvantages to Hazen Williams approach

1. Empirical
2. Can not be applied to all fluids in all conditions

17
H
A
PTER 2:WATER SUPPLY SCHEME COMPONENTS

There are three main components of water supply system

 Collection system
 Purification/Treatment system
 Transmission work
 Distribution work

18
2.1)COLLECTION SYSTEM

Untreated waste water can be taken from either surface water source or ground water
source .Surface water source may be lake, river or streams. Ground water can be taken from
an aquifer which is under ground. We sort out the sources which can provide required amount
of Figure 3 Main Components of water supply water.

During hot season, algae can be grown on water bodies such as reservoirs or dams when sun
rays fall on them. The fertilizers are carried by water runoff into streams through bacteria
which are produced in it. These fertilizers act as food for algae which results in
eutrophication. As a result, water is polluted. This water is not suitable for drinking purposes.
The raw water is moved to purification chamber through pipelines, aqueducts or tunnels.

Reservoirs:

A reservoir is a form of lake, which can be artificial or natural, ponds or dams whose purpose

is storage of water.. Reservoirs can be made by constructing dams in rivers or by using
concrete or bricks, underground excavations can be built. The term reservoir can also be
referred to as an underground reservoir which occurs naturally such as water wells or oil
wells etc.

There are two types of reservoirs

 Surface water reservoir

 Ground water reservoir

Surface water reservoir-Surface water reservoir is in the form of dams. It is a structure

constructed in a surface water source for drawing water. There are many pipes in it for
various qualities of water for different purposes.

Ground water reservoir-Ground water reservoirs are in the form of tube wells. A tube
well is designed in such a way that it is 100-200mm long steel pipe which is stainless .It is a
type of water well and it is also formed by bring a pipe into aquifer which is underground.. A
strainer is being fitted at the bottom of tube well and at the top, a pump is being fitted which
is used for irrigation purposes. The required depth of the well depends on the depth of
the water table. Ground water can be divided into confined and unconfined reservoirs.

19
Confined reservoir- In this type of reservoir, water is being confined within two
impermeable membranes.

Unconfined reservoir:-In this type of reservoir, water is confined between one permeable
andone impermeable membrane.

Why is Ground water preffered?

In ground water, temperature is uniform but in surface water, temperature may vary from top
to bottom. Fewer impurities are present in ground water because it is naturally filtered
through strata. Heavy metals can be present but in a very less amount as compared to surface
water and less treatment is required. Groundwater is cheaper than constructing dams or
reservoir. In case of surface water, primary,secondary and tertiary treatment is required
whereas in case of ground water, only tertiary treatment is required.

2.2) PURIFICATION WORKS:

Removal of unwanted chemicals, impurities which are biological solids which are in
suspended form i-e undissolved solids and gaseous emissions from waste water containing
contaminants .The major objective of water purification is to make water safe for different
purposes. The major goal of purification is for making water fit for drinking. Other purposes
include use in industries pharmaceutical industries and other medical applications. This
method consists of three methods which are
 Primary method which include filtration sedimentation and distillation.
 Biological process which can be slow sand filters or biologically active carbon.
 Chemical process which includes coagulation and flocculation, chlorination, use of UV
radiations.
The purification process of purification decreases the amount of solids which may be
microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and a wide range of suspended and
dissolved solids which comes from the surfaces which become in contact with rain water.
The standards of water safe for drinking by governments or by international standards.
Turbidity should be less than 5 NTU.
Treatment Plant:
A waste water treatment plant (WWTP) or wastewater treatment works is an industrial
structure to remove biological or chemical waste materials from polluted water either
biologically or chemically therefore allowing purified water for its use in different purposes.
The main objective of wastewater treatment plants include

Agricultural wastewater treatment – it involves treatment and disposal of liquid animal
waste, pesticide etc. which comes from agriculture.

Sewage treatment – it involves treatment and disposal of human waste, and other domestic
waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, and sinks.

20

Industrial wastewater treatment –it involves the treatment of wet wastes from industry and
others which includes mining, quarrying and heavy industries.
One type of WWTP can treat all kinds of pollutants from waste water .But certain dangerous
chemicals in the waste water coming from industries cannot be degraded by methods such as
biodegradation.

2.3) TRANSMISSION WORKS:

Transmission pipelines is used to deliver many liquids such as waste water, oils, gases water
from sea, sewage water, water for irrigation purposes etc. The material for pipe line is
selected by considering ground fabrication, corrosion resistance, durability, abrasion through
chemicals, pipe are being tested as in case of water supply and waste water project of
Bangalore. Most appropriate coating is advised both internally and externally. If necessary,
catholic protection is given. Above all, economic issues should also be kept in mind, all the
procedure should be cost effective and easy to install. The installation cost should also be less
and economical.

2.4) DISTRIBUTION WORKS:

Water distribution systems comprises of a network of series of pipes, components, and

facilities for storage that distributes water for drinking purposes and during protection from
fire to schools, hospitals , industries such as pharmaceuticals, houses, markets and other
purposes.   For continuous supply of water safe for drinking purposes in public,
distribution system of water is involved. Water isone type of WWTP can treat all kinds of
pollutants from waste water .But certain dangerous chemicals in the waste water coming from
industries cannot be degraded by methods such as biodegradation.

The water supply system must be designed to achieve appropriate water pressure and flow,
and to avoid contamination to potable water.

Also see installation, noise and air locks, pipe jointing systems, and valves and controls.

As well as avoiding contamination and achieving the right pressure and flow, the system
must be suitable for the temperature of water carried. A well-designed and installed system
will also be durable, minimise noise from water flow and from problems such as water
hammer, and support efficient use of water.

All water supply systems use a combination of pipes (of different dimensions and materials),
valves and outlets to deliver water to building users. Some water supply systems also use
storage tanks and pumps. Designing a water supply system involves getting all of these
elements right so that clean water is delivered to the user at the appropriate rate and
temperature.

21
 Water pressure
If the aim is to provide for building users’ needs while also using water efficiently, the right
water pressure is crucial. If water pressure is too low, this will be inconvenient for building
users – for example, because showers have poor water flow, and baths take a long time to fill.
If pressure is too high, this will lead to wastage of water, as well as high wear and tear on the
system.

Typically, new buildings in areas with mains water supply will have mains pressure systems.
Existing buildings, and buildings that are not connected to mains water, may have low
pressure systems or unequal pressure systems (with different pressures for hot and cold water
supply).As an example of the difference in water usage, a low pressure hot water system
shower flow may average about 7 litres per minute, while a mains pressure shower may
average about 12.5 litres per minute. Mains pressure systems require pressure limiting and
pressure reducing valves to control water pressure and temperature. Typically, pressure
limiting or pressure reducing valves will be used to control pressure in mains-supplied hot
water systems or where high pressure may lead to problems such as burst pipes. Pressure can
also be raised to adequate levels using a pressurising pump, in which case it may be
necessary to use pressure limiting and pressure reducing valves.

Water flow rate

The Building Code requires that sanitary fixtures and appliances have adequate water supply
at an adequate flow rate. As with water pressure, flow rates are crucial. A flow rate that is too
high will result in water being wasted, whereas a flow rate that is too low will mean that
sanitary fixtures and appliances don’t work properly.

Flow rate is affected by:

 Water pressure
 Pipe diameters – The smaller the internal diameter of the pipe, the lower the pressure
and flow rate. (Note that pipes are generally referred to by their inside nominal diameter
(DN), but it is actually the internal diameter that counts; a pipe rated as DN 15 may have an
actual inside diameter ranging between 10–18 mm.)
 Pipe lengths – longer pipes will result in a lower flow rate
 Number of bends and fittings – the more bends in a length of pipework and the more
fittings, the lower the flow rate
 Water temperature – higher temperatures will tend to raise pressure and flow rates
(note: also see materials below).

22
A flow regulator can be used to maintain a constant flow, independent of water pressure. As
an example, if someone is in the shower and the kitchen tap is turned on full, the temperature
and flow are likely to remain more stable if a flow regulator is used.

Limiting the flow for a tap or appliance to a reasonable rate helps balance the available
pressure throughout the system. Regulating flow allows a simpler design and minimum pipe
sizes as peak flow rates can be specified accurately and can also reduce noise, splashing taps,
and water hammer.

Manufacturers’ recommendations must be referred to for pressure and flow information when
selecting tempering valves and outlets (taps, mixers and shower heads).

Flow rate can also be controlled by specifying low-flow outlets.

Flow rate and pipe size Acceptable Solutions

Building Code compliance document G12/AS1 sets out Acceptable Solution for flow rates
and pipe sizes. Pipes must be sized to achieve flow rates set out in accordance with Table 3
(see table below), or the pipes must be sized in accordance with Table 4.

When calculating pipe size, the speed of the water (velocity) moving through the pipes must
not exceed 3.0 m/s.
Table 1 Flow according to usage

Acceptable flow rates for fixtures and appliances

Fixture Flow rate (l/s) Flow rate (l/min)

WC cistern, basin and shower 0.10 6

Bath 0.30 18

Sink: standard tap 0.12 7

Sink: aerated tap 0.10 6

Laundry tub 0.12 7

Dishwasher and washing machine 0.20 12

Adapted from G12/AS1 Table 3

23
 System layout
In the design process, the layout of the plumbing system will largely follow room layout.
Nonetheless, there are many things to consider which relate to Code compliance, building
users’ comfort, and sustainability.

When planning a water supply layout, the following must be considered:

 Pipe runs and lengths – Keep pipe runs as short as possible. Pass pipes close to
fixtures to minimise the number of branches and unnecessary elbows, tees and joints. Having
longer pipe runs and more fixtures will reduce flow rate, increase heat losses, and increase
use of materials
 Point of entry into the building – This should be into a utility space such as
garage/laundry and include an accessible isolating valve, line strainer and pressure limiting
valve (if required)
 Water heating system – Locate centrally to reduce the length of pipe runs to fixtures
because longer pipe runs require more water to be drawn off before hot water is discharged.
Install a separate point-of-use water heater for fixtures that are more than 10 m from the main
water heater
 Noise prevention – Avoid running pipes over or near bedrooms and living areas.

Backflow
Backflow is the unplanned reversal of flow of water (or water and contaminants) into the
water supply system. The system must be designed and used to prevent contamination from
backflow. See preventing backflow for more.

Mains connection
Where the water source is a mains supply, the network utility operator is responsible for the
water supplied to the property boundary. The property owner is then responsible for
providing the pipework to bring the water into the building.

An isolating valve must be fitted at the point of connection to allow for maintenance and
repair of the building’s water supply system if required.

Pipe materials and specifications

The pipes used in a building must not contaminate potable water supply, and must be suitable
for the water pressure, flow rate and temperature of water they will be carrying. This will be
influenced by the materials used and also by other factors such as the wall thickness.

24
2.5) OVER HEAD TANK:

An overhead tank  is a reservoir for storing water. Water tank is

being used since the civilization of society. It is used to store water
for many purposes such as washing, irrigation of plant crops , fire
systems, providing storage of water for drinking water,
manufacturing of food products, agriculture industries etc. Major
water tank factors include the overall design of the tank, and the
construction materials which is being used.Different materials used
in making an overhead tank includes

 plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene)
 fiberglass
 concrete
 stone, steel which may be welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless
 Earthen ponds function as water storage.

In water distribution network 60% cost is for overhead tank construction

2.6) FIRE SYSTEMS:

This system is designed to overcome the fire. They are:

 Direct system (Fire hydrants).
 Mobile system (mobile vehicles like fire extinguishers).

Fire hydrants:

A fire hydrant is an active device used for from fire protection, and it is supplied in rural,
suburban and urban areas to assist fire fighters for extinguishing fire a source of water
provided in most urban, suburban and rural areas with municipal water service to
enable firefighters to tap into the municipal water supply to assist in extinguishing a fire. The
areas surrounded by fire hydrant are given with an insurance discount as firefighters
extinguish a fire on the particular insured building property more efficiently.

Since 17th century, fire plugs are being used. At that time, the fire fighters immediately make
a bore hole for storing water to extinguish fire during emergency situations. The stored water
is forms a well which is temporary .This water is then supplied to fire fighters’ buckets by
engines which were operated manually. Holes were being stooped through stoppers. Red
wood was often used for plugging the holes which, are known as Figure 4Fire hydrant
fire plugs now a days. For its reuse in future, the position of fire
plug is being identified. this is the source of the colloquial term fire plug still used for fire
hydrants today. In 1666, after Great fire of London, holes were being bored at certain
distances having risers which allowed access from the streets to wooden fire plugs.

25
Operation:

The user attaches a hose to the fire hydrant, then opens a valve on the hydrant to provide a
powerful flow of water, on the order of 350kPa (50 lbf/in²) (this pressure varies according to
region and depends on various factors including the size and location of the attached water
main). This user can attach this hose to a fire engine, which can use a powerful pump to boost
the water pressure and possibly split it into multiple streams. One may connect the hose with
a threaded connection, instantaneous "quick connector" or a Storz connector. A user should
take care not to open or close a fire hydrant too quickly, as this can create a water
hammer which can damage nearby pipes and equipment. The water inside a charged hoseline
causes it to be very heavy and high water pressure causes it to be stiff and unable to make a
tight turn while pressurized. When a fire hydrant is unobstructed, this is not a problem, as
there is enough room to adequately position the hose.

Construction:

In areas subject to freezing temperatures, only a portion of the hydrant is above ground. The
valve is located below the frost line and connected by a riser to the above-ground portion. A
valve rod extends from the valve up through a seal at the top of the hydrant, where it can be
operated with the proper wrench. This design is known as a "dry barrel" hydrant, in that the
barrel, or vertical body of the hydrant, is normally dry. A drain valve underground opens
when the water valve is completely closed; this allows all water to drain from the hydrant
body to prevent the hydrant from freezing.
In warm areas, hydrants are used with one or more valves in the above-ground portion.
Unlike with cold-weather hydrants, it is possible to turn the water supply on and off to each
port. This style is known as a "wet barrel" hydrant

2.7) VALVES:
Air release valves:

Air release valves (ARVs) are used to release the air from air pockets that are formed in
pipelines. Air pockets will form at the high points of a fully pressurized pipeline. ARVs are
necessary for pipeline efficiency and also for water hammer protection. Air in the water lines
can cause many problems, such as speeding up the process of corrosion. A reduction of flow
is also created by air that has been trapped at the bends, tees and other fittings in the system.
Flow can even stop due to an “air lock” in the water line. This usually happens in chemical
feed lines at the water plant. If ARVs are not installed, uncontrolled air releases may occur,
causing pressure surges in the system, which can increase the chances of hazards from
cavitation. Also, if air is left in a water main, it will eventually cause customers’ meters to
read improperly, thus charging the customer for air that is going through the meter, and not
water.

Working: The “universal type” of ARVs from Crispin are designed to allow the automatic
discharge of large amounts of air from the water main while it is being filled, and also to

26
allow air to enter the water main when the water line is being emptied. It will also allow the
air to escape the water main when it is in operation and under pressure. This occurs with a
compound lever system functioning in conjunction with a large and small orifice in one
integral body casting. As the liquid rises into the valve, air escapes through the large orifice
to the atmosphere. Liquid entering the valve raises the float and lever system, carrying with it
the pressure plunger and the main valve. When the liquid has raised the float to its limit, the
main valve and pressure plunger will rest against their seats- then the valve is closed and no
liquid can escape.If accumulating air rises into the valve while the line is in operation and
under pressure, it will displace the liquid at the top of the valve body and the float will drop
as the liquid recedes. As this occurs, the pressure valve will open, permitting the escape the
accumulated air, after which liquid level will rise and the valve will close

Figure 5 Air valve working

Types of Air Release Valves

There are three basic types of air release valves;

•  Kinetic Air Release valves: This type of valve is used to release air at high flow rates
during the filling of the line and to allow air to enter the line at high flow rates during its
emptying.
•  Automatic Air Release valves: This type of valve is used to release air during water flow,
while the system is under pressure. When air bubbles appear in the valve, the ball will drop,
causing air to be released. When the water rises again, the ball will be lifted, causing the
valve to close.
•  Combination Air Release valves: This type of valve incorporates an automatic and kinetic
air release valve into one unit

Scour/Washout Valve:

A valve inserted in a pipeline at the bottom of a valley, in order to enable a particular length
of the pipe to be emptied as required, These valves are used at the valley point to clean the
pipe line. Washout valves are normally provided at low points for draining the mains to
facilitate repair or connection work. The water may be discharged to a nullah/stream course
or into a pump pit where it is pumped away immediately. In either case, care has to be taken
to prevent contamination of the mains, particularly when the washout valve is in the open
position.

27
(i) For Water Discharging into Nullah/Stream Course:Before draining, the works supervisor
should ensure that the washout is not submerged. After draining operation, the works
supervisor should double check to ensure that the washout valve is closed tightly.

(ii) For Water Discharging into Pump Pit :Regular inspection and cleaning should be carried
out to ensure that the pump pit is kept dry and clean especially during the wet seasons and for
those pump pits that have a high risk of contamination. Before draining, the works supervisor
should ensure that the pump pit is pumped dry, all debris removed and flushed clean After
draining operation, the works supervisor should double check to ensure the washout valve is
closed tightly.

Sluice/Global Valve:

These valves are used to control the flow. Globe valves

are used for the control and frequent operation

Types:

Non rising spindle sluice valves: In Non Rising Spindle

Valve, the Spindle Nut is placed in the Wedge in such a
way that the Spindle Nut is locked in the wedge along
direction of spindle axis and also it can not rotate in the
wedge. Integral Collar of the Spindle is rested Figure 6 Sluice valve working
in the step provided in Dome or on the anti-friction ball
type thrust bearing in the 'Stuffing Box with Thrust Bearing Housing' (if valve is supplied
with thrust bearing arrangement). Rotation of the spindle causes Opening / Closing of the
wedge responding to direction of rotation.

Rising spindle sluice valves: In Rising Spindle Valve, the Yoke Sleeve (Spindle Nut) is
placed in the Yoke in such a way that the axial movement of the Yoke Sleeve is avoided in
the yoke along direction of spindle axis and but it can not rotate. Integrally formed end of the
Spindle is locked in Wedge, Rotation of the yoke sleeve causes Opening / Closing of the
wedge responding to direction of rotation. Against specific requirement from customer, the
ball type thrust bearing is provided above and below the collar of the yoke sleeve to minimize
the operating torque. When the Rising Spindle
sluice valve is supplied with gear box and / or
electric actuator, the spindle threads are
engaged in the operator drive sleeve.

Butterfly Valve: The valve contains a circular

disc which rotates to the direction of flow in
the pipe.A butterfly valve is a type of flow
control device used to regulate the fluid
flowing through a section of pipe.The valve is
similar in operation to a Ball Valve.A flat
circular plate is positioned in the center of the
Figure 7 Butterfly valve construction
pipe

28
Working:

A butterfly valve is from a family of valves called quarter-turn valves. In operation, the

valve is fully open or closed when the disc is rotated a quarter turn. The "butterfly" is
a metal disc mounted on a rod. When the valve is closed, the disc is turned so that it
completely blocks off the passageway. When the valve is fully open, the disc is rotated a
quarter turn so that it allows an almost unrestricted passage of the fluid. The valve may also
be opened incrementally to throttle flow.

Pressure relief valve :

It is used to protect pipe from sudden increase in the pressure due to water hammer (beat)
because of closing the valves. It is a device attached to a boiler or other vessel for relieving
the pressure of steam automatically before it becomes great enough to cause
bursting.The relief valve (RV) is a type of valve used to control or limit the pressure in a
system or vessel which can build up by a process upset, instrument or equipment failure, or
fire.

Working:

The pressure is relieved by allowing the pressurized fluid to flow from an auxiliary passage
out of the system. The relief valve is designed or set to open at a predetermined set pressure
to protect pressure vessels and other equipment from being subjected to pressures that exceed
their design limits. When the set pressure is exceeded, the relief Figure 8 Pressure valve
valve becomes the "path of least resistance" as the valve is forced
open and a portion of the fluid is diverted through the auxiliary route. The diverted fluid
(liquid, gas or liquid–gas mixture) is usually routed through a piping system known as a flare
header or relief header to a central, elevated gas flare where it is usually burned and the
resulting combustion gases are released to the atmosphere.[1] As the fluid is diverted, the
pressure inside the vessel will drop. Once it reaches the valve's reseating pressure, the valve
will close. The blowdown is usually stated as a percentage of set pressure and refers to how
much the pressure needs to drop before the valve reseats. The blowdown can vary from
roughly 2–20%, and some valves have adjustable blowdowns

Gate valve : 

Gate valve is a full way valve which is inserted in a pipeline for

controlling or stopping the flow of water. It offers lesser resistance
to the flow of water.Hand wheel closes the valve by turning it in
clockwise direction.Its nominal sizes are 15 mm to 100 mm.

Stop valve :  

This valve is suitable means of connections for inserting and

controlling the flow of the water.Nominal size of stop valve is
designated by the nominal bore of the pipe to which valve is normally fitted.Its body and the

29
bonnet are made of cast brass.In large buildings, sufficient numbers of stop valves are fixed
on the branch pipes to minimize the interruption of the supply during repairsA stop valve is
also called stopcock.

Ball valve : 

Ball valve or float is an automatic flow control device. In this valve the regulating principle is
the level of some free water surface. Ball valves are used in the underground storage tank,
flushing cistern etc. to regulate the flow of water automatically The ball valves are of nominal
sizes 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 32 mm, 40 mm and 50 mm.

Working:

A ball valve is a valve with a spherical disc, the part of the valve which controls the flow
through it. The sphere has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the port is in line
with both ends of the valve, flow will occur. When the valve is closed, the hole is
perpendicular to the ends of the valve, and flow is blocked. The handle or lever will be inline
with the port position letting you "see" the valve's position. The
Figure 9 Ball valve
ball valve, along with the butterfly valve and plug valve, are part
of the family of quarter turn valves.
Ball valves are durable and usually work to achieve perfect shutoff even after years of disuse.
They are therefore an excellent choice for shutoff applications (and are often preferred
to globe valves and gate valves for this purpose). They do not offer the fine control that may
be necessary in throttling applications but are sometimes used for this purpose.
2.8) PIPELINES:

Water supply is the process of general requirement for supply of

water from public water supply system to individual building and
subsequent distribution of water to various parts of the building.
The water from public water supply system to individual buildings
is supplied through pipes. A large proportion of capital is invested
on pipes while designing water supply distribution system. The
following factors should be considered in selection of pipes. 

  Strength of pipe
  Water carrying capacity
  Life and durability of pipe
  Expenditure on transportation
  Jointing process, maintenance and repairs.

Various Types of Pipes

The pipes are available in several types and sizes. They may be classified into three groups
according to the material used in their manufacturing.  

30
   Metallic pipes: the pipes such as CI Pipes, Steel pipes and GI Pipes.
  Cement Pipes: the pipes such as Cement Pipes, Asbestos cement (AC) pipes, cement
concrete pipes.

  Plastic Pipes: the pipes such as Un-plasticized PVC (UPVC ) pipes, Polythene Pipes (low
denisity)

Cast Iron (CI) Pipes

These pipes are mostly used in water supply. They are well suited for pressure and can
withstand external load because of their thickness. The pipes are easy in manufacturing,
layout and joining. These pipes are manufactured by vertical casting in sand moulds,
horizontal casting in sand moulds and centrifugal casting (spun casting pipes). CI pipes are
heavy in weight. Therefore transportation is costlier and they are not suitable for inaccessible
places. Due to heavy weight these are generally made in short length. This increases layout
and jointing cost. CI vertical casting pipes are not of very good quality and can be replaced
by centrifugal casting (spun casting) pipes.

Steel Pipes

These pipes are extensively used for water supply. They are best suitable for long distance
pipe lines of high pressure and provide satisfactory performance during service. These pipes
have excellent mechanical properties and are ideally suited for welding. The pipes are made
in length more than twice the length of CI pipes; which saves in transport, layout of pipe and
joining cost. There is minimum damage to the pipes in transportation. The pipes being light
in weight are used for large diameter pipe lines.

Cement Pipes

Main advantage of cement pipes in place of metallic pipes is their corrosion resistance. These
pipes are bulky, heavy and require careful transportation and handling. The layout process of
these pipes is costlier than steel pipes.

Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipes

These pipes are light in weight and easy in transportation and layout. They have smooth
internal surface and are not affected by corrosion (rust). The pipes are extensively used for
water supply systems. Holes can be drilled in these pipes. These pipes are not costlier. 
 

Un-plasticized PVC (UPVC) Pipes

These pipes are rigid PVC pipes. They are light in weight, tough, resistant to chemical attack
and large in length. Due to large in length the cost of handling is much whereas transportation
and installation cost is less. Smooth internal surface of pipes provide less friction which
results in saving of energy. These pipes are not suitable for the area which is very hot.

Table 2 Types of Pipes

Material Advantages Disadvantages Primary Use Coated?

31
 cast iron no longer manufactured; large, old systems yes
deteriorates in some soils
ductile strong, deteriorates in some soils large systems yes
iron ductile
steel inexpensive wall thickness must be raw water mains yes
carefully considered
concrete inexpensive raw water mains no
and industrial
systems
pre- inexpensive raw water mains no
stressed and industrial
concrete systems
asbestos brittle; no longer replaced cast iron; no
cement manufactured in old systems
PVC inexpensive gasoline from soil can pass <10 inch pipes no
into pipe
non-rigid requires special heat fusion service lines in no
plastic joining tools; inorganic water systems and
chemicals in soil weaken main lines in gas
pipe systems
copper service lines no
galvanize corrodes; produces no
d iron discolored water; has a
short life; deteriorates in
some soils

Large Pipes

Cast iron has a long history of satisfactory service.  Pipes were made exclusively of cast iron
in many larger systems until manufacture of cast iron pipes was discontinued in the early
1980s.  Since this pipe can no longer be manufactured, little will be used in the future.  The
systems which formerly used cast iron pipes are now converting to ductile iron pipe and
AWWA C-900 PVC pipe.  Some smaller systems are converting to slip joint PVC pipe
except in specialty areas such as creek crossings and when pipes must be laid extremely deep
in the ground.

Ductile iron is now used in many systems where cast iron pipe was formerly used.  Ductile
iron pipes have certain advantages over other pipe materials.  The pipes are strong and ductile
(able to be drawn out and formed into a certain shape.) 

The third type of metal pipe used in distribution systems is steel.  Steel piping may be used in
water transmission mains due to the cheap initial construction cost of the system.  However,
care must be taken in the design of the wall thickness of the steel pipe for the particular
systems that exist.  Steel pipes are more commonly used for raw water mains.

Even though most public water supplies are treated where necessary for corrosion control, all
three types of metal pipes described above can be corroded by acidic water.  For this reason,
these pipes are usually lined to protect the metal against corrosion.  Steel pipes are asphalt
coated while cast and ductile iron pipes are lined with either enamel or cement.  The cement
lining, which is usually a one to three Portland cement mortar, is applied to the pipe by

32
centrifugal action.  The thickness of the cement lining depends on the diameter of the pipe
and varies from 1/8 of an inch thick in a 2 1/4 inch pipe to 1/4 of an inch thick in a 48 inch
pipe.  The lining in all three types of pipe enhances the ability of the pipe to retain good flow
characteristics for many years since corroded pipes are rough and offer more resistance to
flowing water.  

In contrast to the metal pipes mentioned above, concrete and pre-stressed concrete pipes are
used mainly in very large diameter pipes such as those found in raw water lines and industrial
systems.  The concrete pipes are relatively inexpensive to build, which makes them attractive
when large quantities of water must be moved from place to place. 

Asbestos cement pipe is composed of a mixture of Portland cement and asbestos fibers. 
Asbestos cement is lighter in weight than cast iron and more brittle, so extra care must be
taken when installing the asbestos cement pipe.  If the trench is not properly bedded  then the
pipe will not be well cushioned in the ground and may break.  Asbestos cement pipes have
been used in some cases to replace cast iron pipes, but like cast iron, asbestos cement pipes
are no longer being manufactured.  

Small Pipes

Plastic pipe is commonly used for pipes which are 10 inches or less in diameter.  Rigid
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes are often chosen, especially when initial cost is an important
factor. 

There are several factors to consider when choosing a PVC pipe for use.  Any PVC pipe used
for water transmission must have a National Sanitation Foundation seal which certifies that
the pipe contains no toxic materials and is suitable for potable water transport.  It is
inadvisable to use a very cheap plastic pipe since it will cause problems in the future.  The
same manufacturer should supply the couplings, fittings, and pipes so that all of the
components will work well together. 

The PVC pipes which are commonly used have a pressure class of 160 or 200.  Since the cost
difference between class 160 and 200 pipe is only about $0.25 per foot, many systems install
the heavier duty pipe.  When very high pressures are anticipated, class 250 pipe may be used. 
Pipes with a higher pressure class have thicker walls to withstand the water's pressure as it
moves through the pipe. 

PVC pipe has a safety factor of 2:1, compared to the 4:1 safety factor of ductile iron pipe, so
you can't directly compare the pressure class ratings of the two types of pipes.  In addition,
the pressure class ratings of PVC pipes do not include surge pressure - extra pressure when
the water moves much faster than usual.  For both of these reasons, it is recommended that
the static pressure of the water in a PVC pipe not exceed 70% of the class rating.  So, if you
anticipate a static pressure above 112 PSI (70% of 160 PSI), then you will need to use class
200 pipe. 

PVC pipes are not the only types of plastic pipes used in water systems.  Polyethylene and
other non-rigid plastic pipes are used as service lines in water systems and as main lines in
gas systems.  However, polyethylene pipes have a high molecular weight, so special heat
fusion joining tools are required when working with the pipes.  For this reason, polyethylene
pipes are limited to special installations.

33
Copper pipes have been used in some situations as service pipes.  However, copper pipe is
more expensive than plastic pipe.  Copper pipe used in water systems must have a National
Sanitation Foundation Seal. 

Galvanized iron is the final type of pipe which will be considered here.  In almost every case,
it has been found to be more desirable to use plastic pipe rather than galvanized iron. 
Galvanized iron corrodes easily, produces problems with discolored water, and has a
relatively short life.  For these reasons, galvanized iron is seldom used in the distribution
system.      

Pipe Deterioration

Even when water mains are properly installed, the pipes will deteriorate over time.  This
deterioration can be slowed by matching the pipe material to the soil or by wrapping the pipe.

Cast iron, ductile iron, and galvanized iron pipes can all be weakened in just a few years
when laid in aggressive soil.  To prevent this type of damage, the soil should be tested before
laying the pipes in the ground.  If necessary, the pipes can be wrapped in plastic during
installation to protect the metal from the soil.  The Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association
can provide detailed information on the wrapping procedure. 

The type of soil is also an important consideration when installing plastic pipes.  Organic
chemicals, especially solvents and gasoline, will weaken PVC pipes, causing the pipe to
expand and rupture.  The operator in charge of ditching should be alert for any unusual odor
when removing soil during the construction of the distribution system.  The odor may be a
sign of a chemical spill, which may remain in the soil for many years and weaken PVC
pipes. 

Gasoline and diesel can pass through the walls of polyethylene pipes even when the water
inside is under high pressure.  For this reason, plastic pipes should never be installed in the
vicinity of gas stations.  Instead, ductile iron and copper pipes are recommended for service
lines in the vicinity of gas stations. 

34
 C HAPTER 3:DESIGN CRITERIA

3.1)DESIGN CRITERIA

Development of source

i. Underground source:
Design period for this is 5years. And after 5years another tube well is installed to meet the
requirement of coming 5years.

35
ii. Surface source:
Design period of this is 50 years.

Transmission line:

Its design period depend upon type of material. Mostly design period is 25years. Because it is
difficult to replace. And it is design on average demand.

Water treatment plant-Design period is 10 – 15 years because it is easy to extend. Design

on average daily demand.

Pumping plant

Design period is 10 years. If OHT is present then design on Max daily demand. If OHT is
not present then design on peak hourly demand.

Storage reservoir

Two type of storage reservoir:

 Over head tank
 Under ground water tank
Design of both reservoirs depend upon economy and population.

Design value of flow

Design pumping system according to peak hourly demand.

Two types of pumping :
Direct pumping-Direct pumping install for 3 pumps for direct pumping.
 Average demand =1000L/min
 Max demand= 1250L/min
 Peak hourly= 2250L/min
 Storage pumping- It is installed on Max. Daily demand.

Design criteria of dead end

For the calculation of discharge we use the following formula:

Discharge = (Area) * (Velocity)
Q = AV
For the calculation of velocity we will use the Hazen William’s equation:
V = 0.894CR0.63 (H/L)0.54
H = 10.68 (Q/C)1.85 L/ (D)4.87

36
 C is the roughness coefficient.
 D is the diameter of the pipe
 L is the length of pipe
 H is the Head loss
 R is the Hydraulic Radius = P/A.

The pipes are further classified as

 Mains
 Sub mains
 Lateral or branch

Design criteria of Grid Iron or Looped layout

 Velocity is maintained at 1 to 1.5m/s
 Earth cover for the pipe is 1m minimum.
 Diameter of the pipe should not be less than 3 inches.
 Minimum pressure for the rural areas is 25ft and for the urban area is 30ft.

Population projection:

PHED
As per PHED Design Criteria 1998 the
population projection are to be determined
according to the following expression:-
Pn = Po (1+r)n
Where:
Pn = Projected population by the end of nth
year
Po = Population of base year, year of known
population
r = Population growth rate per year to be
taken
from related District Census Reports.
n = No. of years, counted from base year i.e.
design period
Modified
The same mathematical formula should be
used for population projection for a particular
community using annual growth rate of that
village/city indicated in the latest District
Census Report. However, if population
growth rate of that particular city / village is
not mentioned in the District Census Report,
then for the purpose of design, the population
growth rate of the respective TMA should be
used.

Cover over pipes:

PHED Modified British Standard American

3 feet of earth An earth cover of 3 The minimum pipe Plastic water mains
cover for all sizes feet (about one cover should be should be installed at a
of pipes is being meter) should be greater than the depth minimum 750mm cover

37
followed except in provided over laid of frost penetration
hilly areas. water supply pipe but
However all road lines of all sizes minimum 1.0 m.
cuts are to be filled except in hilly areas. Minimum pipe cover
in with Road cuts are to be at ditch crossings
pit sand / river backfilled with should be 0.6 m
sand pit/river sand.

Fire hydrants:

PHED Modified Ohio , America British Standard

Fire hydrants to be
provided in urban / semi
urban areas. The capacity
of fire hydrants to deliver
water should not be less
than 7 gallons per second.
Fire hydrants are Fire hydrants shall not Hydrant leads must
to be provided in be installed on water have a
urban and semi mains less than 6 minimum diameter
urban and rural inches in diameter nor of 150 mm and
be fed by mains less
areas. The must incorporate a
than 6 inches in
minimum size of diameter.
hydrant isolation
the fire hydrant valve.
should be 2.5
inches (50 mm).
For water supply
schemes with
design population
of up to 10,000
persons the fire
hydrants are to be
located at every
water works
locations, and for
larger schemes at
appropriate
locations.

Sluice valves and non return valves:

PHED
Fire hydrants are to be provided in urban and
semi urban and rural areas. The minimum
size of the fire hydrant should be 2.5 inches
(50 mm).
For water supply schemes with design
population of up to 10,000 persons the fire
hydrants are to be located at every water
works locations, and for larger schemes at
appropriate locations.
Modified
a) Sluice Valves:-
Sluice valves will be located at main control
points for balancing and regulating the flows.
b) Non Return Valves:-
¾ Outside the delivery main of the tube well.
¾ In the rising main after 2000 meters.

38
 Air valves and washouts:

PHED Modified American Standard

Air valves only at summits and
washout at lowest points. For
long rising mains in flat areas
provide air valve at 5000 ft
interval to escape trapped air.
a) Air valves:-  Air valves shall be
¾ At the summits and installed at the highest point on a
¾ After 2000 meter section of main and at points of
intervals in straight changing gradient. If the
reaches to facilitate main is relatively flat with no
discernable high points they
escape of trapped air.
should be positioned at intervals
b) Washouts:- of, say, 800m
¾ At the lowest points  Washout hydrants are required
to wash out all kinds on mains
of debris. 200mm or greater they shall be
installed with a valve controlled
branch. Washout hydrants shall be
installed
ensuring the outlet is no more
than 300mm from the surface
upon completion.,

Water metering:

PHED Modified American

At present urban water supply For ensuring sustainability of policy is to install a
schemes under the control of water supply schemes both in remote reading
WASAs in the province are rural and urban areas water facility, known as
partially managed through water metering should be mandatory Automated Meter
Reading (AMR) to
meters at the consumers’ ends. In except in case of those
all new
case of rural water supply schemes community water supply 15mm or 20mm
water metering has been schemes, which are based on meters fitted to
successfully pioneered in some 60 LLR (Low Level Reservoir) or standard service
villages of the province under ADB ground service tanks. connections. The
assisted PCWSS Project. various locations and
individual
requirements for
standard service
arrangements are set
out in Section 6
(Requirements for
service pipes) of
this document.

Ground water storage:

PHED Modified British

i) Ground water storage tank at i) When the length of the rising main is 3*(PD-MDMM)
intermediate point to be such that the loss of head is too high, +Emergency
provided due to excessive which makes the capacity of pumping Storage
head. machinery uneconomical then (Emergency

39
ii) Capacity of ground water intermediate pumping stations are Storage -
storage tank @ ¼th average advisable. An intermediate pumping Greater of 4 hrs
daily demand will be provided. station comprises of a storage tank and at MDMM or
pumping machinery installed in a pump 0.5 ML. For less
house. than 1000 EP,
ii) The capacity of ground storage tank 150 kL)
at intermediate pumping station is
recommended to be based on 6 hours
storage of total average daily demand.

High level tank:

PHED Modified
One-hour capacity of average daily High level tanks are to be provided only to
requirement. maintain gravity flow in slow sand filters.
The capacity of high level tanks should be
based on 1/10th of the average day demand
but in no case less than 5000 gallons.

Over head reservoirs:

PHED Modified British

The existing criteria for the design of
over head reservoir are as under:-
• Provide overhead reservoir where it is
needed.
• The capacity of overhead reservoir
will be 1/6th of the average daily
demand subject to minimum of 5,000
gallons.
Following modifications are proposed in Capaci
the existing technical standards for ty
provision of elevated / overhead (L/s) =
reservoir and storage reservoirs:- Peak
• Overhead storage reservoirs should be Hour
essentially provided in all urban and (L/s)
rural water supply schemes except in
cases of such hilly / semi hilly areas
where appropriately located ground
storage reservoirs can provide and
maintain requisite minimum terminal
pressure in the system.
• Capacity of overhead reservoirs in case
of communities having population more
than 10,000 persons should be based on
around 1/10th of average day demand.
• Minimum capacity of overhead
reservoir should be 10,000 gallons.

Public Stand Posts:

PHED Modified
a) The location of the stand-posts shall be a) The location of the stand-posts shall be
made in such a manner that it is at an made in such a manner that it is at an

40
approximate distance of about 350 feet from
the end consumers in the rural areas and
should be avoided in the urban / semi urban
areas as far as possible to reduce losses of
water and revenue.
b) Each stand-post shall serve about 200
persons.
c) PSP to be provided only after study of
PHED
Revenue Collection Data of concerned
village. 75mm
approximate distance of about 350 feet from
the end consumers in the rural areas and
should be avoided in the urban / semi urban
areas as far as possible to reduce losses of
water and revenue.
b) Each stand-post shall serve about 200
persons.
c) PSP to be provided only after study of
WASA USA
Revenue Collection Data of concerned
75mm
village. 150mm

Minimum pipe size:

PHED
Recommended minimum size of distribution
mains 3 inches in plain areas and as per
actual calculated for hilly areas. However
velocity shall be the controlling factor.
Modified
For plane areas the existing 3 inches (80 mm)
standard of minimum pipe size is appropriate;
however for hilly areas a minimum pipe size
of 1 ½ inches (38 mm) is recommended to be
adopted.
In case where either the width of pacca roads
or the sheet widths are more than 30feet, then
distribution pipelines should preferably be
provided on both sides of the roads and street
pavements

WASA Standard Pipe Sizes:

The Consultants shall use the following standard pipe sizes for the design of water
distribution systems:
150, 200, 300, 400, 450, 500, 600, 750, 900, 1050, 1200 mm diameter. No larger or
other diameter pipes shall be used prior to a written approval by WASA. In all cases,
Consultants must first refer to the WASA approved supplier and manufacturer list for
approved supplier and available diameters.

Minimum Pipe Sizes

The minimum pipe size for residential areas shall be 150 mm diameter. The velocity of
water flow should be between 0.9 and 1.55 m/s. For dead end mains and mains exceeding
minimum size, proper analysis shall be carried out to ensure that the required pipe size is
adequate to deliver the required water demand.

Velocity in pipes:

American Standard: The optimum design velocity of flow in mains is 1.0 m/s, with
minimum and maximum design parameters of 0.2 m/s to 1.5 m/s.

41
Pakistan Standard:Range of velocity is 1 to 1.5m/s. If it is not in the range then we will
change the diameter of the pipe. For the calculation of velocity we should use the Hazen-
Williams Equation. This is as follows:

V= 0.849CR0.63 (H/L)0.54
And for the calculation of head loss (H) we will use the equation:
H =10.68 (Q/C)1.85 L/(D)4.87
Where,
C is the roughness coefficient and it depends upon the material of pipe.
e.g., for PVC its value is 150 and for HPVC its value is 140
D is the diameter of the pipe
L is the length
H is head loss
R is Hydraulic radius =P/A

PHED Modified(PHED) WASA

a) Distribution mains 1-5 a) Distribution mains 0.5to2 Minimum velocity 0.8
feet/second m/second ft/sec And Maximum
b) Rising mains 1.5-7 b) Rising mains 0.3to1.5 m/second
feet/second Velocity 8ft/sec

British Standard: The maximum flow velocity at PHD should not exceed 1.5 m/s. The
maximum flow velocity during MDD and fire flow conditions should not exceed 3.0 m/s.

Earth cover-Earth cover of 1m should be present above the pipe to keep it intact with the
soil and to make it safe from atmospheric attacks.

USA Standards: Plastic water mains should be installed at a minimum 750mm cover, except
where there is a risk from, for example, agricultural activities where 900mm cover is
required.

All metallic pipes should be installed at 900mm cover.

42
Terminal pressure: Minimum pressure in the rural area should be 25ft and for the
urban area it should be 30ft.

PHED PHED (Modified) WASA USA British

a) For urban residential a) Keeping in view Minimum Minimum 22 m in
areas the existing the trends of pressure should pressure should the main
standard of terminal multistory be 14m be 28m adjoining
pressure is 30 feet as building the
minimum. construction it is Property
b) For rural residential advisable to adopt boundary.
areas, the existing at least 12 meters
standard of terminal minimum terminal
pressure is 25 feet pressure.
(8meters) (minimum) b) The existing
standard of
terminal pressure
i.e. 8 meters
(minimum) being
followed for the
design of rural
water supplies is
reasonably
adequate.Therefore,
no modification is
proposed.

Water Consumption-Here the table shows the domestic water demand for various
values of the design populations. Average Water Consumption (PPHED)

Design population Per Capita Consumption per day (inclusive

of unaccounted for water )
Up to 10 gallon
5000 15 gallon
10000 20 gallon
10000 30 gallon( with sewerage facility)
25000 40 gallon( with sewerage facility)
Above 1 lac 50 gallon( with sewerage facility)

But different communities have set their own criteria for the average water consumption
within Pakistan and also beyond the borders. A table regarding those communities is given
below:

American Standards for different localities:

Industry

43
 In order that an adequate supply of water is available for use by the Fire and Rescue
Authority in case of fire it is recommended that the water supply infrastructure to any
industrial estate is as follows with the mains network on site being normally at least 150 mm
nominal diameter—

• Up to one hectare 20 litres per second.

• One to two hectares 35 litres per second.
• Two to three hectares 50 litres per second.
• Over three hectares 75 litres per second.

Shopping, offices, recreation and tourism

Commercial developments of this type should have a water supply capable of delivering a
minimum flow of 20 to 75 litres per second to the development site.

Education, health and community facilities

Village halls should have a water supply capable of delivering a minimum flow of 15 litres
per second through any single hydrant on the development or within a vehicular distance of
100 metres from the complex.

Primary schools and single storey health centres

Should have a water supply capable of delivering a minimum flow of 20 litres per second
through any single hydrant on the development or within a vehicular distance of 70 metres
from the complex.

Secondary schools, colleges, large health and community facilities

Should have a water supply capable of delivering a minimum flow of 35 litres per second
through any single hydrant on the development or within a vehicular distance of 70 metres
from the complex.

Design criteria of the pipe system

44
i.Primary Mains (Arterial Mains)

Form the basic structure of the system and carry flow from the pumping station to elevated
storage tanks and from elevated storage tanks to the various districts of the city

 Laid out in interlocking loops

 Mains not more than 1 km (3000 ft) apart
 Valved at intervals of not more than 1.5 km (1 mile)
 Smaller lines connecting to them are valved

ii. Secondary Lines

 Form smaller loops within the primary main system
 Run from one primary line to another
 Spacing's of 2 to 4 blocks
 Provide large amounts of water for firefighting without excessive pressure loss

iii. Small distribution lines

 Form a grid over the entire service area
 Supply water to every user and fire hydrants
 Connected to primary, secondary, or other small mains at both ends
 Valved so the system can be shut down for repairs
 Size may be dictated by fire flow except in residential areas with very large lots

C HAPTER 4: CASE STUDY-BAHRIA, PHASE-I

45
Task was to design water supply scheme of Bahria Town Phase –I . By keeping in mind
various perimeters and figures , this is finally designed.

Location:
Overhead tank in the phase 1 is located in the middle of the phase beside the mosque.

For designing a storage tank one of the important factor is the average daily usage of water
per capita, which is different for different areas depending upon the;

 Availability of water
 Climatic parameters like temperature, rainfall etc.
 Life style of the population etc. For example deserts people water need is less as compared
to the barrage area people because desert people have less accessibility to water.

First, should know the per day per capita demand for water, then estimate the population for
whole building, then decide for how much time/years you are going to design the storage
tank, then decide for how many days you want to store the water, consider the population
growth rate as indicated in chapter 1 and chapter 3.

Pressure at nodes

After the calculation of discharge in each pipe we will calculate the nodal demands. Which
are given on the EPANET file of the concerned phase 1 design.
Pipelines:

Water pipes should be laid out in loops to avoid dead-ends that create stagnant water. Water pipes
must be buried at least 48 inches below the ground surface in Ohio to protect them from freezing.

Steps Followed:

Following are steps of laying out water supply pipeline for bahria phase I:

Layout pipe lines according to grid iron system/ loop system.

Marking nodes:

Mark nodes where two pipelines meet.

Data Collection and calculation:

To find out the demands we will calculate the total houses, total population based upon the
number and size of plots.

46
Per capita demand depends upon the various factors such as:

• Cost of water
• Metering
• Standard of living etc.
Water used per capita is the sum of all types of uses such as:

• Domestic purposes
• Non-domestic purposes i.e., for commercial areas (15% of domestic purposes)
• Unaccounted water (10% of domestic)
• Fire demand (5 lpcd)

Water Demand=100lpcd , Number of persons per house = 10

Mosque Area(m2) Demand (LPS)

1 1098.4 0.072

Parks Area(m2) Demand (LPS)

1 348.56 0.028
2 I394.2 0.113

Commercial area(m2)
3449

Demand at each node:

Determine demand of a block and divide it on nodes surrounding it. In the same way
calculate all demands of all blocks, divide iit on nodes and sum up demands at each node to
calculate total demand.

Measure lengths of pipelines:

Measure lengths of all pipelines node to node.

EPANET:

Next transform all calculations and image to software. Place pipelines and nodes , add
demands and lengths of pipes.

Following images present the detailed work done!

47
MAP:BAHRIA TOWN PHASE-I

48
49
PRESSURE-DIAMETER RELATIONSHIP

50
Network Table - Nodes

Elevation Base Demand Demand

Pressure

Node ID m LPS LPS m

Junc J1 0 0.334 0.75 13.86

Junc J2 0 0.2508 0.56 14.36

Junc J3 0 0.264 0.59 15.74

Junc J4 0 0.261 0.59 16.98

Junc J5 0 0.22 0.50 16.96

Junc J6 0 0.228 0.51 16.95

Junc J7 0 0.143 0.32 16.96

Junc J8 0 0.265 0.60 16.89

Junc J9 0 0.348 0.78 14.13

Junc J10 0 0.074 0.17 13.74

Junc J11 0 0.14 0.31 13.92

Junc J12 0 0.141 0.32 13.51

Junc J13 0 0.123 0.28 13.58

Junc J14 0 0.136 0.31 13.72

Junc J15 0 0.101 0.23 13.73

Junc J16 0 0.125 0.28 13.80

Junc J17 0 0.09 0.20 13.77

Junc J18 0 0.139 0.31 14.07

Junc J19 0 0.227 0.51 13.85

Junc J20 0 0.182 0.41 14.87

Junc J21 0 0.126 0.28 14.76

Junc J22 0 0.105 0.24 14.71

Junc J23 0 0.083 0.19 14.70

51
Junc J24 0 0.105 0.24 14.71

Junc J25 0 0.091 0.20 13.77

Junc J26 0 0.268 0.60 13.98

Junc J27 0 0.043 0.10 13.77

Junc J28 0 0.074 0.17 13.74

Junc J29 0 0.121 0.27 14.01

Junc J30 0 0.119 0.27 13.50

Junc J31 0 0.068 0.15 13.51

Junc J32 0 0.05 0.11 13.58

Junc J33 0 0.066 0.15 13.72

Junc J34 0 0.09 0.20 13.77

Junc J35 0 0.083 0.19 14.71

Junc J36 0 0.031 0.07 14.69

Junc J37 0 0.052 0.12 14.69

Junc J38 0 0.0468 0.11 14.34

Junc J39 0 0.094 0.21 13.85

Junc J40 0 0.048 0.11 13.74

Junc J41 0 0.188 0.42 14.03

Junc J42 0 0.073 0.16 13.92

Junc J43 0 0.15 0.34 16.94

Junc J44 0 0.038 0.09 13.77

Junc J45 0 0.074 0.17 14.73

Junc J46 0 0.238 0.54 13.98

Tank T1 0 #N/A -14.21 17.00

52
Network Table - Links

Velocity Unit Headloss

Link ID m/s m/km

Pipe L1 0.05 0.10

Pipe L2 0.17 1.02

Pipe L3 0.02 0.02

Pipe L4 0.10 0.39

Pipe L5 0.04 0.06

Pipe L6 0.02 0.03

Pipe L7 0.15 0.83

Pipe L8 0.00 0.00

Pipe L9 0.27 2.40

Pipe L10 0.37 4.29

Pipe L11 0.14 0.74

Pipe L12 0.06 0.16

Pipe L13 0.21 1.51

Pipe L14 0.04 0.06

Pipe L15 0.95 25.21

Pipe L16 0.83 13.97

Pipe L17 0.03 0.05

Pipe L18 0.06 0.15

Pipe L19 0.17 1.01

Pipe L20 0.03 0.03

Pipe L21 0.26 2.21

Pipe L22 0.10 0.39

Pipe L23 0.25 2.09

Pipe L24 0.08 0.24

53
Pipe L25 0.03 0.05 0.00

Pipe L26 0.02 0.02 0.00

Pipe L27 0.11 0.47 0.00

Pipe L28 0.16 0.95 0.00

Pipe L29 0.26 2.35 0.00

Pipe L30 0.34 3.68 0.00

Pipe L31 0.67 13.24 0.00

Pipe L32 1.10 33.02 0.00

Pipe L33 0.34 3.67 0.00

Pipe L34 0.15 0.80 0.00

Pipe L35 0.13 0.19 0.00

Pipe L36 0.28 1.20 0.00

Pipe L37 0.12 0.58 0.00

Pipe L38 0.09 0.30 0.00

Pipe L39 0.08 0.29 0.00

Pipe L40 0.02 0.01 0.00

Pipe L41 0.03 0.03 0.00

Pipe L42 0.05 0.11 0.00

Pipe L43 0.04 0.08 0.00

Pipe L44 0.04 0.03 0.00

Pipe L45 0.10 0.13 0.00

Pipe L46 0.08 0.24 0.00

Pipe L47 0.07 0.09 0.00

Pipe L48 0.10 0.36 0.00

Pipe L49 0.39 4.78 0.00

Pipe L50 0.24 1.91 0.00

Pipe L51 0.02 0.03 0.00

54
REFERENCES:

http://www.pipeflow.co.uk/public/articles/Hazen_Williams_Formula.pdf

http://mimoza.marmara.edu.tr/~neslihan.semerci/ENVE204/L1.pdf

http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~doneker/CE362/Lectures/pipe6.pdf

http://www.level.org.nz/water/water-supply/system-layout-
http://water.me.vccs.edu/concephttp://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/CIV240/lesson12_print.htm

http://www.gharexpert.com/articles/Plumbing-Water-Supply-676/What-various-types-valves-water-
pipe-li_0.aspx

http://www.kirloskarpumps.com/download/IOM/Sluice%20valve.pdf

http://www.mandswater.co.uk/water-mains.php

http://www.scribd.com/doc/146907252/WASA-wastewater-and-potable-water-design-
requirements

http://www.lenntech.com/small-community-water-supplies.htm#Planning_and_management

http://www.csir.co.za/Built_environment/RedBook/Vol_II/Chapter_09/Chapter_09_Vol_II.pdf

http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wsd/water_rights/water_utilities/cabinet/design_guidelines_final_mar20
12.pdf

http://www.unitedutilities.com/documents/DesignManualIssueMay2012.pdf

http://www.seqcode.com.au/storage/2013-07-01%20-%20SEQ%20WSS%20DC%20Code%20Design
%20Criteria.pdf

http://www.epa.state.oh.us/portals/28/documents/engineering/greenbook.pdf

ts/material.htmland-pipework/

55