Exercises Lecture 2 - Answers

Compressibility
Ir. Nando Timmer
Salomon Voorhoeve
Delft University of Technology

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vi y re
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ar stu
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 AE1110x - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Exercise 1
D) The work done on the system can be written as δw = −p · dv , since the volume decreases
when the boundary is displayed inwards. Therefore, statement 1 is false.
Although we derived cp and cv for a process in which the pressure or the volume, respectively, stays
constant, equations involving these constants can be used even when the pressure and the volume
do not remain constant; see for example the Energy equation, where the pressure between the two
points will most likely be different. Hence statement 2 is also false.

Exercise 2
A, C & D) In the lectures, we defined enthalpy as h=e+pv, and as a measure of the total energy
of the system; hence, the first and third statements are correct.
Although the change in enthalpy can be both positive or negative, depending on the type of process,

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the enthalpy itself can not be negative. The second statement is therefore incorrect. We defined
h=0 at T=0 K, so the last statement is correct.

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Exercise 3
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o.
rs e
In the lectures, the specific heats were given to be 720 and 1008 J/kg K for cv and cp respec-
ou urc
tively.

Exercise 4
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D) Isentropic flow means both adiabatic and reversible. Adiabatic means that ∂q=0, reversible
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means no frictional or dissipative effects. Hence all answers are correct.

Exercise 5
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In the lecture, the ratio of specific heats was defined as

ar stu

cp
γ= cv

The value was given to be 1.4.

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Th

Exercise 6
D) In the energy equation, there is no density (whereas in the Bernoulli equation, there is), therefore
statement 1 is false. If the density is left out, it is correct.
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The energy equation only makes sense for compressible flow, so quite the opposite of statement 2
is true. Therefore statement 2 is also false.

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Answers to Exercises Lecture 2 - Compressibility 1
 AE1110x - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Exercise 7
We can use the energy equation between the free-stream and the point on the wing:
1 2 1
cp T∞ + V∞ = cp T1 + V12
2 2
Rearranging for V1 :
s  
1 2
V1 = 2 cp T∞ + V∞ − cp T1
2
r
1
= 1008 · 253.15 + 2502 − 1008 · 240
2
= 298.346 m/s

For the pressure calculation we can use the isentropic relations:

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  γ
p1 T1 γ−1

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=

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p∞ T∞

o.
Using the temperatures in K gives:
rs e  γ
ou urc

T1 γ−1
p1 = p∞
T∞
  1.4
240 1.4−1
o

= 38794
253.15
aC s

= 32187 Pa
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The density can also be calculated using the isentropic relations; we can use the temperature ratio,
or the pressure ratio. We will choose the former.
ed d

From the lectures:

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 γ   γ
ρ2 T2 γ−1
=
ρ1 T1
  1
T1 γ−1
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ρ1 = ρ∞
T∞
Th

  1
240 1.4−1
= 0.53396
253.15
= 0.467 kg/m3
sh

Exercise 8
The speed of sound only depends on the temperature. At sea level conditions, T=288.15 K. The
speed of sound is thus: p
a = γRT = 340.263 m/s

Exercise 9
C) We used all options except for the third option, which would be correct if it had a minus sign
included on the right-hand side.
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2 Answers to Exercises Lecture 2 - Compressibility
 AE1110x - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Exercise 10
These pictures are all clear examples of the different Mach regimes. The top left Cessna for
example clearly flies subsonic, and the Bell X1 next to it famously broke the sound barrier, hence
flying ’sonic’. Top left we see a hypersonic concept, with the Concorde below it being Supersonic.
That leaves the Boeing 787 as a transonic aircraft, flying close to (but not at) the speed of
sound.

Exercise 11
C) Going through the sound wave there is no heat addition, and friction is negligible. This makes
this an isentropic process, and hence statement 1 is true.
During the derivation of the second form of the isentropic relations, it was explicitly assumed that
the speed in station 0 was zero. Hence statement 2 is true.

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Exercise 12

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A) For M ≤ 0.3 the change in density is less than 5%, so 95% of the total value.
B) Thus: Below M ≤ 0.3 the flow can be treated as incompressible.

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ou urc
Exercise 13
The correct indications have been shown below. Note that at the throat there is also sonic
flow.
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ed d
ar stu
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Figure 1: A schematic diagram of a wind tunnel

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Exercise 14
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B) The area-velocity relation only dictates that when there is a sonic flow in a nozzle involving
a throat, the sonic flow must be at that throat. But you could also have an entirely subsonic
windtunnel with a throat in it. Hence, statement 1 is false.
The area-velocity relation shows that the way to speed up the flow is dictated by the Mach regime.
For subsonic flow, the only way to increase the velocity is for dA A to be negative - the cross-
sectional area should become smaller. At one point the flow becomes sonic; according to the
previous reasoning, this must be in the throat. If we then want to increase the velocity, the area
must increase; if we decrease the area, the flow will likely choke and stop flowing. Hence statement
2 is true.

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Answers to Exercises Lecture 2 - Compressibility 3
 AE1110x - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Exercise 15
A) For the reservoir pressure, we use the second form of the isentropic relations. Filling in the
values gives:
  γ
γ − 1 2 γ−1
p0 = pts 1 + Mts
2
  1.4
1.4 − 1 2 1.4−1
= 1.01325 1 + 4
2
= 153.847 bar

B) For the reservoir temperature, we also use the second form of the isentropic relations:
 
γ−1 2
T0 = Tts · 1 + Mts
2

m
 
1.4 − 1 2

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= 288.15 · 1 + 4 =
2

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= 1210.23 K

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C) We know the Mach number in the test section (M=4); multiplying this by the speed of sound
rs e
gives the flow speed in the test section:
ou urc
p
Vts = M γRTts
√
= 4 1.4 · 287.0 · 288.15
o

= 1361.05 m/s
aC s

D) We also know the Mach number in the throat (M∗ =1) and hence (V∗ =a∗ ). So we need to know
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the temperature in the throat. Again, we can use the second form of the isentropic relations:
T0 γ − 1 ∗2
∗
=1+ M
T 2
ed d

1.4 − 1 2 −1
 
∗
T = 1210.23 1 + 1
ar stu

2
= 1008.53 K
This gives: √
is

V∗ =
p
γRT ∗ = 1.4 · 287.0 · 1008.53 = 636.57 m/s
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E) Finally we can compute the expansion ratio. As shown in the lecture, we need the density ratio
ρ∗
ρts . This is given by:
 ∗ 1
ρ∗ T
sh

γ−1
=
ρts Tts
  1
1008.53 1.4−1
=
288.15
= 22.92
Finally:
Ats ρ∗ V ∗
=
A∗ ρts Vts
636.57
= 22.92
1361.05
= 10.72
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4 Answers to Exercises Lecture 2 - Compressibility
 AE1110x - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Exercise 16
A) The first question is answered relatively easily: as you’ve learned the Mach number in the throat
of a supersonic nozzle is always equal to 1.
To answer the other questions, let’s think ahead. Once the Mach number and the speed of sound
are known, the flow speed can be calculated. This is why we ask you to to find these parameters
first.
B) To find the speed of sound in the exit, we first need to find the exit temperature. Using one of
the isentropic relations:
  γ
pe Te γ−1
=
p0 T0
√
we can find the exit temperature to be 1715.7 K. The speed of sound then is a = γRTe = 903.96
m/s.

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C & D) We now look for an equation that involves the unknown Mach number, and any of the
given data. We know the pressure at the exit and in the combustion chamber, and for isentropic

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flow, we know how to relate these two to the Mach number (note we can only do this because the
flow speed in the combustion chamber is approximately zero!):

o.
rs e p0
  γ
γ − 1 2 γ−1
ou urc
= 1+ Me
pe 2

This gives a Mach number of 2.4, and with that a flow speed of 2169.2 m/s.
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Exercise 17
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To find the mass flow, we need to use the continuity equation at a convenient station. The most
convenient station is the throat, since we know the Mach number and the area at that location.
We use the same trick as before: knowing the Mach number and the speed of sound, we can find
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the velocity.
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The speed of sound can be found when the temperature is known. With the second form of the
isentropic relations, we find that T∗ = 2654.9 K. The speed of sound then becomes 1124.5 m/s,
and hence the flow speed is also 1124.5 m/s since the Mach number is 1.
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The density can also be found using the second form of the isentropic relations, where we can find
ρ0 by using the equation of state. We find that ρ0 is 1.340 kg/m3 , so the density in the throat is,
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using the isentropic relations, 0.838 kg/m3 .

Finally we can find the mass flow to be 0.8338 · 0.08 · 1124.5 = 75.4 kg/s.
sh

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Answers to Exercises Lecture 2 - Compressibility 5

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