DYNAMICS

Newton's First Law Law of inertia

if the resultantforce is 0 that is if forces are balanced then an
owls object at rest will
stay at rest and objects in motion will continue
movingat the same velocity object maintains
it's stale

Newton's Second Law

Force is equal to rate of change of momentum

F ma finalresult obtained from the second Law

Force rate of change of momentum

MOMENTUM
Symbol p
vectorquantity direction is important
Defined as a product of the mass andvelocity of an object
Formula Ep mu
Units Kgms or Ns

From Newtons 2nd law F change in momentum

time
F ore Ft Ap
If Impulse
Derivation of Cf ma from the aboveformulas
F Pi where pf and pi
Pft
mu mu

F mvmu_ Impulse impulse is defined as the

t product of the force and
F ml the time for which it acts
t e ft or Cbp
F m or Cmu u
t F n
F me derived
The areaunder a F us t
graph gives impulse

t
units Ns or legms
 How to calculate change in momentum Dp
Example 1a
Q Given that the ball rebounds elastically
m
v
E calculate the change in momentum
E 1takingleft to be the positive
t f Bp Pf
mu ML v
pi
direction
m v
MU t Mu
Dp 2mV

Example 1b l same case as above

Q Calculate the Dp if the ball does not rebound 1rebounds
perfectly inelastically

Bp pf pi l taking left to be the positive direction

mu mu
m O mLV
Dp mv

Example Ic same case as above

d write down the range of Dp if ball rebounds inelastically

Range mv c bp 2 2mV takingleft as the positivedirection
somewhere between stopping completely and rebounding
perfectly elastically

Example Za
Q Calculate the final velocity as the ball hits
u 4.3ms the ground
t v t I 51S
u at
m
1kg u
u
4.3 t 9.81 l 51
v 19ms

02 Given that it rebounds at a speed of 7ms

calculatethe change in momentum during
7ms impact

Dp Pf p l taking up to be the
mu mu positive direction
l 19
 7 t 19
Bp 26 N s

03 Time of impact is 12.5ms Calculate the force exerted on the ground

F 2 2080N
Atp I 25

PRINCIPLE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

According to this principle the total momentum of the system always
remains constant 1 conserved provided that there is no external force
acting on the system
This principle is also applicable for colliding bodies
In case of collision the total momentum of the
system before
collision must be equal to the total momentum of the system
after the collision

Example
I
2m15 I mis i 1MIs n m Is
c i t
A B A B
o o o o o o o o

3kg 1kg 3kg 1kg

Before Collision After collision
Q Apply the law of conservation to find u

p Before collision p After collision

m v t mu mu t mu
3 2 t l l l 3 l t l U
G I 3 t U
2 N N 2m15
mmmmmmmmm

Thenatureof collision between two bodies can be classified either as

elastic collision
inelastic collision
 Properties of elastic collisions
The momentum of the system remains conserved

energy of the system

The kinetic remains conserved

The total energy of the system remains conserved

The speed of approach before collision is equal to the speed of
separation after the collision

10ms
Examples
Approach Y speed of approach bw these two
S O A 10ms
7m15 3m s
S O A n t
or
u
or y
y
12m15 7m15 SO A n
y
n 12 7
n y y
c 5ms
5ms 1

Examples
separation
8ms or n 12ms or speed of separation
s y SOS 12 t S
20ms
A B n t
y
20m15
n t
y
2ms torn 10ms or y SO S 10 2
i
8ms
n
A B y

ExampleApplication of properties of elasticcollisions to solve questions

actualdir t
5kg 40ms l 5kg 2kg
of n
A C B c A B S
200m15
2kg nms
y MS
Before Collision After collision
The equation is perfectly elastic
at Form an equationbased on the speed of approach beingequal to
the speed of separation

SOA before collision SOS after collision

200 t 40 n t
y
240 i n
y equation formed
02 Form an equation based on the principle of conservation of
momentum
clerking right as the positive direction
5 200 t 2 40 5 L n t 2
1000 SO Sn
y
Ly
920 equationformed 2
y su
03 Solve the two equations simultaneously to find the values of n
and y
240 n t y 240 y u
920 2y Sn

920 2 y S 240 y 240 n t y

920 2 1200 t Sy 240 n t 302.9
92011200 7y 240 302.9 n
2120 y
Ty
f 62.9 n
302.9 Y since the values for n and the
way
we solved it us the
y of A
speed
give
and B in oppositedirections to each other
andto their initialdirection a negative
value for u implies that A did not in
fact change direction but instead
continuedto move in the same direction
but at a reduced speed as a result of
the collision

Example

2kg 2kg 2kg 2kg

A C B C A B s
7ms 3mg
I l n y
I 3ms 7ms 1
Before collision After collision

Q Given that it is elastic collision four two equations and solve them
an
simultaneously to obtain the valves for n and y
 so A SOS total p total p
7t 3 e n t
y mu t mu mu t mu
lo i n t
y 2 7 2L3 Zn
14 6 zig
2N
S 2g
2 2n
s 2 lo n 2re y
8 20 In 2 n
Un 12 10 n t
y
n 3 10 3 y
7 y
conclusion for identical masses performing a perfectlyelastic collision the
speeds will be interchanged

ie initial speed of A becomes the final speed of B and

the initial speed of B becomes the final speed of A

Example
m
kg m
kg i m
kg m
kg
P Q i p Q
REST REST 3
12ms 12ms

Before collision after collision

Another example

A B

note momentum of the first ball transfers into the last ball hence all balls in
the middle remain at rest only the first and last ball moves back and
forth
This is called Newton's cradle

INELASTIC COLLISIONS
of inelasticcollisions
Properties
Momentum of the system remains conserved

Total energy of the system remains conserved

since there is a loss of kinetic

energy
therefore the kinetic of
the is not conserved
energy
system
 The K E aftercollision will beless than the K E before the collision
S O A S O S

Example 0.7ms
1 6ms
t
V MS 0.9ms I
REST l s s t
l g
A B A B

2kg 2kg 2kg 2kg

i calculate the value of u

Principle of conservation of momentum

2 1.6 2 O Lv t 2 0.9
3 2 Zu t 1.8
3 2 l8 2V
I 4 2U
O7

method 1 Usingkinetic
energy
ii
Show that this is an inelastic collision

K E before collision KE after collision

2 t 2
2 16 0 2.565 2 0.712 0.9
I Iz z

1.3 J

Since the kinetic

energybefore and after the collision is not the same
it can be said that the collision is inelastic
Method 2 i
Using speeds of approach 1separation
S O A I 6ms SOS 0.9 O 7
0.2

since the S O A is not equal to the S.o.s it can be said that the
collision is inelastic

Example
iI 7kg
5kg 2kg i
i
A B A B
REST I
 20ms l V MS
I U 3 ms

a Given that the particlesjoin up after collision and they move with a
common velocity v calculate the value of u and determine whether
the collision is elastic or inelastic

Principle of Conservation of Momentum

5 20 t 2 O 7 u
100 7u
14 3 V

SOA SOS because there is no speed of

separation as the two masses
are stuck together therefore the nature of the collision can be called
inelastic

Note whenever two objects

join up and move together with a common
velocity conclude without
we can that the nature of
collision will be inelastic working

Example
20kg 30kg 20kg 30kg
EAT I i Faf I Is
5ms I
I 2ms 1
1mg 3 ms
Before collision 1 After collision

i calculate change in momentum but only for trolley A

Pf pi
e mu mu
20 2 20 5
40 100
Dp 60 Ns

ii calculate Bp but only for trolley B

Pf pi
M V my
30 3 GO l
90 30
Dp 60 Ns

Liii Using your armies to part ti and Cii show that the momentum
of the system remains conserved
Am The loss in momentum of A is equal to the in momentum of
gain
B thus the net change in momentum is 0 Since change in
momentum is zero it can be said that the momentum was
conserved

in mathematical terms
B Pa DPB change in momentum of A is equa
and opposite to the change in
momentum of B
iv Sketchvelocitylhme graph before during and after the collision

4 I
I l
l l
3 I I B
l I
i 1
Z y
A
I
I
l l

o l
t
before 1
during after

u Sketch momentum us time graph before during and after collision

n i
100 I
B
go l
l
l
l l
60
I
40 1 A

20

o l l s
before during 1 after

vi show that during collision force which A applies on B is equal and

opposite to the force which B applies on A

Am From the previous working s it has been established that change in

momentum of A is equal and opposite to the change in momentum
 Dpa DPB
since Dp Ft
f f
Fa x ta FB x tis
since ta tB we can cancel them out
hence FA FB proved Thetwoforcesareequalinmagnitudeandopposite in
direction
Newton's 3rd Law Thetwoforcesact ondifferentbodies ie one force
ExampleQ on acts on A whiletheotherforceacts on B
and strikes a metal plate it rebounds from the
a A ball falls vertically
plateas shown Explainhow the Principleof Conservation of momentum applies in
this case 33

The ball loses momentum upon impact ie momentum

ms of the ball changer
This loss momentum of the ball is transferred
in
I f 3ms gained by the metal plate
u c
according to the law of conservation of momentum
metalplate the total momentum of the system is conserved
u ins
I
Example Two Dimensional Application
3kg 2kg 1A I
Insine
A B B
1ms REST f Oo
f 0.85in20
sms
Before collision After collision
i Applythe Law of Conservation of Momentum to find 0 and u

in the horizontal plane

3 t t 2 o 3 news f t 210.8cos 20
3 3 ncos 0 t l 5
15 3 ncos
o S u cos0 equation 1

In the verticalplane i

O t O 3 resin 0 t 2 C O 8 sin 20
O 3 us in f 0.55
0.55 3 resin G
0.18 n Sm t equation 2
Solvingthe two equations simultaneously ncos 0 0.5
n Sino O 18
go.gs sin 0 0.18
0 resin 20 O 18
0.5 Scinto O 18 n OI
sin 20
0.5 term0 0.18 U 0.53ms Am
O 200 Am

of conservation of Momentum
How to apply law in cases where the initial
momentum of the system is zero
when a shot is fired
v ms t
c
9 REST 300ms
rggg.iq
2kg 2kg
Reason Since theinitial momentum of the system is zero therefore for the law
of conservation to be valid the final momentum of the system must
also remain 0

This is only possible if the 2 bodies have equalmomentum in the

opposite direction so that theycancel out the effect of each other
i when the forward the
bullet goes recoils backwards with
gun equal
momentum

a Calculatethespeed v

Principleof conservation of Momentum

Dpf Dpi
O t O 0.005 300 t 2 Lu
O I S Lv
1.5 Zu
0.75 U e v 0.75ms
GENERAL FORMULA
where V velocityofgun mu MV
M man of
gun
v velocity ofbullet
m man of bullet
 ng ng
According to p mu man and velocity are
inversely proportional to each other
Hence

Ms 2kg m
0.005kg

Since man of is 400 timer heavier the mass of bullet due to

than
gun
inverse relationship the velocity of the gun might be 400 times lener than
the velocity of the bullet

o 75 m s Aus
goof

Example s show that M

c
v m
I
Am Based on the law of conservation of
t momentum
M
O t O m v t M L V
MU mu
Cii Show that shown
Im I
k E of Gurr
K E of bullet

K E of Gun v from til we proved that MV mu

K E ofbullet Yz u

V This answer ratio of velocities

suggests that the
determiner the ratio of kinetic Energy's

Other examples where initial momentum is zero

Ex1 A bombbeforeexplosion

REST

After explosion it breaks up into fragments

c
IE Bskg

k m5
y m5
Ratio ofmasses M Hence the ratio of velocities V
j2
Since kinetic
energy is directlyproportional to the velocity
Given that thetotalkinetic
energy of the system is
E find in terms of E the
fraction of kinetic
energy
i possessed
by A E

ii possessed
by B I E
20