Output

G
Submitted by:

lossary
Vincent in
John Fondales
Grade 8-Ardency

mathematics
of
Submitted to:

Mrs. Aurea Benez

Terms
 Module 1:
Special products and Factors
Area - the amount of surface contained in a figure expressed
in a square unit.

Composite figure – a figure that is made from two or more

geometric figures.

Factor – an exact divisor of a number.

 Genetics – the area of biological study concerned with
heredity and with the variations between organisms that
result from it.

Geometry – the branch of mathematics that deals with the

nature of space and size, shape, and other properties of
figures as well as the transformations that preserves these
properties.

Greatest common monomial factor – the greatest factor

contained in every term of algebraic expressions.

Heterozygous – refers to having two different alleles (group

of genes) for a single trait.

Homozygous - refers to having identical alleles (group of

genes) for a single trait.

Pattern – constitutes a set of number or objects in which all

the members are related with each other by a specific rule.

Perfect square trinomial – result of squaring a binomial.

Perimeter – the distance around a polygon.

Polynomial - a finite sum of terms each of which is a

real number or the product of a numerical factor and one
or more variable factors raised to a whole number power.
 Product – the answer of multiplication.

Punnett square - a diagram that is used to predict an

outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment
used by biologists to determine the chance of an
offspring’s having a particular genotype.

Scale drawing - a reduced or enlarged drawing whose

shape is the same as the actual object that it represents.

Volume – the measure of space occupied by a solid body.

 Module 2:
Rational algebraic expressions
and algebraic expressions with
integral exponents
Complex rational algebraic
expression – an expression where the numerator or
denominator or both the numerator and denominator are
rational algebraic expression.
Lcd – also known as least common denominator is the least
common multiple of the denominators.
Manpower plan – a plan where the number of
workers needed to complete the project, wages of workers each
day, how many days can workers finish the job and how much
can be spend on workers for the entire project
Rate-related problems – problems involving
rates (e.g., speed, percentage, ratio, work).
Rational algebraic expression – a ratio of
two polynomials where the denominator is not equal to one.
 Module 3:
Relations and functions
Cartesian plane – also known as the rectangular
coordinate system which is composed of two perpendicular
number lines (vertical and horizontal) that meet at the point of
origin (0, 0).

Degree of a function – the highest exponent of x

that occurs in the function f.
Dependent variable – the variable (usually) y
that depends on the value of the independent variable
(usually) x.
Domain of the relation – the set of first
coordinates of the ordered pairs.
Function – a relation in which element in the domain is
mapped to exactly one element in the range.
Function notation – a notation in which a
function is written in the form f(x) in terms of x.
Horizontal line – a line parallel to the x –axis.
Independent variable – the variable (usually) x
that controls the value of the dependent variable (usually) y.

Line – a straight line in Euclidean Geometry.

Linear function – a function of first degree in the form f(x)
= mx + b, where m and b are real numbers.

Mapping diagram – a representation of a relation in

which every element in the domain corresponds to one or
more elements in the range.

Mathematical phrase – an algebraic expression that

combines number and/or variables using mathematical
operators.

Ordered pairs – a representation of a point in the form (x,

y).

Point-slope form – the linear equation y –y = m(x-x ) is the

1 1

point–slope form, where m is the is the slope x1 and y1 are

coordinates of the fixed point.

Quadrants – the four regions of the xy-plane separated

by the x- and y-axes.
 Range of relation – the set of second coordinates of the
ordered pairs.

Rate of change – the slope m of the line and is the quotient

in y-coordinate and the change in x-coordinate.

Rectangular coordinate system – also known as Cartesian

plane or xy-plane.

Relation – any set of ordered pairs.

Slope of a line – refers to the steepness of a line which can
be solved using the formulae:
m = rise or m = y2 – y1
run x2 – x 1

Slope-intercept form – the linear equation y = mx + b is in

slope-intercept form, where m is the slope and b is the y-
intercept.

Standard form – the linear equation in the form Ax + By =

C, where A, B, AND C are real numbers, and A and B are
not both zero.

Trend – tells whether the is increasing or decreasing and

can be determined using the value of m (or slope).
 Two-point form – the linear equation y –y 1 =
y2 – y1 (x2 – x1 ) is the two point- form where x1 and
x2 – x1y1 are coordinates of the first point while x2 and y2
are coordinates of the second point.

Vertical line – a line parallel to y- axis.

Vertical line test – if vertical lines intersects the graph no
more than once, the graph represents a function.

X –axis – the horizontal axis of the Cartesian plane.

X -intercept – the x-coordinate of the point at which
the graph intersects the x- axis
Y- Axis - the vertical axis of the Cartesian plane
Y- Intercept – the y-coordinate of the point at which
the graph intersects the y- axis.
 Module 4:
Linear inequalities in two
variables
Cartesian coordinate plane – the plane that
contains x- and y- axes.
Coordinates of a point – any point on the plane
that is identified by an ordered pair of numbers denoted as
(x ,y).
Geogebra - a dynamic mathematics software that can
be used to visualize and understands concepts in algebra,
geometry, calculus, and statistics.
Half plane – the region that is divided when a line is
graphed in the coordinate plane.
Mathematical equation–a mathematical
statement indicating that two expressions are equal and
using a symbol “=”.
Linear equation in two variables–a
mathematical statement with one as the highest exponent of
its independent variable.
Linear inequality in two variables – a
mathematical statement that makes use of inequality symbols
such as >,<,>, < and ≠.

Mathematical expression – the left or the right

member of any mathematical statement.
Plane divider – the line that separates the Cartesian
coordinate plane into two half planes.
Slope of a line – the steepness of a non-vertical lines.
Solutions of linear equations – points in
the coordinate plane whose ordered pair satisfy the equality.

Solutions of linear inequalities - points in

the coordinate plane whose ordered pair satisfy the inequality.

Variables – any quantity represented by a letter of the

alphabet.
X- intercepts – the x- coordinate of the point where a
graph intersects the x- axis.
 Module 5:
Systems of linear equations and
inequalities in two variables
Elimination method – an algebraic method of
solving systems of linear equations.
Graphic method - a method of finding the
solutions of a system of linear equations or inequalities by
graphing.

Simultaneous linear equations - a set or

collection of linear equations, all of which must be satisfied.
Simultaneous linear inequalities – a set
or collection of linear inequalities, all of which must be
satisfied.

Solutions to a system of linear

equations – the coordinates of all points of
intersections of the graph of the equations in the system whose
coordinates must satisfy all equations in the system.

Substitution method – an algebraic method of

solving linear equations.
System of consistent and dependent
equations – a system of linear equations having
infinitely many solutions.
System of consistent and
independent equations - a system of linear
equations having exactly one solution.

System of inconsistent equations – a

system of linear equations having no solution.
 Module 9:
Parallelism and perpendicularity
Adjacent sides – these are two none collinear lines
with a common end point

Alternate exterior angles – these are non-

adjacent exterior angle that lie on opposite sides of the
transversal

Alternate interior angles - – these are non-

adjacent interior angle that lie on opposite sides of the
transversal

Consecutive angles – these are two angles whose

vertices are the endpoints of a common (included) side

Consecutive vertices – these are the vertices

which are at the endpoints of a side

Corresponding angles – these are non-adjacent

angles that lie on the same side of the transversal, one interior
angle and one exterior angle

Deductive reasoning – is a type of logical

reasoning

Flow chart form of proof- series of statements

in a logical order placed on a flow chart

Kite – a quadrilateral with two distinct pairs of adjacent

congruent side

Opposite angles – in a quadrilateral, these are two

angles which do not have a common side
Opposite sides – in a quadrilateral, these are the two sides
that do not have a common endpoint

Paragraph form of proof – it is the form of

proof where you write a paragraph to explain why a conjecture
for a given situation is true

Parallel lines – are complanar lines that do not

intersects.

Parallelogram – it is a quadrilateral with two pairs of

parallel sides.

Perpendicular bisector – it is a line , a ray or

another segment that is perpendicular to the segment and
intersects the segment at its midpoint

Perpendicular lines – these are lines that

intersect at 90°- angle.

Proof- it is a logical argument in which each statement

made is justified by a statement that is accepted by as true .

Rectangle – a parallelogram that has four right angles.

Rhombus - a parallelogram that has four congruent
sides.

Side interior angles – these are consecutive

interior angles that lie on the same side of the transversal.

Skew lines – these are non-coplanar lines that do not

intersects.

Square – it is a parallelogram with four congruent sides

and four right angles.
Transversal – a line that intersects two or more
coplanar lines at different points.

Trapezoid – a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of

parallel sides.

Two-column form of proof – a deductive

argument that contains statements and reasons organized in
two columns.

Module 10:
Measures of central tendency and
measures of variability
Average deviation or mean deviation
– the dispersion of a set of data about the mean of these data.
Classes – categories for grouping data.
Class mark – the midpoint of class.
Class width – the difference between the lower class
boundary of the given class and the lower boundary of the next
higher class.
Data – a collection of facts or information from which
conclusions maybe drawn.
Frequency – the number of data values in class.
Frequency distribution – a listing of classes
and their frequency.
Lower class boundary – the smallest value that
can go in a class.

Measure of central tendency – the score or

value where all the other values in a distribution tend to
cluster.

Mean –sum of measure x divided by the number N of

measures in a variable.
Median – the middle entry or term in a set of data
arrange in numerical order.
Mode – the measure or value which occurs most
frequently in a set of data.
Range – the simplest measure of variability.
Relative frequency – the ratio of the frequency of
a class to the total number of pieces of data.
Relative frequency distribution – a
listing of classes and their relative frequency.

Standard deviation – is the square root of the

variance.

Upper class boundary – the largest value that

can go in a class.

Variance – the square of the standard variation.

Module 11:
Introduction to probability
Certain – refers to an event which has to happen
Chance- refers to the ‘likelihood’ that something will
happen
Dependent events – events in which one event
affects the outcome of another
Die – small cube whose faces are marked with dots of 1, 2, 3,
4, 5 and 6 in each of the 6 faces

Equally likely event –events that have the same

probability of occurring

Experiment – activity such as tossing or flipping a

coin

Experimental probability – is the probability

of an outcome of an event based on an experiment

Fundamental counting principle –

states that we can find the total number of ways different
events can occur by multiplying the number of ways each
event can happen

Icosahedrons – three-dimensional geometric figure

made up of 20 sides or faces

Independent event – two events which do not

affect the outcome of each other

Outcomes - are the result of experiments

Probability – branch of mathematics that deals with

uncertainly

Sample point – individual outcome in the sample

space
Sample space or probability space – set
of all possible outcomes of an experiment

Theoretical probability – it is the probability

that a certain outcome will occur as determined through
reasoning or calculation

Tree diagram – use to determine all possible

outcomes

Uncertain – refers to something which is likely to

change

Unlikely- something which is not likely to occur

Theorems
 Inequalities in one
triangle: Triangle
Inequality Theorem 1(Ss-Aa)
If one side of a triangle is longer than a second side, then the angle opposite the
first side is larger than the angle opposite the second side.

Triangle Inequality Theorem 2(Aa-Ss)

If one angle of a triangle is larger than the second angle, then the side opposite
the first angle is longer than the side opposite the second angle.

Triangle Inequality Theorem 3(S1+S2+S3)

The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of
the third side.

Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem

The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the measure of
either remote interior angle.
 Inequalities in Two
Triangles: Hinge
Theorem
If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of another triangle, but the
included angle of the first triangle is greater than the included angle of the
second, then the third side of the triangle is longer than the third side of the
second.

Converse Theorem
If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of another triangle,
but the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of the
second, then the included angle of the first is larger than the included
angle of the second.

Linear Pair Theorem

If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.

Vertical Angles Theorem

Vertical angles are congruent.

Isosceles Angle Theorem

 If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite these
sides are congruent.

HyL (Hypotenuse-Leg) Congruence Theorem

If the Hypotenuse and the leg of one right angle are congruent to the
corresponding hypotenuse and the leg of another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.

Hya( Hypotenuse-Acute angle)Congruence Triangle

If the hypotenuse and an acute angle of one right triangle are congruent
to the corresponding hypotenuse and an acute angle of another right
triangle, the triangles are congruent.

AAS (Angle-Angle-Side) Congruence Theorem

If two angles and a non included side of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding two angles and an non included side of another triangle ,
then the triangles are congruent.
 LL Congruence theorem
If the legs of one right triangle are congruent to the legs of another right
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

LA (Leg-Acute angle) Congruence Theorem

If a leg and an acute angle of one right triangle are congruent to a leg and
an acute angle of another right triangle, then the triangles are congruent.