CONFIDENTIAL 1 EC/JAN 2021/ECS536

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PROJECT

COURSE : SPECIAL CONCRETE

CODE : ECS536
START DATE : 4 JANUARY 2021
DUE DATE : 18 JANUARY 2021

NAME: Farrah Farina Binti Mohd Sofian STUDENT ID: 2018438062

GROUP: EC2208C2

Examiner:

1) DR. MUHD NORHASRI BIN MUHD SIDEK

2) DR. NAZIRAH AB WAHAB
3) DR. WARID WAZIEN AHMAD ZAILANI

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL

 CONFIDENTIAL 2 EC/MAY 2020/ECS536

Academic Honesty and Academic Pledge, Faculty of Civil Engineering,

Universiti Teknologi MARA

“By signing this pledge, I promise to adhere to online assessment and maintain the highest level
of ethical principles during the online assessment period. I hereby declare that all the online
submissions are based on my original efforts, not cheating and not plagiarized from any
source(s), nor attempting to or communicating with any other person during the online
assessment period.

I am fully aware that candidates who are suspected of violating this pledge are liable to be
referred to the Disciplinary Committee of the Faculty.”

18 January 2021
Signature Date

Farrah Farina Binti Mohd Sofian 2018438062

Name Student ID

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL

 ECS536 Project/Sept 2020-Jan2021

ECS536 SPECIAL CONCRETE Project (40%)

Lecturer : Class: EC2208C2 Project contents C(6)
DR. MUHD NORHASRI BIN MUHD SIDEK
Name/ID No. of Student : Farrah Farina Binti Mohd Sofian
Scale Low – 1 Developing – 2 Good – 3 Excellent - 4 Superior- 5 Subtotal
A Knowledge Base for Engineering: (CO1-PO1) 50 Marks
The students can demonstrate competence in university level mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering fundamentals.
Theory in Engineering
Problems -20%
Demonstrates Demonstrates some Demonstrates satisfactory Demonstrates good  Demonstrates a
minimal or no ability ability to understand the ability to understand the ability to understand the comprehensive
application of theory to application of theory to the application of theory to /5
to understand the understanding of
application of theory the problem. problem. the problem. underlying theory and
to the problem. application to the
problem

Weightage X 20%

Assumptions used in Able to describe Attempts to describe Describes assumptions and Describes rationale Evaluates rationale /5
the analysis - 20%
assumption and assumptions and conceptualise used and assumptions and assumptions and
conceptualise. conceptualize, but no elaborate the model conceptualise with good conceptualise with
elaborate the model justification the model persuasive justification.

Weightage X 20%
(Poster Presentation) Describe at least one Demonstrates minimal Demonstrates some ability Demonstrates good Demonstrates a /5
– 10%
of creative creative development to present 2 creative ability to present 2 comprehensive to
development and including some development knowledge. essential development present covers topic in-
missing some knowledge. Presentation Presentation does not knowledge. Presentation depth with details and
requirement. is missing requirements include one of requirement has included essential examples. Presentation
and do not elaborate the and minimal elaborate the information with good is well thought out and
model model. elaborate the model. visually appealing the
model.
Weightage X 10%
 ECS536 Project/Sept 2020-Jan2021

WP Scale Low - 1 Developing - 2 Good - 3 Excellent - 4 Superior- 5 Subtotal

Formulation & Analysis (CO2-PO2) 50 Marks
The students can identify, formulate and analyze the complex civil engineering problems using first principles of mathematics and engineering basis.

WP1 - Analyze the problem Able to Demonstrates some Demonstrates Demonstrates good  Demonstrates a
Depth of using specified
understand the ability to understand satisfactory ability to ability to understand comprehensive
Knowledge knowledge profile /5
application of the application of understand the the application of understanding of
required (WKs) related with
theory using theory using principle application of theory theory using principle of underlying theory using
theory engineering
principle of of stresses and using principle of stresses and principle of stresses
– 10%
stresses and deflections to solve stresses and deflections deflections to solve real and deflections to solve
deflections to real structure by to solve real structure by structure by addressing a real structure by
solve real addressing 2 WKs addressing 3 WKs 4 WKs addressing 4 WKs
structure by
addressing 2 WKs
Weightage X 10%

WP3 -
Depth of
Design and identify
analysis practically,
 Able to design with  Able to design with 1  Develop design with 2  Develop design with 3 Develop design with
1 procedure/rational procedure/rational procedure/rational procedure/rational more than 3
analysis efficient and assumption with assumption with good /5
assumption using assumption with procedure/rational
effectiveness in suitable modern acceptable persuasive judgement
satisfactory persuasive assumption with
determine the analysis tool persuasive to solve problem
judgement to solve excellent persuasive
deflection in the usage judgement to solve problem using suitable using suitable modern judgement to solve
of modern analysis problem using modern analysis tool analysis tool problem using suitable
tools - 20% suitable modern modern analysis tool
analysis tool
Weightage X 20%
WP4 -
Familiarity
Validation to resolve Able to validate  Able to validate the  Able to validate the  Able to validate the  Able to validate the
infrequently issues analysis with analysis with
the analysis with analysis comparison analysis with
of issues using software and comparison comparison less than less than 20-30% comparison less than comparison less than /5
manual calculation- greater than 40% 30-40% error. error. 10-20% error. 10% error.
20% error.
Weightage X 20%

TOTAL

RESOURCES: V.Ramasamy, “Development of Lightweight Concrete for structural applications” Journal of Structural Engineering (Madras), 2017. // Hjh
Kamsiah et. al., “Study of Lightweight concrete behaviour”. // Nurshazwani, “The use of oil palm shell in Lightweight concrete”,2020.
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE (ECS536)
INTRODUCTION
The reduction in mass considers to be a desirable
property in lightweight concrete which gained
acceptance in building construction application.
It is the type of concrete that made from a lightweight
of either coarse or a portion of fine aggregates instead
of using the normal aggregates.
It is a preferable material to be used in constructing
structures that required weight reduction of load due
to its expanding agent that result in:
• Reduction in structure damages during
earthquake
• Less time consuming in construction
• Cheaper cost in handling and haulage
• Low density and thermal conductivity
Some properties in lightweight concrete is still consider
to be lacking where adequate cement content need to
be achieved.
It is a crucial part in understanding the behaviour of
lightweight concrete of the cement content where it
influences both mechanical and physical properties of
lightweight concrete.
This research is the comparison between lightweight
concrete beam (LWCB) and control beam (CB)
STUDY CONDUCTED BY: Farrah Farina Binti Mohd Sofian, 2018438062, 8C2
SUMMARY PROCEDURES BASIC CONCEPT
Sample preparation: Lightweight concrete is said to have:
• Mix proportion of 1:1.3:2.33 ratio of cement, fine • Over-dry density ranging approximately 300 to
and coarse aggregates (IS 10262: 2009) a maximum of 2000 kg/m3
• Reinforced concrete beam with a size of 1500mm • Cube strength of approximately 1 to over 60
(L), 100mm (B) and 150mm (D) MPa
• Thermal conductivities of 0.2 to 1.0 M/Mk
Beam specimen casting:
• Beam moulds is cleaned and grease
• Reinforcement gauges is laid inside the mould
• Mixture ingredients is weight based on mix ratio
• Mixed concrete is mix uniformly in mix machine
• Mixed concrete is place in 3 equal layers and
compacted (layer by layer)
• Concrete is remould after 24 hours air curing and
cured with water for 28 days.
Setup for testing:
•
•
Loaded of 500 kN capacity hydraulic jack.
The loaded is apply on the beam specimen for 7
TYPE OF LIGHTWEIGHT
cycles. CONRETE
• 7 cycles have 3 number of repetitious.
No-fines concrete made of cement, water
and coarse aggregates without fine
aggregates with uniformly voids.
Aerated concrete (foamed) made of aerated
mortar that form a cellular structure of low
density such as gas or foam concrete.
Lightweight Aggregate concrete made of
other than coarse or fine aggregates such as
shale, clay, slag, pumice, sintered pulverised
with different purpose.
 STUDY CONDUCTED BY: Farrah Farina Binti Mohd Sofian, 2018438062, 8C2
RESOURCES: V.Ramasamy, “Development of Lightweight Concrete for structural applications” Journal of Structural Engineering (Madras), 2017. // Hjh Kamsiah et. al., “Study
of Lightweight concrete behaviour”. // Nurshazwani, “The use of oil palm shell in Lightweight concrete”,2020.

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE(ECS536)
Data & Collection

Ductility Factor of beams

Energy absorption of beams

Stiffness degradation of beams
Ultimate Flexural Capacity of Beams

DISCUSSION
• Ductility indicates the strength of structure beyond its elastic limit in deformation by
applying a sustain load capacity until failure occurs and show the ability in
absorption of the earthquake energy (LWCB > CB)
• Ultimate flexural capacity influences the deflection and indicates any flexural mode
of failure (LWCB < CB)
• Stiffness degradation indicates the unit of deflection of the beam with the required
of load (LWCB > CB), thus, stiffness of lightweight concrete is lesser than
conventional concrete.
• Compressive strength in crack is said to be more in lightweight concrete due to
lesser in stiffness.
• Energy absorption indicates the stress-strain curve or under-load deflection curve
during the test compression (LWCB < CB)
CONCLUSION
• Ductility factor in lightweight concrete beams increases about 16.66% compared to
control beams.
• Reduction in load for lightweight concrete is 14% compared to control beams.
• Ultimate deflection increases about 14.68% in lightweight concrete compared to
control beam.
• Stiffness degradation show 22% less in lightweight concrete beam compared to
conventional concrete.
• Energy absorption show reduction in 56.77% compared to control beams.
• Lightweight concrete has better advantages in structural design due to it less time in
degrading than control beams.
• Desirable strength in lightweight concrete beams can be an alternative construction
material in medium grade concrete M40 or 50 to support more loads.