Experiment 6

1. What principle is the process of extraction based?

 In extraction, we’re trying to extract some compound X from an initial source A into (usually) something like a
solvent B.
 In simple terms, we can think of this as being sort of a chemical equilibrium:
XA⇌XBXA⇌XB
 The left hand side of the above equation refers to compound X being in the initial source A, and the right hand
side refers to compound B being in the solvent. The balance point of this equilibrium depends on how soluble X is
in A and B. (Solubility is usually thought of regarding some solid dissolving into a liquid, but you can also think
of solid-solid solubility in a similar way- a useful thing to keep in mind with extractions).
 If X is highly soluble in B and not so much in A, the extraction will be very efficient as X will prefer to be in B
rather than in A, thus being extracted out of A. Conversely, if X is pretty insoluble in B but quite soluble in A, this
will be a pretty inefficient extraction. Of course, the more saturated B becomes with X, the less it will pull out
from A. This is why, in many extractions, one would do multiple extractions, periodically refreshing the solvent B
in order to extract more compound from the source A than one would’ve achieved with just one extraction.

https://www.quora.com/What-principle-is-the-process-of-an-extraction-base

4. Give two (2) proofs that the crystals collected in the sublimation process are naphthalene.

 Every solid material has a crystal structure. Sublimation tends to produce good crystals because the solid can
grow slowly. In bulk form naphthalene crystals are broken and compressed and so bulk solid naphthalene looks
quite different.
 The exact same situation applies to snowflakes. They are flat hexagonal structures when seen individually.
Crunch them into a snowball and they lose that pretty structure.
 Snow and other water ices also sublimate, although more slowly, at below-freezing temperatures. This
phenomenon, used in freeze drying, allows a wet cloth to be hung outdoors in freezing weather and retrieved later
in a dry state. Naphthalene, a common ingredient in mothballs, also sublimes slowly. Arsenic can also sublimate
at high temperatures.
 You get needles if your crystallite grows faster in one direction than in any perpendicular direction. Which is the
fact here, because aromatic rings love to stack, but don't have much energy to gain out of the van der Waals'
interactions between the H-atoms sticking out in the plane.
 If a crystallite grows slower in one direction than perpendicular to it, you will get platelet-like crystals.
 And if the elementary cell of the crystal has a cubic symmetry, it will likely grow equally fast in all directions,
and the crystals will be cubes, like NaClNaCl. (OK, this last statement is rather weak. It's easy to predict that
growth rates are very different like in naphthalene, but that they're actually identical is due. Sodium chloride is
just a nice example where this is the case. And be careful about melts. They're never isotropic near a crystal
surface, so anything can happen.)

https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/2724/why-does-naphthalene-turn-into-needle-shaped-crystals-by-
sublimation

5. Give two (2) limitations of the Sublimation process as a general method of separation technique.

a. Recovery may not be complete – the fumes may be blown away.

b. Non-sublimable agent may decompose under heat

https://www.slideshare.net/karwangreza/sublimation-78336484

6. Glucose is soluble in hot water as well as in cold water. Can it be purified by the re-crystallization method used in this
experiment?

 Yes, you can recrystallize glucose by this procedure:

  Recrystallize glucose from water and also from aqueous acetic acid. Then compare the properties of the purified
material. Dissolve glucose in hot water. Filter the hot solution. We will let the solution cool so that crystals form.
The solution is filtered to collect the crystals. the crystals were collected while the solution was still quite warm.
Dry the crystals put in a container and label the crystals from water. Repeat the crystallization experiment but this
time using aqueous acetic acid as the solvent rather than pure water. This will give us some crystals which we will
label Crystallized from Acetic Acid.

http://www.chem.uiuc.edu/weborganic/carbohydrates/crystallization/crystallize.htm

7. What would be the behavior of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) in an ethyl acetate – water mixture? Explain your answer
briefly.

 Ethyl acetate and water form separate layers. Ethanol is soluble in both. Therefore, depending on how much
ethanol is present, it can either partion between the two phases, or help dissolve all into one phase.

https://ph.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20140820194423AAKaVKH