that occurrence is given by the binomial probability sum

11
4 11
3.2.5 1 10 (0.8) (0.9)
k
k
(0.1)
(0.2)
11 k
10 k = 0.0185
= 0.0064
k k8 k
k 0

Chapter   3  H
3.2.6 The omework  
probability of kSsightings
olutions  
is given by the binomial probability model with n = 10,000 and p =
3.2.3 The probability of 12 female presidents is 0.2312 , which is approximately 1/50,000,000.
  1/100,000. The probability of at least one genuine sighting is the probability that k ≥ 1. The
probability of the complementary event, k = 0, is (99,999 /100, 000)10,000 = 0.905.
6 0 6 6 1 5
3.2.4
30 1
Thus, (0.153)
the (0.847)
probability that k ≥ 1(0.153) (0.847)
is 1 − 0.905 = 0.231
= 0.095. Chapter 3: Random Variables
0 1
 
3.2.7 Use
3.2.20 For the the two-engine
hypergeometric plane,modelP(FlightwithlandsN = safely)
12, n = =5,P(One
r = 4, or andtwo w =engines
12 − 4 work properly)
= 8. The probability that
11
2 11 2
3.2.5 =1 k 11 k
= 0.0185 4 8
(0.6) (0.9)
1
(0.4) (0.1) (0.6)
1 2 0
(0.4) = 0.84
1k 8 k 2 2 3
the
For committee
the four-engine will contain two accountants
plane, P(Flight lands safely) (k = =2)P(Two
is or more = 14/33
engines work properly)
12
3.2.6 The probability of k sightings is given by the binomial probability model with n = 10,000 and p =
4 4 4 5is the probability that k ≥ 1. The
=1/100,000. (0.6) 2The 2
(0.4)probability (0.6)of3at least
(0.4) 1
(0.6) 4 (0.4)
one genuine 0
sighting= 0.8208
2 3 4
probability of the complementary event, k = 0, is (99,999 /100, 000)10,000 = 0.905.
The
3.2.21 “At two-engine
least asplane is a better choice.tan-colored” translates into spotting 4, 5, or 6 black bears.
Thus, thetwice
probability many thatblack
k ≥ 1bears
is 1 −as0.905 = 0.095.
6 3 6 3 6 3
3.2.8 Probabilities for the first system are binomial with n = 50 and p = 0.05. The probability that k ≥ 1
3.2.7 For the two-engine plane,
4 2 P(Flight 5 1lands safely)6 0 = P(One or two engines work properly)
The (0.95)50 = is
is 1 2probability 1 − 0.0772 = 0.923. = 64/84
= (0.6)1 (0.4) 1 9 (0.6) 2 (0.4) 9 0 = 0.84 9
Probabilities for the second system are binomial with n = 100 and p = 0.02. The probability that k
1 26 6 6
≥ 1 is 1 (0.98)100 = 1 − 0.133 = 0.867
28 For the four-engine plane, P(Flight lands safely) = P(Two or more engines
Chapter work properly)
3: Random Variables
System 4 2 is superior from
4 a bulb replacement perspective.
4 N = 44050,0n = 65, r = 514 , and w = 4050 − 514  
3.2.22 The
= probabilities
(0.6) 2 (0.4) 2are hypergeometric
(0.6)3 (0.4) 1 with
(0.6) (0.4) =p0.8208
3.2.9 =The 2number
3536. The of 6’s obtained
probability 3 thatin n tosses is
k children 4 binomial
have not beenwith = 1/6. The
vaccinated is first probability in question
has514
The = 6.
ntwo-engine
3536The probability
plane is a that better 1 is 1 (5 / 6)6 = 1 − 0.33 = 0.67.
k ≥choice.
Forkthe second65 k situation, n = 12. The probability that k ≥ 2 one minus the probability that k = 0 or
3.2.8 1,Probabilities
which
4050 is 1 for (5, the
/k6)=120, 1,
first 2, …,
system
12(1/ 6)(565/ 6)binomial
are 11
= 0.62.with n = 50
Finally, andnp==18.
take 0.05.
TheThe probability
probability k ≥k3≥is1
thatthat
50
is 1
one minus (0.95) = 1 − 0.077 = 0.923.
65 theCopyright
probability that k = 0, 1, or 2, which is
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
1Probabilities
(5 / 6)18 18(1/ for the second
6)(5 / 6)17 system
153(1/are 6)2binomial
(5 / 6)16 =with0.60.n = 100 and p = 0.02. The probability that k
100  
≥ 1 is 1 (0.98) = 1 − 0.133 = 0.867
3.2.23 The probability that k nuclear missiles will be destroyed by the anti-ballistic missiles is
3.2.10 hypergeometric
The
System number of missile
2 is superior with from Nhits aon
= 10, nthe
bulb plane
= replacement
7, is and
r = 6, binomial with
perspective.
w = 10 − 6n==4.6 The
and pprobability
= 0.2. Thethe probability
Country that
B will
the plane will crash is the probability
be hit by at least one nuclear missile is6 one minus the that k ≥ 2. This event is the
probability complement
that k = 6, orof the event that k
5
= 0 or61, so 4 the probability is 1 − (0.8) − 6(0.2)(0.8) = 0.345
34 The number of rocket hits on the plane is also binomial, but with n Chapter = 10 and3:pRandom
= 0.05.Variables
The 6 1
probability that the boat will be disabled is P(k ≥ 1), which is 1 − (0.95) 10
= 0.401
1− = 0.967
10
Section 3.3: Discrete Random Variables
3.2.11 The number 7 of girls is binomial with n = 4 and p = 1/2. The probability of two girls and two boys
4 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
4  
3.3.1 is(a) Each (0.5)4outcome
= 0.375.has Theprobability
probability 1/10 of three and one is 2 (0.5) 4 = 0.5, so the latter is more
3.2.24 Let 2k be the number of questions chosen that Anne has studied. 3 Then the probabilities for k are
hypergeometric
likely. Outcomewith N = 10, X n = 5, r = 8,no.
larger and w = 10 − 8 = 2. The probability of her getting at
drawn
least four correct 1, is 2 the probability that 2k = 4 or 5, which is
3.2.12 The number of 1, recoveries
3 if the drug is 3effective is binomial with n = 12 and p = 1/2. The drug
will
8 discredited
2 8 1, if
2 4the number of recoveries 4 is 6 or less. The probability of this is
6
4 12 1 (0.5) 512 1,0= 50.613. 140 56 5
2, 3 = = 0.778
3
k 010 k 10 252 252
2, 4 4
5 52, 5 5
k 1
3.2.13 The probability3, it 4takes k calls to get four 4 drivers is 0.804 0.20k 4 . We seek the smallest
3.2.25 The probabilities 3, for 3
5 the number of men5 chosen are hypergeometric with N = 18, n = 5, r = 8, and
w = 10. The event 4, 5thatn
kboth 1 men4 and women 5 are represented is the complement of the event that 0
k 4
number n so that 0.80 0.20 8 10 ≥ 0.95.
8 By trial and error, n = 7.
10
k 4 3
Counting the number of each 0 value5 of5the 0larger of the two and
252 56 multiplying by 1/10 gives
or 5 men the will
pdf: be chosen, or 1 − =1− = 0.964
3.2.14 The probability of any shell hitting the 18 bunker is 1830/500 = 0.06. 8568The8568 probability of exactly k
25
5 5
pX(k)
shells hittingk the bunker is p(k) = (0.06)k (0.94) 25 k . The probability the bunker is destroyed
2 1/10 k
is 1 − p(0) −3p(1) − p(2) = 0.187.
2/10
4Copyright 3/10
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
3.2.15 (1) The probability
5 that any one of the seven measurements will be in the interval (1/2, 1) is
4/10
0.50. The probability that exactly three will fall in the interval is  
 
(b) 7 0.57 = 0.273
3 Outcome X = larger no. drawn V = sum of two nos.
1, 2 2 3
 2 1/10
2/10 of this is the binomial of getting k heads in 4 tosses = 4 1 .
3 probability
The
3.3.2 (a)
4 There are 5 × 5 = 25 total outcomes. The set of outcomes leading to a maximum of k is
3/10 k 16
5 (X =4/10= {(j, k)|1 ≤ j ≤ k − 1} ∪ {(k, j)|1 ≤ j ≤ k − 1} ∪ {(k, k}, which has 2(k − 1) + 1
k)
− 1 elements. 4 Thus,
1
(b)
Thus,= p2kX(2k − 4) = , k =pX0, 3, −4 1)/25
(k)1,=2,(2k
k 16
Outcome X = larger no. drawn V = sum of two nos.
(b)
1, 2 2 3
1, 3 Outcomes
4 2 k 31 4 k
V =4sum of two nos.
3.3.8 1, 4− 4) =
pX(2k (1, 41) , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 54 2
1, 5 k (1,3 2) 5(2,
3 1) 6 3
2, 3 (1, 3) (2, 32) (3, 1) 5 4
3.3.9 2, 4
Consider the (1,case 4
k =3)0(3,
4) (2, as an example.
2) (4, 1) If you6 are on
5 the left, with your friend on your immediate
2, 5 5
right, you(1,can stand
5) (2, in positions
4) (3, 1, 2,1)3, or 4. 7The remaining
3) (4, 2) (5, 6 people can stand in 3! ways. Each
3, 4 4 7
of these
3, 5 must(2, be
5) multiplied
(3, 4) (4,
5 by
,3) 2,
(5, since
2) your friend
8 could
7 be the one on the left. The total number
of permutations
4, 5 of the five people
(3, 5) (4, 54), (5, 3) is 5! 9 8
Thus, pX(0) = (2)(4)(3!)/5!
(4, 5) (5, 4)= 48/120 = 4/10. In a similar 9 manner
pX(1) = (2)(3)(3!)/5! (5, = 36/120
5) = 3/10 10
pX(k)
pkX(2) = (2)(2)(3!)/5! = 24/120 = 2/10
3
pX(3)p= 1/10
(2)(1)(3!)/5! = for
12/120 = 1/10
4 = (k − 1)/25
V(k)1/10 k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and pV(k) = (11 − k)/25 for k > 6
5 2/10
3.3.3 p6X(k) = P(X 2 ≤ k)2− P(X ≤ k − 1). But the event (X ≤ k) occurs when all three dice are ≤
= k) = P(X
2/10
k7and that2/10 3
k Thus P(X ≤ k) = k /216.
k k 2ways.
can occur in 3

3.3.10 Similarly,
8 1/10
p X (k ) pP(X
X (k , k3/216.
≤)k − 1) =4 (k − 1) = 0, 1, 2. For
Thus pX(k)X1=+k3X/216
2 = m, let− 1)3/216.
− (k
9 1 1/102
 
3.3.4 pX(1) = 6/63 = 6/216 = 1/36 2
3
pX(2) = 3(6)(5)/6 = 90/216 = 15/36 m
= k= and
pXX1(3) X2 = m 3−=k,120/216
(6)(5)(4)/6 for k = 0, 1, …, m. Then p X 3 (m)
= 20/36 p X1 ( k ) p X 2 ( m k ) ,
k 0

3.3.5 m Copyright
= 0, 1, 2,© 3,
2012
4, Pearson
or Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Outcomes V = no. heads – no. tails

m p X 3 ( m)
(H, H, H) 3
(H, H,0 T) (H, T, H) 1/36(T, H, H) 1
(T, T,1 H) (T, H, T)2/9 (T, H, H) −1
2 (T, T, T)1/2 −3
3 2/9
36 Chapter 3: Random Variables
pX(3) =4 1/8, pX(1) =1/36 3/8, pX(−1) = 3/8, pX(−3) = 1/8
  4 k 1 k 1
4
3.3.7 This is similar to Question 3.3.5. If there are k steps to the right k 1 2
(heads), then there 2 are14 − k 2steps
3.3.6
3.3.11 to
P (2 1) / 2]X, so ,
theX left1(tails).
k ) TheP[ Xfinal(kposition p2 X 1 (of
is number k ) heads
p X − number ofktails
2
1
Outcomes k pX(k) 3 3
= k − (4 − k) = 2k − 4. 2
Section 3.4: Continuous (1, 1) Variables
Random 2 (1/6)(1/6) = 1/36 37
k = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 4 1
The probability (2,of1)this is the binomial3of getting k heads in 4 tosses (2/6)(1/6)
= = .2/36
(1, 3) (3, 1) 4 (1/6)(1/6) + k 16
(2/6)(1/6) = 3/36
k ( k 1) ( k 1)k k
3.3.14 px(k) =(1, FX(k) − F3)X(k4(4,−11)
4) (2, 1) = 5 (1/6)(1/6) + (2/6)(1/6) + (1/6)(1/6) = 4/36
= = k3, as, kexplained
≤ k) 42 in4the42solution 21to Question 3.3.3.
3.3.12 Thus,
FX(k)p= 5)− (2,
(1,P(X
X(2k 4)
4) k(3,16 3) = 0, 1, 2,63, (1/6)(1/6) + (2/6)(1/6) + (2/6)(1/6) = 5/36
 
3.3.15 See(1, the6)solution
(2, 5) (3, to 4) (4, 3) 3.3.3.7
Question
k k
(1/6)(1/6)
j
+(2/6)(1/6)+ (2/6)(1/6)+ (1/6)(1/6) = 6/36
4 j
(2, 6) (3, 5) (4, 4) 4 k 8 4 1 (2/6)(1/6) 5 + (2/6)(1/6) + (1/6)(1/6) = 5/36
3.3.133.4:
Section (k) = P(X≤k)
FXContinuous =2 k Variables
4Random 1P ( X j )
3.3.8 pX(2k − (1, 4) =8) (3, 6) (4, j 0
5) , k = 0, 9
1,
j 0
2, j3, 46 (1/6)(1/6)
6 + (2/6)(1/6) + (1/6)(1/6) = 4/3637
k 3
(2, 8) (4, 6) 3 10  
(2/6)(1/6) + (1/6)(1/6) = 3/36
(3, 8) k ( k 1) 11 ( k 1)k k (2/6)(1/6) = 2/36
3.3.14
Section x(k) =Continuous
p3.4:
3.3.9 Consider Fthe − FkX(k
X(k)case −as1)an= example.
= 0Random Variables
If you are on the left, with your friend on your immediate
(4, 8)
Copyright © 2012 42 12 42
Pearson Education, 21 (1/6)(1/6)
Inc.   Publishing = 1/36
as Prentice Hall.
right, you can stand in positions 1, 2, 3, or 4. The remaining people can stand in 3! ways. Each
of these must be multiplied
1/ 2 by 2, since1/ 2 your friend could be the one on the left. The total number
3.3.15 See
3.4.1 of
P(0 the
≤ Y solution= to
≤ 1/2) of
permutations theQuestion dy 3.3.3.
4 y 3people
five yis4 5! = 1/16
0
Thus, pX(0) = (2)(4)(3!)/5! = 48/120 0= 4/10. In a similar   manner
  pX(1) = (2)(3)(3!)/5! = 36/120
Copyright © 2012 = 3/10
Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
1
  pX(2) = (2)(2)(3!)/5! =1 24/120
2 2 = 2/10 2 y y 2 11 5
3.4.2 P(3/4
SectionpX3.4: ≤ Y ≤ 1)
(3) =Continuous=
(2)(1)(3!)/5! = Random y dy
12/120 = 1/10Variables =1
  3/ 4 3 3 3 3 3/ 4 16 16
  21/ 2 2 1/ 2
 3.4.1 P(0 ≤ Y ≤ 1/2) = 4 y 3
dy y 4
= 1/163/ 4 3 3/ 4
k0 2 k 3 y 27 1 26 13
 3.4.3
3.3.10 pPX (Yk ) 1/p2X (k1/
) 4 = P(1/4 <, Y k =<0,
0
3/4)1, 2.= For X1 +y Xdy
2
2 = m, let
1 2
4 1/ 4 2 2 128 128 128 64
1/ 4
2 2 1
1 2 2 2y y 11 5
3.4.2 P(3/4 ≤ Y ≤ 1) = y dy =1 m
3/ 4
 3/ 4 3 3 3 3 3/ 4
16 16
1
2 2 1 2y y2 11 5
3.4.2 P(3/4 ≤ Y ≤ 1) = y dy 3/ 4 3 = 1 y 3 3/ 4 27 1 26 13
3.4.3 43
P Y 1/ 2 1/ 4 =3/P(1/4 3< Y < 3/4)3= 3 3/y4 2 dy 16 16
1/ 4 2 2 1/ 4 128 128 128 64
 
3/ 4
3/ 4 3 2 y3 27 1 26 13
3.4.3 P Y 1/ 2 1/ 4 = P(1/4 < Y < 3/4) = y dy
1/ 4 2 2 1/ 4
128 128 128 64

3 3
3.4.4 P(Y > 1) = (1/ 9) y 2 dy (1/ 27) y 3 = 1 − 1/27 = 26/27
1 1

 
0.2 y 0.2 y −2
3.4.5
38 (a) 0.2e 3 dy e = e =3 0.135 Chapter 3: Random Variables
3.4.4 P(Y > 101) = (1/ 9) y 2 dy 10
(1/ 27) y 3 = 1 − 1/27 = 26/27
1 1
y
(b) If A = probability customer
y
4leaves4on first trip, and B = probability customer leaves on
3.4.7 FY(y) = P(Y ≤ y) = 3
4t dt t y . Then P(Y ≤ 1/2) = FY(1/2) = (1/2)4 = 1/16
second trip, then P(a)
0 = P(b) = 0.135. In this notation,
3.4.5 (a) p (1)0.2 e 0.2 y dy C) + eP(A
= P(a)P(B
0.2 y
C = e=−22(0.865)(0.135)
0
)P(b) = 0.135 = 0.23355
X 10 10
 
y y
3.4.8
3.4.6 FY(y)If=the
Clearly
(b) AP(Y ≤ y) = given
=function
probability e is dt t
e
non-negative
t
1 first
and econtinuous.
trip, and We
y
B =must show that it integrates to on
1.
0 customer leaves 0
on probability customer leaves
1
1 second trip,n then P(a) = P(b) 1 = 0.135. Inn thisn notation, y n 1
y n 2
(n p 2)(
(1)n = 1) y (1 yC))dy
P(a)P(B + P(A C( n 2)( n 1)( y
)P(b) = y 1 )dy= 0.23355
2(0.865)(0.135) (n 2)(n 1)
3.4.9 For
0 y < X −1, F (y) = 0 0 n 1 n 2
Y
0
y 1 1 2
3.4.6 For −1
Clearly ≤ y
(n 2)the < 0, F
y function
n 1 (y) =
(nY 1)given
1
(1 t
y 1 is non-negative
n 2
1 ) dt y y
and continuous. We must show that it integrates to 1.
0 2 2 1
1
n y 1 1 y n n 11 1 2 yn 1 yn 2
For(n0 ≤ 2)(
y ≤n1, 1) FYy(y)(1= y )dy1 t dt ( n = 2)(n 1)( (1y t )dty )dy y (n y2)(n 1)
0 1 0 2 0 2 2 n 1 n 2
0
For y > 1, FCopyright
Y(y) = 1
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
1
(n 2) y n 1 (n 1) y n 2 1
0

FY(y)

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

3.4.10 (1) P(1/2 < Y ≤ 3/4) = FY(3/4) − FY(1/2) = (3/4)2 − (1/2)2 = 0.3125
d d 2
(2) fY(y) = FY y = 2y, 0 ≤ y < 1
dy dy
3/ 4 3/ 4
P(1/2 < Y ≤ 3/4) = 2ydy y2 = 0.3125
1/ 2 1/ 2
 
 
3.4.11 (a) P(Y < 2) = FY(2), since FY is continuous over [0, 2]. Then FY(2) = ln 2 = 0.693

(b) P(2 < Y ≤ 2.5) = FY(2.5) − FY(2) = ln 2.5 − ln2 = 0.223

 Y
1000 , where
dy pk isdy
thef probability of death in year k, k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
But by the symmetry of Y, FY(0) = 1/2. Thus, 2[FY(a) − FY(0)] = 2[FY(a) − 1/2] = 2FY(a) − 1
5 3/ 4 5 3/ 4
2
SinceP(1/2 ≤ 3/4) =and 2ydy
pyk< Y0.00272 = 0.3125, the equation becomes
k (1 ypk )1/ 2 4.99164
t/ 1/ 2 −t/λ
3.4.18 FY(y) =k 1 (1/ )e dt = 1 − k 1e , so
4.99164P0 – 50,000(0.00272) = 1000, or P = $227.58.
3.4.11 (a) P(Y(1/ < 2))e= yF/ Y(2), since FY is continuous over [0, 2]. Then FY(2) = ln 2 = 0.693
h(y) = = 1/λ
1 (1 e y / ) 4(20) 4
3.5.6 The (b) random ≤ 2.5) =XFYis(2.5)
P(2 < Yvariable − FY(2) = ln 2.5
hypergeometric, where − ln2 r ==4,0.223
w = 96, n = 20. Then E(X) = .
Since the hazard rate is constant, the item does not age. Its reliability does not decrease 4 over
96 5
time.
(c) The probability is the same as (b) since FY is continuous over [0, e]
3.5.7 This is a hypergeometric problem where r = number of students needing vaccinations = 125 and
w = number of d students already d vaccinated
1 = 642 − 125 = 517. An absenteeism rate of 12%
(d) Y(y) = to aFsample
3.5:fExpected
Sectioncorresponds ( y ) n =ln(0.12)(642)
YValues y , 1 ≤ y ≤77 e missing students. The expected number of
dy dy y
125(77)  
unvaccinated students who are absent when the physician visits is −4 15 .
3.5.1 E(X) = −1(0.935) + 2(0.0514) + 18(0.0115) + 180(0.0016) + 1,300(1.35 125 ×517 10 )
−6 d d −37
+ 2,600(6.12
3.4.12 First note that fY(y) =× 10 ) + 10,000(1.12
FY ( y ) × 10 ) = −0.144668
4 2
(4 y 3 y ) = 12y − 12y , 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. 3
 
1 dy 2 1 dy
2 3
3.5.8 (a) E(Y) = y 3(1 y ) dy 3/ 4 3( y 2 y y ) dy 3/ 4
Then Y0 ≤ 3/4) of y0 2 red y 3Monte y 3 3Then y 4 ) E=( X0.6875. 18 19 1
3.5.2 Let be the<winnings
X P(1/4 = betting
1/ 4 1
(12on 12in )dy (4Carlo.
1/ 4
) .
1 2 2 3 1 4
Section 3.5: Expected Values 1 37 37 4137
=3 y y y
Let X* be 2the winnings 3 4 betting
of 0 4on red in Las Vegas. Then E ( X ) 18 20 2
.
2 b 2 2 38 38 38
b 1 y b1 2 2 y a 1 2b a1 2 y
3.5.10 E(Y) (b) =E(Y) y = Copyrighty 4 ye©2 y2012
dy dy Pearson4 yEducation,
e ye
Inc.
y
1.e This
Publishing 2assimply
= 1 saysHall.
Prentice that a uniform
The amountb bet,
a a0 M, is 2(btheasolution
) a 2(bto 2 athe ) equation
2(b 2a ) M 2 4 $3,000 or M is approximately
37 38 0
bar will balance at its middle. 2 1 2 3
equal to $117, 1167. 3 3 1 3y y
(c) E(Y) = y dy y dy =1
0 4 2
1 4 8
1 0 8 2
3.5.3
42
3.5.11 E(Y)E(X)== $30,000(0.857375)
y e / y2dy ye + y$18,000(0.135375)
e y + $6,000(0.007125) + 3:
Chapter (−$6,000)(0.000125)
Random Variables
0 /2
=(d)$28,200.00
E(Y) = y sin y dy ( y cos y sin y ) 0 = 1 0

3.5.18 0
 
1 Outcome
Copyright © 2012 Pearson XEducation, Inc. Publishing as 1 Prentice1 Hall.
3.5.12 Since 2 ≥ 0, this function will be a pdf if4 its 3 integral is 1, and dy = 1. However,
y 3 1HHH 2 1 3 3 y6 9 1 y2 y1
3.5.9 E(Y) = y HHT y dy y dy 2 years
0 9 9 0 361 0 4 1
what would be its HTHexpected value is y4 2 dy dy ln y 1 , but this last quantity is infinite.
42 1 y 1 y Chapter 3: Random Variables
44 HTT 1 Chapter 3: Random Variables  
3.5.18
THH 2
3.5.13 Let X be the number of cars passing the emissions test. Then X is binomial with n = 200 and
pChange
= 0.80. the
Two index
OutcomeTHTof summation
Copyright
formulas © 2012
for E(X)Pearson toXbegin
are: 0Education,
at 0, which Inc. Publishing
gives as Prentice Hall.
TTH
nHHH r
n k1 w 2006 200 1
(1) E(X) = HHT TTT
k
r 1k
p (1 p ) n k
2 k0 (0.80)k (0.20) 200 k
rnk 1 k n 1 kk 1 k
E(X) = HTH 4. The terms of the summation are urn probabilities where
(2) E(X) = np
From ther table,wHTT= 200(0.80)
we can r 1= 160
calculatew p X(0) = 1/4, pX(1) = 1/4, pX(2) = 1/4, pX(4) = 1/8, pX(6) = 1/8.
1
k 0
Then E(X) = THH 0 ⋅ (1/4) + n1 ⋅ 1(1/4) + 22 ⋅ (1/4) + 4 ⋅ (1/8) + 6 ⋅ (1/8) =1 2.
1 7
3.5.14 The probabilityTHT
that an observation of0Y lies in the interval (1/2, 1) is 3 y 2 dy y 3
there are r − TTH
1 red balls, w white balls,
1 and a sample size of n − 11/is2 drawn. Since 1/ 2 these
8 are the
3.5.19 The “fair” ante is the expected value of X, which is
probabilities
Then
9 X is of
binomial
TTTa hypergeometric
with n = 15 and ppdf,
=
0 the
7/8. sum
E(X) = is one.
15(7/8) This
= leaves
105/8. us with the desired equality
1 1 1000 1 1000 1 1000 5608
E(X) 2k= krn . 1000 k 9 = 9 + 10 9 = $10.95
3.5.15 From 1 the2
Ifk birthdays are
table, randomly
we can 2
distributed
calculate p (0) 2
=
10
throughout
1/4, p 2
(1)
k
the =year,
1/4, the
p 2city
(2) = 1/4,1p (4)
should expect
= 512
revenue
1/8, p 512
(6) of
= 1/8.
r w k 10 X k 0 X X 1 X X
($50)(74,806)(30/365)
Then E(X) = 0 ⋅ (1/4) +or1 $307,421.92.
⋅ (1/4) + 2 ⋅ (1/4) + 4 ⋅ (1/8) + 6 ⋅ (1/8) = 2. 2  
j
3.5.16 If we assume that the probability k of bankruptcy
k duekto fraud is 23/68, then we can expect
3.5.19
3.5.26 The
E(X)“fair”
= = ante jp Xis(orthe 1
expected
j )kroughly ( cj )9of
pvalue X,c which
p Xcbankruptcies
(isj ) c P( X k )
3.5.20 9(23/68)
(a)
9 E(X) =
3.04, c 3 of Xthe additional will be due to fraud.
k 1j 1 k 1 2j 11 k 1 k 1 1000 2 k 12 jk k10 2 1000
2k 1 c 1 1000 5608
2 1000 k 9 = 9 + 10 9 = $10.95
3.5.17 For
k 1 the 2
k
experiment k 10 described, 2 construct 10
2 kthe 2 k
0 table: 2 1   1 512 512
1
m k m k 2
k( 1 1) y dy
1 1 1
3.5.27 (a)
(b) 0.5 =
logSample
20 y
log 2 Larger m
k 0 of the two, k , so m (0.5) 1

1, k22 1
k k 2 k
k 1 k c1 c 2m c c
3.5.20 (a) E(X) = m1,c 3 1 y 2
y 3 m 2
m
To evaluate 1 y 2
the sum requires a special technique: For a parameter t, 0 < t < 1, note that
(b) 0.5 = k 1, dyk 1 2 2k 0 2 2 c. Solving the quadratic equation
0 t4 2 2 2 4 2 2
k
t 2, 3 . Differentiate both 3 0sides of the equation with respect to t to obtain
1
k 1 1 tk
k 2,14
k
1 14 5
(b) log
(m 22 3, m24 1) log 2 km
0 gives .
1 2 4
k 21 2both sides by t gives the desired equation:
kt k 1
.
k 1
Multiplying  
  To evaluate the (1 sum 2 requires a special technique: For a parameter t, 0 < t < 1, note that
t )is
Each ofk the 1 six samples equally likely to be drawn, so pX(2) = 1/6, pX(3) = 2/6, and pX(4) = 3/6.
3.5.28 Then
E(3XE(X) − t4)k ==2(1/6)t
3E(X) −3(2/6)
4 = 3(10)(2/5)
. t+Differentiate+ 4(3/6) − 4 ==of810/3.
both= sides
20/6 the equation with respect k
1 to t to obtain
k 1 kt k
1 t 2
. In the case of interest, t = 1/2, so k = 2, and E(X) = 2 ⋅ log 2.
(1= $132
3.5.29 $100(12)(0.11)
k 1 t) k 1 2
 10 5
3.6.1 If sampling is done with replacement, X is binomial with n = 2 and p = 2/5. By Theorem 3.5.1,
6 4
µ = 2(2/5) = 4/5.
3
2 k +3 1⋅ k(12/25) + 4 ⋅ (4/25) = 28/25. Then Var(X) = 28/25 − (4/5) = 12/25.
E(X22))== 0 ⋅k(9/25) 2
E(X = 0 ⋅ (4/120) + 1 ⋅ (36/120) + 4 ⋅ (60/12) + 9 ⋅ (20/120) =
46 k 0
10 Chapter 3: Random Variables
1 3 3 1
3.6.2 µ= y dy 3 y dy 1
456/1200 4
k =238/10 2k
2 4 k2
y 2 2y
k
3.6.6 µ =
Var(X) y
= 38/10dy −3(9/5). 2E(Y 2
) = y
1=00.56,k11 dy
2and σ = 0.748
21
3dy = 28/50
3
E(X 2)0 = k y 2 y2 dy 2
02 4 2 22 4 6
k 2k 1 k k2
3.6.4 Var(Y) =
µ = 1/2. E(Y 2 2 . Var(Y) = 2 implies
11 ) = 5 y (1)dy = 1/3. Var(Y) = 1/3 − (1/2) = 22or = 6.
= k1/12
Var(X) = 2 1 3 0 18 18
6 6
 
1 1 y, 0 y 1
1
3.6.5 µ = y3(1 y ) 2 dy 3 ( y 2 y3(6) 2
y 3 )9dy = 1/4
3.6.3
3.6.7 Since 0 X is
fY(y) = 1/ 2, hypergeometric,
2 y 3 0 µ =
1 1 10 5
E(Y ) = 0, y 3(16 elsewhere
2 2
y ) 24dy 3 ( y 2 2 y 3 y 4 )dy = 1/10
0 0
46 1 3
k 3 23 k 1 Chapter 3: Random Variables
Var(Y)
µE(X
= 2) = =
y (11/10 ky2)−dy(1/4)2 = y 3/80=dy0 ⋅=(4/120)
17/12 + 1 ⋅ (36/120) + 4 ⋅ (60/12) + 9 ⋅ (20/120) =
 
0
k 0
10 2
k 2 1y 2 k 3
2 1
k
2 2y k2
3.6.6 µ
E(Y= 2) =y 2 ydy 2
(1 y )3dy . E(Y 2)y = ydy =2 13/4
dy
0
456/120 =k038/10 3 2 20 k 2
Var(X)13/ = 38/10 2
(17−2/12)
4k Copyright
2 2 2
k(9/5) k= 179
2 © 201228/50 /12= 0.56,
Pearson and σ =Inc.
Education,
= 1.115 0.748
k 2 Publishing as Prentice Hall.
Var(Y) = . Var(Y) = 2 implies = 2 or k = 6.
2 3 18 18
1
3.6.4 µ = 1/2. E(Y
2
2
)=
10
y 2 (1)dy = 1/3. Var(Y) = 1/3 − (1/2)2 = 1/12
3.6.8 (a) 1 ydy, 0 y= 11
1 y3 y2 1
3.6.7 fY(y) =1 1/ 2, 2 y 13
3.6.5 µ = y0, 3(1 y ) 2 dy 2 3 0 ( y2 2 y
elsewhere
2
y 3 ) dy = 1/4
0
(b) E(Y) = y 3 dy =2
21
1 1
2 y 32 1 y 1 1 2
= ) =y (1 0 yy )3(1
µE(Y dy y ) ydy 3dy 0 = 2 y 3 y 4 )dy = 1/10
( y17/12
22
y 2 23 dy2 2ln y , which is infinite.
0
(c) E(Y 2) =
Var(Y) = 1/10 − (1/4)y = 3/80
1 1 3 1 1
E(Y 2) = y 2 (1 y )dy y2 dy = 13/4
0 2 2
3.6.9 Let Y = Frankie’s selection. 2
Johnny wants to choose k so that E[(Y − k)2] is minimized. The
minimum occurs when k = E(Y)/12
13/ 4 (17 /12) 179 = (a= 1.115
+ b)/2 (see Question 3.6.13).
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
1
1
2 1 1 5 6 5
3.6.10 (a)
3.6.8 E(Y) = y (5
dy y 4 )dy 5= 1 y 5 dy y
1 0y 3 y2 1 0 6 0 6
1
2y 6 dy 5 y 7 5
1 1
2 2 42
E(Y ) =
(b) E(Y) 0= y (5 y ) dy
y 3 dy 05 =27
y 1 7
1 y 0
2
2E(Y2) − E(Y) 2 22 =
5 5 5 25 5
Var(Y) =
(c) E(Y ) = y 3 dy 7 2ln6y , 7which is infinite.
1 y 1 36 252
 
3.6.11 Let
3.6.9 Using
Y =integration by parts, we
Frankie’s selection. find that
Johnny wants to choose k so that E[(Y − k)2] is minimized. The
minimum
E(Y2) = occurs
y 2 e when
y
dy k =yE(Y)
2
e = y (a + b)/2 (seey Question 3.6.13).y
2 ye dy 0 2 ye dy,
0 0 0 0
12 2 2 1 2
1 1 y5
5 y e y dy
The right
3.6.10 E(Y) = handy (5 y 4term
)dy is52 0y 5ye
dy dyy 6 E (Y ) 2
.
0
0 0 6 0 26
2 2 2 11 1
Then
2 Var(Y)2= E(Y 4 ) − E(Y) = 2 5 7 5 2.
1 1
6
E(Y ) = y (5 y )dy 5 y dy y
0 0 7 0 7  
  2 2 5 5
2
5 25 5
  Var(Y) = E(Y ) − E(Y) =
7 6 7 36 252
 
  3.6.11 Using integration by parts, we find that
  2
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
2 y 2 y y y
E(Y ) = y e dy y e 2 ye dy 0 2 ye dy,
0 0 0 0

y 2 y 2 2 1 2
 =HxT/ 2 Tx dydx 0 x / 20y dydx 1
0
THH 1 2
THT 0 1
Section 3.7:
1 Joint x 2 Densities
1 1
1 x
2
= T xT H dx dx 1
0T T T 2 0 2 0 8 0
3.7.1
50 1= p ( x, y ) c xy = c[(1)(1) + (2)(1) + (2)(2) + (3)(1)] = Chapter
10c, so 3:
c= 1/10 Variables
Random
x, y
1
x, y
1  
x (x, y)x3
2
x pX,Y x3(x, y) 19
3.7.8 = (0,
3.7.2 2 1 0)16c( x02
1 = Outcome 241/80X
y22 )dxdy
1 1
= c24 x 2 dxdy Y c
1 1
y 2 dydx
(0, 1)
0 0 2/8 0 0 0 0
HH
(0, 2) H 1 1/8 1 1 3
H
1 H
(0, x3T
3) 1 0y 30 1 1 2 11 2 1/ 3
3.7.14 The
= c probability dy of can observation dx falling
c into cthe interval
dy dx (0,
c , 1/3)
c = is
3/2. 2t dt = 1/9. The
0H T
(1, 0)3H 0 031 0 3 2 03 3 0
0 0
HT
(1, 1)T 1/8 0 1 2/3
probability
(1,
TH 2)Hof an observation 2/8 1 falling into the 2 interval (1/3, 2/3) is 1/ 3 2t dt = 1/3. Assume
y 1
(1, 3)y T
T1 H 1/8 0 1 x 2 1observations
1 3y2 y 3 in order.
c To calculate pX,Y(1, 2),
without
3.7.3 1 = T T H any loss of generality
c( x y )dxdy c1 that the five
xy dy1 = c are
dy c done , so c = 2.
0 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 2
5 4
T Tthere
note that T are 0 where the observation
places 0
0 in (0, 1/3) could occur, and choices for
3.7.9 1 2
Number y of 2’s, X
1 y
0
1 x2 y 1 1 y3
2 dy pX,Y(1, 2) =
5 4
3.7.4 1 =location
the c (x, y) ofxydx
the dy c
observations
pX,Y(x, y)2in dy
(1/3, c
2/3). Then (1/ 9)1 (1/ 3) 2 (5 / 9) 2
Number 0 0 0 16/360 8/36 0 2
1/36 1 2
of 3’s,(0,
Y 0) 1 8/361/8 0
2/36 0
= 750/6561.
1
y 4 (0, 1) 12 1/362/8 0 0
c (0, 2)c , so c = 81/8
3.7.15 The 8set (0,where8y > h/2 is a 0triangle with height h/2 and base b/2. Its area is bh/8. Thus the area of
0 3)
From the matrix above, we calculate
the set(1, where0) y < h/2 is bh/2 0 − bh/8 = 3bh/8. The probability that a randomly chosen point will
fall in the1)lower half3of the triangle is (3bh/8)/(bh/2) = 3/4.
pZ(0) =(1, pX,Y(0, 0) = 16/36 21/8 4
pZ(1) =(1, pX,Y2) (0, 1) + pX,Yx(1, 0) y2/8
= 32(8/36)
x y= 16/36
3.7.5 pP(X
Z(2) =(1,
3(0,= 2)
px,X,Y3)
Y y) += pX,Y(2, 0)1/8 + pX,Y(1, 1) =,4/36 30 ≤ x 6≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, x + y ≤ 3
min(2,3 x ) 9  
x 2 4 x 3 x
3.7.16 pX(x) = 1 1 3 , x 0,1, 2,3 1/ 4 1/ 2
3.7.10 (a) 1 = 9 c dxdy y 0 = yc, so3c =x1 y (b) P(0 9 < X < 1/2, 0 < Y < 1/4) = 1 dxdy = 1/8
3.7.9 0 0 0 0
 
3 3
  Number of 2’s, X
3.7.11 P(Y< 3X) =
3x
0 =44 e x1 3 x 2e y dy 2dx
2e4( x y4) dydx
3.7.17 FromNumber the solution0 x 0 to Question
16/36 3.7.8, 0 pX(x)x = 1/8 +1/36
8/36 2/8 + 1/8 = 1/2, x = 0, 1,
p (0) = 1/8, p (1) = x yp (2)
3/8, 4 = x3/8,yp (3) = 1/8.
3.7.6 =P(X
52 of
Y 3’s, Y 13 x 8/36
= x, Y =ey)y = dx 2 e x e x e, 03 x ≤dx
Y Y 2/36
Y x ≤ 4, 00≤ y ≤ 4, x + yChapter
≤ 4 3: Random   Variables
2 e x 52
  0 2x 1/36
0 0 0
3.7.18 Let X1 be the number in the 1 14
upper quarter; X2, the number in the middle half. From Question
14 x1 1 1
3.7.19 =3.2.18,
(a)2 0 fXthe
From
2x
e matrix
(x) e above, y e1 2,x 0 ≤ xe ≤4 x2 6!
dx 2 we calculate
we=know dy
that P(X = 2, X = 2) = 2 2 2
2 (0.25) (0.50) (0.25) = 0.088. The simplest way
0 2 2 01 2 2 2 4 0
2!2!2!
Z(0)
pP(X
3.7.7 The
to >=Y)
deal pX,Y
with (0,
=ispthe 0) 1=0) 16/36
marginal
2(1, + pxX,Y2
probability
(2, 0) +over is(2,
pX,Y to 1)
recognize that the probability of belonging2 to the
3.7.12 116/36of radius 2. The area of the circle is π(2) = 4π.
density X,Y
the bivariate uniform
f (y)
pZ(1) =Y=p6/50 =
X,Y(0,+1)4/50 dx
+ pX,Y+ (1,
3/50 0)===21, 0 ≤ y ≤a=circle
2(8/36)
13/50
Thus, 2+πp for(2, 2
2x 00) 6
p(x, y)is=binomial
01/4 + y+ 4.
pZ(2) f=X,Yhalf
middle X,Y(0, 2) X,Y with n= 6 (1,
pX,Y and1)p == 4/36
.05. This probability is (0.5) 2 (0.5) 4 = 0.234.
2
3 2 1 1 1 11 1/ 4 1/ 2
3.7.10 (a)
(b) 1fX(x)
= = y dy= c, soy 3c = 11 /2, 0 ≤(b)
c dxdy x ≤P(02 < X < 1/2, 0 < Y < 1/4) = 1 dxdy = 1/8
0 00 2
Copyright © 20122Pearson
0 0
0 Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
Copyright
2 3 © 2012
3 2Pearson
2 Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
2 2
fY(y) = 3 xy dx y x 3 y , 0 ≤ y3 x≤ 1 y
3.7.11 P(Y< 3X) = 0 2 2e ( x y2) dydx 0= e x 2e dy dx
0 x 0 x
Copyright
3 x © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
= 2 e x e1 2y dx 2 2e x e x 2 e 13 x 2dx
(c) 0fX(x) = ( xx 2 y )dy xy y ( x 1) , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
0
0 3 3 0 3
1 2 x2 1 4 x 1 1
= 2 e 2 x 1e24 x dx 2 2e x e 4 1
0f (y) =
Y ( x 2 y )dx 2 42 xy 0 2y ,0≤y≤1
0 3 3 2 3 3
0
 
  3.7.12 The density is the bivariate 2uniform over a circle of radius 2. The area of the circle is π(2)2 = 4π.
  Thus, fX,Y(x, y) =1 1/4π for x + y2 4.y 2 1 1
(d) fX(x) = c ( x y ) dy c xy c x ,0≤x≤1
  0 2 2
0
  1
  1 1 x2 x
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
In order for the above to be a density, 1 = c x dx c = c, so
0 2 2 2
0
 0 3 3 0 3
1
12 2 x2 4 1
fY(y) = ( x 2 y )dx 2 xy y ,0≤y≤1
0 3 3 2 3 3
0
 
1
1 y2 1
(d) fX(x) = c (x y ) dy c xy c x ,0≤x≤1
0 2 2
0
1
Section 3.7: Joint Densities 1 1 x2 x 53
In order for the above to be a density, 1 = c x dx c = c, so
0 2 2 2
0
2
21 y x
56
3.7.20fX(x)
(a) = fxX ( x1) , 0 ≤ x dy ≤1 2 1 ,0≤x≤2 Chapter 3: Random Variables
x 2 2
2 x
1 y1 1
3.7.36fY(y)
(a)= fyfX,Y y ) ,y)0 =≤ y ≤
Y ((x, dxf1,X ,by ,x,0y, zy)dz2of the( xjoint
y(symmetry y )pdf
e z dz
2 0 20 Y2, Z 0
1 1
(e) fX(x) = 4=xy( xdy y )2 xye2 z = 2x, = (x0 +≤ x ≤01≤1x, y x≤ 1
x 1y),
0
(b) fX(x) = f X ,Y ( x,0 y )0dy dy y = 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
0 x x joint 1
fY(y) = 2y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1,1 by the symmetry of 1the 0
pdf x2 1
(b) fY,Z(y, z) = f X ,Y , Z ( x, y, z )1dx
1 ( x 1y )e z dx = e z xy y e z,
fY(y) = f X0 ,Y ( x, y )dx dx 0ln x = −ln y, 0 ≤ y ≤21 2
(x y) y x y 0
(f) fX(x) = 0 ≤ xye
y ≤ 1, z ≥ dy0 xe x ye y dy
0 0
1 x 1 x 1
= (c) ye =y e1 yf)X ,Y (=x,xe
−x (f (x) y )−dy
x 1 16 x dy 6 xy y −y 2x), 0 ≤ x−z≤ 1
= 6x(1
xe
(c) fXZ(z) = fY , Z0 ( y , z )dy, 0 ≤ x0 y e z dy =0 e z =e ,z≥0
0 0 2 2 2
−y
fY(y) = fye(y), =0 ≤ y, by
f symmetry
( x, y )dx of the
1 y
6 xjoint
dx pdf
3x 2
1 y 0
= 3(1 − y)2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
Y X ,Y
0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3.7.37 fW,X=(w, x)ye
(g) fX(x) = dyfW , X ,Y , Zye( w(,xx1), yy dy
xy y
, z )dydz 1 x 16 wxyz dydz = 8wxy 2 z dz [8wxz ]dz
0 1 x 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0
Section 3.7: Joint Densities y (1 x) 57
3.7.21Integrating
fX(x) = 2by16(1 parts x gives y )dy 6 y xy = 6 (1 x) x(1 x)
= 4wxz0 = 4wx, 0 < w, x < 1 2 2
0 0
2 2
= 3 y− 6x 2
1) y , 0 ≤ x 1 ≤ 1 ( x 1) y 1
e (+x 3x e ,0<x
x 1 x 1 1/ 2 1 x 1
P(0 < W y< 1/2, 1/2 < X < 1)x = y y 0 −4wx dxdw =
3.7.22 fY(y) = 2e x e y dx 2e e 0 = 2e 1/ 2 y − 2e−2y, 0 ≤ y
1
ye2 xy1 y dx 3 e 0 e , where 0 ≤ y.
0 y xy0 y xy y
fY(y)1/=2 1/ 2ye3 e dx3 ye 2 1/ 2
2w x
0 dx 0 w dw w y  
0 1/ 2 0 2 4y 0 4 x 16
4 x x y
4! 1 1 1
3.7.23 pX(x) =
3.7.38 We musty show 0 x ! y !(4that xpX,Y(j, y )!k)2= pX(j)p 3 Y(k). 6 But for any pair (j, k), pX,Y(j, k) = 1/36 = (1/6)(1/6)
= pX(j)p Y(k).
Copyright x 4 x y 4 x y x 4 x
4! © 2012 1 Pearson Education,
(4 x)! Inc. 1 Publishing
1 as Prentice4! Hall.1 1 1
= 1 2 2
3.7.42 The = x !(4 ( xpdfs
fX(x)marginal x)!2 y2for )dyfy 0 yare (!x(4f 1) x) y −λ ! x3and f6(y) = λe−λxy!(4 x)!see 2 the 3solution
6
3.7.39 0 3 X,Y 3 X(x) = λe Y (Hint: to 3.7.19(f)).
Their product 41 2 1 isx f X, , so
4
1−1000λ 2
Y
xX and Y are independent. The probability that one component fails to last
1
fY(y) ==
1000 hours x0 3 2(
is x 1 − 2 ey
2
)dx . 2
Because y of independence of the two components, the probability that
3
two components both fail is the square of that, or (1 − e 2 −1000λ 2
).
Thus, 2X is binomial 2 with 1 n =24 and p = 1/2. Similarly, Y is binomial with n = 4 and p = 1/3.  
But ( x 1) 2 y ( x 2 y) .
3
3.7.24 (a) Consider 3any 1outcome 22 1with 3 x of the first kind, y of the second, and (necessarily)
y x
4 5 10 n x y
3.7.40 (a) npX−,Y(x, x − y) y of= the third kind. The probability of such an outcome is p1x p2y 1 p1 p2 .
1 x 1 x 1 2
3.7.43 P(Y All < X)we = need to1f Xknow 1( x, y1) dydx
,Y now is y how x 0many (2 x )(3 y 2
) dydx = 2 x 4
dx
outcomes there are0 with x of the first kind, y of the
0 0 0 5
second, and n 4− x5− y20 of the third kind. This question is resolved by the number of ways to
choose the places for these three kinds of outcomes, which by Theorem 2.6.2 is
(b) pX(x) = x t1/4, since
n ! x 2 each ball iny Urn I is equally 2 likely to be drawn
3.7.44 FX(x) = dt .. FY(y)= =1/40 2t dt = y
pY(y) 0=21/10 +43(1/20)
x ! y !(n x y )!
(b) The x 2 y 2 of the solution to Question 3.7.23.
FX,Y(x,
(c) P(X y)proof
== 1, is an (y)
FXY(x)F = 1) adaptation
=
Y = 1/10, but, P(X0 ≤ x=≤1)P(Y 2, 0 ≤=y1) ≤= 1 1/16
4  
 3.7.25 (a) S = {(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6), (T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4), (T, 5),
3.7.41 First, note(T, k =6)} 2. Then, 2 times area of A = P(Y ≥ 3/4). Also, 2 times area of B = P(X ≥ 3/4).
3 1
Y
The square C is= the set (X ≥ 3/4) ∩ (Y ≥ 3/4).
1 y / 2 However,
1 C is in2)})
y / 2 y
the=region 1
4/12 =where 1/3 the density is 0.
3.7.45 (b) P FX,Y(1, 2 2) P Y 2≤X1,) Y ≤ 2) = P({(H,
(P(X (2 x)(1)dxdy1), (H,= 2), (T,x 2 1), (T, dy
Thus,X P((X ≥ 3/4) ∩ (Y ≥ 3/4)) 0 is 0 zero, but the product 0 P(X 0 ≥ 3/4)P(Y 12 ≥ 12 3/4) is not zero.
0
 
b d b d
(x y) x
3.7.46 P(a < X < b, c < Y < d) = xye dydx xe ye y dy dx
 n n
n y 1 dy . Thus, the expected value of the geometric mean is
.
0 n 1 n 1
Note
Section 3.9: that Properties
Further of the mean
the arithmetic is constant
Mean and Varianceat 1/2 and does not depend on the sample size.63

3.9.13 2 2 2
3.9.15 cos
x xdx y0 sin xdx fX,Y 0 (cos x)(sin xy x) dx xyf = 0,X,Yso E(X) = E(Y) = E(XY) = 0.
0
1 1 1/36 1 1/36
Then1Cov(X, Y)2 = 0. But1/36 X and Y are functionally 2 2/36 dependent, Y = 1 X 2 , so they are
probabilistically
1 3 dependent. 1/36 3 3/36
1 4y 1/36 2 y 4 4/36
1 1 x 1
3.9.16 E(XY1) = y 5 x dxdy 1/36y dy5 y 05/36dy = 0
0 y 0 2 y 0
1 6 1/36 6 6/36
2 1 y 2 2/36 4 8/36
E(X) = x dxdy = 0, so Cov(X, Y) = 0. However, X and Y are dependent since
2 0 y 3 1/36 6 6/36
P(−1/2 2 < x < 1/2, 4 0 < Y <1/36 1/2) = P(0 < 8Y < 1/2) ≠8/36 P(−1/2 < x < 1/2)P(0 < Y < 1/2)
2 5 1/36 10 10/36
3.9.17 The random 2 6
variables are1/36
independent12and have12/36 the same exponential pdf, so Var(X + Y) =
3 3 3/36 9 27/36 1 2
Var(X 3 ) + Var(Y4). By Question 1/36 3.6.11,12 Var(X) =12/36 Var(Y) = 2 , so Var(X + Y) = 2 .
3 5 1/36 15 15/36
3 6 1/36 18 18/36
3.9.18 From Question 3.9.3, we have E(X + Y) = E(X) + E(Y) = 5/9 + 11/18 = 21/18 = 7/6.
4 41 1 4/36 16 64/36
2 2 1 1
E[(X4+ Y)2] = 5 ( x y1/36 ) 2 ( x 2 y )20 dxdy = 20/36 ( x 2 2 xy y 2 )( x 2 y )dxdy
4 60 0 1/363 24 324/36
0 0

2 5 31 1
( x 2 x52 y xy 2 5/36 2 x 2 y 4 xy25 2
2 y 3 )125/36
dxdy
3 0 5 0 6 1/36 30 30/36
6
2 1 1 3 6 6/36 36 216/36
2 1 1 4 4 3 5 2 2
1
2 2 3 3
= Further (Properties
Section 3.9: x 4 x yof the 5 xyMean 2 y )Variance
and dxdy x x y x y 2 xy dy 63
3 0 0 Properties of the Mean and Variance
Section 3.9: Further 6163
0 4 3 2 0 63
E(XY)1is the sum of the last column = . Clearly E(X) = 7/2.
22 1 4 2 5 2 2 2 136 4 5 2 3
3.9.15 = 2 cos xdx y 2 sinyxdx 2 y 3 2dy(cos x)(sin x ) dx = 0, so E ( X) = E(Y) = E(XY) = 0.
3.9.15 E(0Y3)cos 0 41 3 0 2 2
= 1xdx 2 sin3xdx 5
4
0 7 (cos3x
5
4 611
9)(sin
6 x) dx6161 = 0,4 so E2(X) = E(Y) = E(XY) = 0.
0 0 0 2
Then Cov( 36X, Y) 36 ==0.E[( 36 X and
But 36 36
2 Y are functionally
36 3 36dependent,
2 7 5 Y = 1 X 2 , so they are
Then
Then Var(
Cov( X ,+ Y
) )
= 0. X
But + Y )
and ] − E (
are X + Y ) =
functionally dependent, . 2
probabilistically
Cov( X ,Y ) =
X
E
Y
( XY dependent.
) − E ( X )
X
E ( Y ) =
Y 616 7 1612 1056 36 Y = 1 X , so they are
probabilistically dependent. 36y 2 136 72
1 y 1 x 22 y  
3.9.16 E(XY) = 1 y y x dxdy 2 1y x dy 1y 0 dy = 0
1 1 1
3.9.16
3.9.14 E
3.9.19 (XYaX
First )note
= + that0 y E x dxdy
y 0 y= E2b[)(Y1cY Yy 2dy
]+=dE )](Y
0 y)E0(Ydy) == 0 + d) , since the Yi are independent,
0−1E(aX2 + b)E2(cY 2
Cov( 0b, cY y + d) =
Y1Y2E[(aX 0 +2 4
= E(acXY1 + yadX + bcY + bd) − [aE(Xy ) + b][cE(Y) + d]
E
for(Xi) == 1, 12. y x dxdy = 0, so Cov(X, Y) = 0. However, X and Y are dependent since
=(acE
X) =(XY0 ) +yadE (X) += bcE 0, so (YCov(
) + bd − acE(X)E(Y) − adE(X) − YbcE ) − bd
are(Ydependent
E x dxdy
0 ) −y E(X)E(Y)] = acCov( 2 X2, Y)4= 0. However, X and 1 2 since
=E(ac
P −1/2[YE1Y(<XY
2 x < E1/2, 0
Y1 < E < Y1/2)
2 = = P (0X ,< Y Y) <, since
1/2) ≠ EP((Y−i) =
1/2 < x <y 1
1/2) dyP (0 <Y , i<=1/2)
1, 2.
P(−1/2 < x < 1/2, 0 < Y < 1/2) =3P(03 < Y9 < 1/2) ≠ P(−1/2 <0 x < 1/2)P(03< Y < 1/2)  
2
3.9.17 The random variables1are independent 4 17 and have the same exponential pdf, so Var(X + Y) =
Then Var
3.9.17 The random variables Y Y are independent . Education,
and have Inc. the Publishing
same 1exponential pdf, so Var(
Copyright
1 2
4 © 20129 Pearson
324 as Prentice Hall. 2 X + Y) =
Var(X) + Var(Y). By Question 3.6.11, Var(X) = Var(Y) = 21 , so Var(X + Y) = 22.
Var(X) + Var(Y). By Question 3.6.11, Var(X) = Var(Y) = 2 , so Var(X + Y) = 2 .  
3.9.20 E(W) = E(4X + 6Y) = 4E(X) + 6E(Y) = 4npX + 6mpY
3.9.18 From
Var(WQuestion) = Var(43.9.3, X + 6Y we) =have16Var( E(XX+ ) +Y)36Var(
= E(XY ) )+=E16(Y)np =X5/9
(1 −+p11/18 = 21/18 = 7/6.
X) + 36mpY(1 − pY)  
3.9.18 From Question 13.9.3,
1 we have2 E ( X + Y ) = E ( X2) +1 E1(Y) = 5/9 + 11/18 = 21/18 = 7/6.
E[(X + Y)2] = 1 1( x y ) 2 2( x 2 y ) dxdy = 2 1 1( x 2 2 xy y 2 )( x 2 y )dxdy
3.9.21 E Let[(XU+i be Y)2the] = number 0 0
( x of ycalls
) 2 3 (during
x 2 y )the dxdy i-th=hour 3 0 in0 the ( x 2normal
2 xy nine y 2 )(hour
x 2work y )dxdy day. Then
U2 =1U11 + 3U2 + … 0 0+ U9 is the 3 number of calls during
3 0 0this nine hour period. E(U) = 9(7) = 63. For a
Poisson ( x 2 x 2 yvariable, xy 2 2the x 2 yvariance
4 xy 2 is2equal y 3 )dxdy
32 01 01 ( xrandom 3
2of 2
x ycallsxyduring2 2
2 x the y off 2
4 xyhours, 2 yE 3
to the mean, so Var(U) = 9(7) = 63. Similarly, if V
)(dxdy
is3 the0 0
number V ) = Var(V) = 15(4) = 60. 1
Let 2 the 1 1
total 3 cost 2be the random 2 3variable 2 W = 1 1
50 U 4 + 604 V3 . 5 2 2 3
= ( x 4 x y 5 xy 2 y ) dxdy x x y x y 2 xy 1dy
Then 32 0E 1 01
( W ) 3= E(50 2 U + 60V 2 ) = 50 3 E(U) + 60 32 E0(1V4)1= 450(63) 3 4 3+ 60(60)2 5 2 =2 6750;3
= ( x 4 x y 5 xy 2 y2 )dxdy 2 x x 2y x y 2 2 xy 0 dy
Var( 23 W1 ) =
0 0 Var(50U + 60V) = 50 Var(U) +3600 Var(
1 4 5 2 2 1 4 5 4 2 V) =3350 (63)2 + 60 (60) = 373,500. 0
3
= y y 2 y dy
32 01 41 34 25 2 32 41 64 65 42 23
= y y 2 y 3 dy
3 0 4 3 2 3 4 6 36 47 2 2 5
Then Var(X +Copyright Y) = E[(X©+2012 Y)2]Pearson
− E(X +Education,Y )2 = Inc. Publishing
2 . as Prentice Hall.
2 2 23 67 365
Then Var(X + Y) = E[(X + Y) ] − E(X + Y) = .
2 6 36
2 1 1 1
3.9.19 First note that E Y1Y2 = E[Y1Y2] = E(Y1)E(Y2) = , since the Yi are independent,
2 21 21 41
3.9.19 First note that E YY = E[Y1Y2] = E(Y1)E(Y2) = , since the Yi are independent,