TERMINOLOGY

Machine : Any electric motor, generator, asynchronous condenser, or synchronous condenser to

which this standard applies.

Rating : The whole of the numerical values of· the electrical and mechanical quantities with
their duration and sequences assigned to the machine by the manufacturer and stated on the
rating plate the machine complying with the specified conditions. The duration and sequence
may be indicated by a qualifying term.

Load : All the numerical values of the electrical and mechanical quantities that signify the
demand to be made on a rotating machine by an electrical circuit or a mechanism at a .given
instant.

Rated Output : Output corresponding to the rating. For different machines the 'output'
represents the following:

a) For dc generators, the electrical power at the terminals ·expressed in Watts.

b) For ac generators, the apparent electric power available at the terminals expressed in volt-
amperes together with the power factor.

e) For motors, the mechanical power available at the shaft expressed in Watts.

d) For synchronous and asynchronous condensers, reactive power in volt-amperes.

No Load : The state of a machine rotating at normal speed under rated conditions but when no
output is required of it.

Overload : Any load in excess of the rated load. Usually expressed numerically as the amount of
the excess current, measured as percentage excess current for generators and as percentage
excess torque for motors.

Sustained Overload : An overload sustained for a sufficient long period to affect appreciably the
temperature of the machine. .

Momentary Overload : An overload the duration of which is so short as not to affect appreciably
the temperature of the machine.

Duty : Statement of the load including no-load, and rest and de-energized period to which the
machine is subjected including their duration and sequence in time.
Duty Type : A conventional periodic duty consisting of one or more sets of loads remaining
constant for the durations specified.

Rated Value : The numerical value of a quantity included in a rating.

..
Rest and De-energized : The complete absence of all movement and of all electrical or
mechanical supply.

Thermal Equilibrium : The state reached when the observed temperature rises of the several
parts of the machine do not vary by more than 2·0ºC over a period of one hour.

Cyclic Duration Factor : The ratio between the period of loading including starting and electric
breaking and the duration of the duty cycle, expressed as a ·percentage.

Breakaway Starting Current (of an ac Motor) : The highest rms current absorbed by the
motor when at rest and when it is supplied at the rated voltage and frequency. This current value
applies after the disappearance of transient phenomenon.

Breakaway Torque (of an ac Motor) : The smallest torque developed by the motor when at rest
and when it is supplied at the rated voltage and frequency. The torque value applies after the
disappearance of transient phenomenon.

Pull Up Torque (of an ac Motor) : The smallest torque developed by the motor between zero
speed and the speed which corresponds to the pull-out torque when the motor is supplied at the
rated voltage and frequency. This definition does not apply to those synchronous motors of
which the torque continually decreases with increase in speed.

NOTE - These values apply to the usual mean torque characteristic which excludes transient
effects.

Pull-Out Torque (of an ac Motor) : The 'highest torque that the motor can develop while
running at rated voltage and frequency (and rated conditions in case of synchronous motors).
This definition does not apply to asynchronous motors of which the torque continually decreases
with increase in speed.

NOTE - These values apply to the usual mean torque characteristic which excludes transient
effects.

Multi-Speed Motor : A motor which may be operated, at more than one distinct speed,
substantially independent of the load; for example, an induction motor, the speed of which is
varied by changing the number of its poles.

Variable-Speed Motor with Shunt Characteristics : A motor the speed of which may be
varied gradually over a specified range, but which, when once adjusted, remains substantially
unaffected by the load, for example, a shunt motor designed for a range of speed variation.
Variable Speed Motors with Series Characteristics : A motor the speed of which may be
varied gradually over a specified range but which will decrease when load increases, as with a
series-wound or heavily- compounded motor, or a slip ring induction motor with rheostatic
control.

Excitation Voltage : The voltage marked on the rating plate of a machine being excited.

Inherent Regulation I

Inherent Regulation of an ac Generator or dc Separately Excited Generator: The maximum

change in voltage expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage when the load changes from
rated load (at rated voltage, speed and power factor, if ac) to any lower load, including no load,
without change in speed and excitation current.

Inherent Regulation of a dc Self Excited Generator : The maximum change in voltage, expressed
as a percentage of rated voltage, occurring any load, when the load changes from rated load (at
rated voltage and to any lower load, including no load, without change in speed and without
adjustment of excitation current.

Inherent regulation is the regulation of the machine itself. In practice the total voltage changed is
usually greater owing to the additional effect of change in the speed of the driving unit.

Factor of Inertia (FI) : It is the ratio of a total moment of inertia referred to the motor shaft, to
the moment of inertia of the motor.

Routine Tests : Tests carried out on each machine to check the essential requirements which are
likely to vary during production.

Type Tests : Tests carried out to prove conformity with the requirement of the standard. These
are intended to prove the general qualities and design of a given type of machine.

COOLJNG SYSTEMS

Cooling systems shall be any one of the following types:

1. According to the origin of cooling: .: _ .

a) Natural Cooling : The machine is cooled without the use of a fan by the movement of air and
radiation.

b) Self-Cooling : The machine is cooled by cooling air driven by a fan mounted on ·the rotor or
one driven by it.

e) Separate Cooling : The machine is cooled either by a fan not driven by its shaft, or it is cooled
by a cooling medium other than air put into motion by means not belonging to the machine.
2 According to the manner of cooling:

a) Open-Circuit Ventilation : The heat is given up directly to the cooling air flowing through the
machine which is being continuously replaced.

b) Surface Ventilation : The heat is given up to the cooling medium from the external surface of
a totally-enclosed machine.

c) Closed Circuit Ventilation : The heat is transferred to the cooling medium through an
intermediate cooling medium circulating in a closed circuit through the machine and a cooler.

d) Liquid Cooling : Parts of the machine carry water or another kind of liquid flowing through
them, or they are immersed into a liquid.

e) Inner Cooling of the Windings

1) Inner gas cooling - One or all the windings are cooled by a gas, for instance hydrogen,
flowing internally through the conductors or coils.

2) Inner liquid cooling - One or all the windings are cooled by a liquid, for instance water,
flowing internally through the conductors or coils.

3. Any combination of systems described in 2.

DUTY AND RATING

The declaration of duty shall be made by the purchaser as accurately as possible. In certain cases
where the load does not vary or where it varies in a pre-determinable manner, it may be declared
numerically or with the aid of time-sequence graphs of the variable quantities. Where the true
time-sequence is indeterminate, a fictitious time-sequence, not less onerous than the true one
shall be nominated or selected from the types of duty.

The assignment of rating shall be made by the manufacturer to signify the capabilities of the
machine. Irrespective of whether the machine carries an indication of the duty type as described
in the following article, it shall carry a plate giving the values of the quantities assigned to it by
the .manufacturer in accordance with the definition of rating. In addition, since electrical
machines have a time-rate of temperature-rise and since the rise of temperature in accordance
with this standard is limited a qualifying term may be used with the term rating to give an
indication of the duration for which the machine may be run at the assigned values while
complying with this standard. Where a machine is manufactured for general purposes, it shall be
capable of supplying its rating indefinitely and the qualifying, term shall signify this. Where a
machine is manufactured with the intention that it may be used to supply varying loads or loads
including periods of no load or period where the machine may be in the state of rest or de-
energized, the qualifying term shall signify this.
Since the rating is assigned to the machine by the manufacturer from his knowledge, experience
and best estimate, and since a certain maintenance period on site is usually agreed, it is normally
sufficient to test machine, where a test is required, to the equivalent rating. In cases, however,
where a purchaser wishes to have the machine tested to the actual estimated duty, this should be
arranged by agreement between manufacturer and purchaser bearing in mind that such a
procedure is not generally applicable.

It should be recognized that no tests over a restricted period of time can, of themselves, ensure
that a machine may run trouble-free over period of years and that in the long-run the experience
and integrity of the manufacturer is the purchaser's main safeguard. This should be taken into
account when agreement for tests is being reached.

Classes of Duty - The following shall be the duty types:

S1 Continuous duty
S2 Short time duty
S3 Intermittent periodic duty
S4 Intermittent periodic duty with starting
S5 Intermittent periodic duty with starting and braking
S6 Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
S7 Continuous duty with starting and braking
S8 Continuous duty with periodic speed changes

Continuous Duty (Duty Type S1): Operation at constant load of sufficient duration for thermal
equilibrium to be reached.

θMAX = Maximum temperature attained

N = Operation under rated conditions

Fig. 1: Continuous Duty (Duty Type S1)

Short Time Duty (Duty Type S2) : Operation at constant load during a given time, less than
that required to reach thermal equilibrium, followed by a rest of sufficient duration to re-
establish equality of temperature with the cooling medium. The recommended values for the
short-time duty are 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes.
 N = Operation under rated conditions
θMAX = Maximum temperature attained during the duty cycle

Fig. 2: Short Time Duty (Duty Type S2)

Intermittent Periodic Duty (Duty Type S3) : A sequence of identical duty cycles, each
consisting of a period of operation at constant load and a rest period; these periods being too
short to attain thermal equilibrium during one duty cycle. In this duty type, the starting current
does not significantly affect the temperature-rise for this duty type. Unless otherwise specified,
the duration of the duty cycle is 10 minutes. The recommended values for the load factor are 15,
25, 40 and 60 percent.

N = Operation under rated conditions

R = At rest and de-energized
θMAX = Maximum temperature attained during the duty cycle
Cyclic duration factor = N – R

Fig. 3: Intermittent Periodic Duty (Duty Type S3)

Intermittent Periodic Duty with Starting (Duty Type S4) : A sequence of identical duty
cycles each consisting of a. period of starting, a period of operation at constant load and a rest
period, the operating and rest and de-energized periods being too short to attain thermal
equilibrium during one duty cycle). In this duty the stopping of the motor is obtained either by
natural deceleration after disconnection of the electricity supply or by means of braking such as a
mechanical brake which does not cause additional heating of the windings.

D = Starting
N = Operation under rated conditions
R = Rest and de-energized
θMAX = maximum temperature attained during the duty cycle

Fig. 4: Intermittent Periodic Duty with Starting (Duty Type S4)

Intermittent Periodic Duty with Starting and braking (Duty Type S5) : A sequence of
identical duty cycles each consisting of a period of stating, a period of operation at constant load,
a period of braking and a rest period. The operating and rest and de-energized periods being too
short to obtain thermal equilibrium during one duty cycle. In this duty, braking is rapid and is
carried out electrically.

D = Starting
N = Operation under rated conditions
F = Electric braking
R = At rest and de-energized
θMAX = Maximum temperature attained during the duty cycle

Fig. 5: Intermittent Periodic Duty with Starting and braking (Duty Type S5)
Continuous Duty with Intermittent Periodic Loading (Duty Type S6) : A sequence of
identical duty cycles each consisting of a period of operation constant load and a period of
operation at no-load, machines with excited windings having normal no-load rated voltage
excitation. The operation and no-load periods are too short to attain thermal equilibrium during
one duty cycle. Unless otherwise specified the duration of the duty cycle is 10 minutes. The
recommended values of cyclic duration factor are 15, 25, 40 and 60 percent.

N = Operation under rated conditions

V = Operation on no-load
θMAX =· Maximum temperature attained during the duty cycle

Fig. 6: Continuous Duty with Intermittent Periodic Loading (Duty Type S6)

Continuous Duty with Starting and Braking (Duty Type S7) : A sequence of identical duty
cycles each consisting of a period of starting, a period of operation at constant load and a period
of electrical braking. There is no rest and de-energized period.

D = Starting
N = Operation under rated conditions
F = Electric braking
θMAX = Maximum temperature attained during the duty cycle
Cyclic duration factor = 1

Fig. 7: Continuous Duty with Starting and Braking (Duty Type S7)
Continuous Duty with Periodic Speed Changes (Duty Type S8) : A sequence of identical duty
cycles each consisting of a period of operation at constant load corresponding to a determined
speed of rotation, followed immediately by a period of operation at another load corresponding
to a different speed of rotation (carried out, for example, by means of change of the number of
poles in the case of induction motors), the operating periods being too short to attain thermal
equilibrium during one duty cycle. There is no rest and de-energized period.

F1, F2 = Electric braking

D = Acceleration
· N1, N2, Na = Operation under rated conditions
θMAX = Maximum temperature attained during the duty cycle

Fig. 8: Continuous Duty with Periodic Speed Changes (Duty Type S8)