EED TLE 2 4.
Hacksaw - This tool is used to cut metal,
Finals
CHAPTER 5
INDUSTRIAL ARTS
Electrical Symbols Definition
Ω - Resistance is a measure of the opposition to
current flow in an electrical circuit. Resistance is
measured in ohms.
Lesson 1: Tools and Equipment
Hand tools
1. Pliers - These tools are made from metal with
insulator in the handle and are used for cutting,
bending, twisting and holding wires and cable.
1.1 Combination Pliers - used by electricians
and other tradesmen primarily for gripping,
twisting, bending and cutting wire and cable.
1.2 Side cutting Pliers - This type of pliers is
used for cutting fine, medium, and big wires and
cables.
1.3 Long Nose Pliers - Used for cutting and
holding fine wires and can reach small openings
or areas.
2. Screwdrivers - These tools are made of steel
hardened and tempered at the tip used to
loosen or tighten screws with slotted heads.
2.1 Flat Screwdriver - the blade tip is wedge
shape and resemble a negative sign. This used
to drive screws with a single slot head.
2.2 Phillip Screwdriver - This has a cross tip
resembling a positive(+) sign. This is used to
drive screws with cross slot heads.
2.3 Stubby Screwdriver - used to turn screws in
tight spaces where a standard screwdriver
cannot be used.
3. Hammer - used in pounding/driving and
pulling out nails.
plastic/PVC conduit
5. Electrician knife - Used by lineman to remove
insulation of wires and cables in low and high
voltage transmission lines.
6. Wire stripper - Is a tool used for removing
insulation of the wire of medium size wires.
Measuring Tools
1. Pull-push rule - This familiar device is spring-
loaded so that the tape retracts into its metal or
plastic case when not in use. It is also known as
a flexible rule.
2. Multimeter/tester - A multimeter or a
multitester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm-
milliammeter), is an electronic measuring
instrument that combines several measurement
functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can
measure voltage, current, and resistance.
Analog multimeters use a microammeter with a
moving pointer to display readings.
Lesson 2: How to use Analog Multimeter
Analog multimeters are instruments that are
used to measure electrical quantities such as
voltage, current, resistance, frequency and
signal power. Basic functionality includes
measurement of potential in volts, resistance in
ohms, and current in amps.
Parts of Analog Multimeter
• A Scale
• A Needle or Pointer
• An Adjustment Screw
• A Zero Ohm Selector
• A Range Selector Knob
• Ports
• Test Probes
Lesson 3: Basic wiring installation ( Extension
Cord )
MATERIALS NEEDED
1. Convenience Outlet
2. Wire Stranded/solid AWG 12
3. Male Plug
Procedure:
1. Gather all necessary materials, tools and
equipment needed.
2. Insert cord into the male plug and split the
cord about 8 cm. long
3. Remove insulation of both wires 1 cm. long
with wire stripper or electrician knife.
4. Tie underwriter’s knot
5. Make a loop on terminal wires and connect
the wires to the screw of the male plug.
6. Split the cord at the other end about 4 cm.
long
7. Connect the wires to the connectors.
8. Connect the wires to the connectors
9. Open the convenience outlet and remove the
screw
10. Insert the wire connectors to the screw,
tighten it and return the cover.
11. Check the continuity of the extension using
the multimeter.
Lesson 4: lighting load using single pole switch
MATERIALS NEEDED:
1. Bulb 8. Conduit/pipe
2. Wire AWG # 14 9. Connectors
3. Single pole switch 10. Holder
4. Utility box
5. Junction box
6. Receptacle
7. Electrical tape
CHAPTER 6
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Lesson 1: Definition and Basic Concept in
Entrepreneurship
INTRODUCTION
An entrepreneur is an individual who creates a
new business, bearing most of the risks and
enjoying most of the rewards. The entrepreneur
is commonly seen as an innovator, a source of
new ideas, goods, services, and business/or
procedures.
Entrepreneurs play a key role in any economy,
using the skills and initiative necessary to
anticipate needs and bring good new ideas to
market. Entrepreneurs who prove to be
successful in taking on the risks of a startup are
rewarded with profits, fame, and continued
growth opportunities. Those who fail, suffer
losses and become less prevalent in the
markets.
• A person who undertakes the risk of starting a
new business venture is called and
entrepreneur.
• An entrepreneur creates a firm, which
aggregates capital and labor in order to produce
goods or services forprofit.
• Entrepreneurship is an important driver of
economic growth and innovation.
• Entrepreneurship is high-risk, but also can be
high-reward as it serves to generate economic
wealth, growth, and innovation.
Entrepreneurship
- Economists have never had a consistent
definition of "entrepreneur" or
"entrepreneurship" (the word "entrepreneur"
comes from the French verb entreprendre,
meaning "to undertake").
- Entrepreneurship as the process of designing,
launching and running a new business, which is
often initially a small business, or as the
"capacity and willingness to develop, organize
and manage a business venture along with any
of its risks to make a profit.
Basic Concept in Entrepreneurship
Business Plan – Entrepreneur who plan to enter
any business endeavor must have a business
plan on hand to guide them throughout the
process. Different business plans are prepared
for different purposes. There are business plans
written prior to setting up enterprise, which are
similar to a prefeasibility study and feasibility
study.
Many new enterprises, needs to convince
prospective business investors about the
soundness and potential of their business. They
need to convey the capabilities and
competencies of their owners and managers.
They must also be able to sell the proponent
and the business proposition to this audience.
These are situations when business plan is
needed.
There are business plans that are written during
the first years of the enterprise in order to
guide the entrepreneur on which strategies
would be most beneficial for the enterprise to
take. And their business plans that are focused
on bringing the enterprise to a higher level of
growth, a period where the enterprise has
already reached its peak and would want to
enter into another endeavor by recreating and
re-establishing itself.
Clearly, business plan serves many masters.
First, it serves the entrepreneur who must set
navigational course. Second, it serves investors
and cautious financiers. And third, it serves the
managers and staff of organization so that they
will know the strategies and programs of the
enterprise.
The business plan must have specific audience
in mind and what important questions do this
audience what answered.
OPPORTUNITY SEEKING
Entrepreneurs seek opportunities and take the
initiative to transform them into business
situations.
Entrepreneurs are innovative opportunity
seekers. They have endless curiosity to discover
new or different ideas and see whether these
ideas will work in the market place. This is what
separates entrepreneur from the ordinary
businessman whose main objective is simply to
earn profits from producing, buying, and selling
goods.
Entrepreneur creates value by introducing new
products or services of finding better ways of
making them.
Theses may include innovation in terms of
product design or addition of new product
features to existing ones.
They may also tinker on improving their
operational capability by employing new
technologies that will bring them greater
efficiency, better economies, and even enable
them to reach unparalleled superiority.
They may also consider expanding their reach
by creating new markets or maximizing existing
market reach. At highest level, entrepreneurs
may totally change the prevailing business
paradigm by rendering it obsolete trough the
introduction of disruptive technologies,
processes, and systems.
Lesson 2: SWOT Analysis
INTRODUCTION
SWOT is a strategic planning technique used to
help a person or organization identify strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related
to business competition or project planning.
SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, and Threats, and so a SWOT
Analysis is a technique for assessing these four
aspects of your business.
The SWOT Analysis
- Analyzing the Strength, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, and Threat in your Business.
- Strengths are things that your organization
does particularly well, or in a way that
distinguishes you from your competitors.
Think about the advantages of your
organization has over other organizations.
These might be the motivation of your staff,
access to certain materials, or a strong set of
manufacturing processes.
- Weaknesses, like strengths, are inherent
features of your organization, so focus on
your people, resources, systems, and
procedures. Think about what you could
improve, and the sorts of practices you
should avoid.
- Opportunities are openings or chances for
something positive to happen, but you'll
need to claim them.
- Threats include anything that can
negatively affect your business from the
outside, such as supply and demand
problems, competition and the like. It's vital
to anticipate threats and to take action
against them before you become a victim of
them.
LET THE MARKET KNOW YOU BETTER
1. Product
- Product is the tangible good or intangible
services that the enterprise offers w to its
customers in order to satisfy their needs and to
produce their expected results. Products are
often identified with their brand names to
distinguish them from other products.
Four general types of products that are
marketed by enterprises
a) Breakthrough Products – offer completely
new performance benefits. They may double
the performance at half of the cost.
b) Differential Products – try to claim a new
space in the mind of the customer different
from spaces occupied by existing products.
c) Copycat Products – this will not make much
impression on the customer’s mind.
d) Niche Products – do not intend to compete
directly with the giants.
2. Packaging
- There used to be a time when products came
wrapped in ordinary packaging that
prominently displayed the brand name, the
main attributes of the product the company
logo, and its place of business. Packaging came
in a small, medium, large sizes without much
variation in the material, shape and purpose of
the packaging.
a) First, packaging identifies the product,
describe sits features and benefits, and
complies with government rules on specifying
its contents, weights, chemical composition.
b) Second, packaging differentiates the product
from its competitors and even from other brand
offering.
c) Third, packaging lengthens the lifespan,
physically protects, and extend the usefulness
of the product.
d) Fourth, packaging has become an
environmental issue by itself.
e) Fifth, because of packaging it can increase
the price or cost of products.
3. Positioning
a. First Position-The enterprise scans the
market environment and decide to position
itself with the products that’s specifically
address the needs of a chosen target market
b. Second Position - The enterprise has to
differentiate and distinguish itself from its
competitors.
c. Third Position - Customers perspective.
4. Location
- Location is the place where a firm decides to
site its operations. Location decisions can have
a big impact on costs and revenues. A business
needs to decide on the best location taking into
account factors such as: Customers - is the
location convenient for customers?
Location Screening
a) The number of customers residing or in the
working area
b) Number of customers per unit area
c) The access routes to the location
d) Buying habits of customers or what they buy,
at what time and how frequent
e) Locational features such parking spaces, foot
access and etc.
5. Promotion
- It is the explicit communication strategy
adopted by an enterprise such as the
patronage, loyalty and support not only from its
customers but also from its other significant
stakeholders.
- In this, you need to include the customers
wanted to see in a product.
Example:
Printed or non-printed advertisement
6. Price
- Pricing depends on the objectives set by the
enterprise.
- Price is the major factor for the customer in
buying products.
Factors To Consider Before Establishing A
Business
1. Field of Expertise
2. Market
3. Start-up Costs
4. Competition
5. Location
Lesson 3: PARTS OF A BUSINESS PLAN
What is Business Plan
A business plan is also a road map that provides
directions so a business can plan its future and
helps it avoid bumps in the road. The time you
spend making your business plan thorough and
accurate, and keeping it up to-date, is an
investment that pays big dividends in the long
term.
Parts of Business Plan
I. INTRODUCTION
Business Goals:
Vision - A vision is a vivid mental image of what
you want your business to be at some point in
the future, based on your goals and aspirations.
A vision statement captures, in writing, the
essence of where you want to take your
business, and can inspire you and your staff to
reach your goals.
Objectives – It should be more specific than the
vision. They should be measurable, achievable,
and timebound.
II.THE TARGET CUSTOMERS & TARGET MARKET
and the role your website will play in your sales
efforts
• A paragraph or so on how orders from your
customers will be processed or fulfilled

TARGET MARKET • Any needs you have in order to create or

deliver your products, such as up-to-date
• A target market is a broad group of potential
computer equipment
customers defined by ranges.
• Any intellectual property, such as trademarks,
• The target market may need to be broken
or legal issues you need to address
down to a specific target customer should you
decide to customize your marketing efforts. • Future products or services you plan to offer

TARGET CUSTOMERS IV. STRATEGY AND DELIVERY SYSTEM

Target Customer must be of sufficient size, The business plan should expound on the
sufficient paying capacity, and have sufficient Enterprise Strategy by mapping the competitive
interest to purchase the product or services landscape and by situating the enterprise and
offered. its competitors as to their strategies and chosen
positioning.
Knowing where the target customers are
exactly concentrated, the business plan should The business plan should then show hos the
then pinpoint what the customers buy, how Enterprise Delivery System would enable the
they buy, when they buy, where they buy, and business to implement the Enterprise System.
what convinces them to buy. This information
The Enterprise Delivery System starts from the
should then be used to justify the exact location
INPUT ( resources mobilized), proceeds to the
of the business.
THROUGHPUT ( the transformation process
III.THE PRODUCT AND SERVICE OFFERINGS
where input are converted to output), and
The products and services section of your produces the OUTPUT ( the product/services)
business plan outlines your product or service,
why it's needed by your market, and how it will
compete with other businesses selling the same
or similar products and services. Your product
and services section should include:

• A description of the products or services you

are offering or plan to offer

• How your products and services will be priced

• A comparison of the products or services your

competitors offer in relation to yours

• Sales literature you plan to use, including

information about your marketing materials