Learning Module for

Robotics Grade 11
(Robots Working with Science)
 Lesson 5. Working with Ultrasonic Sensor
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to:

● Explain how an ultrasonic sensor detects distance.

● Program ultrasonic devices using Arduino.
● Provide a basic explanation of how sensors are integrated into robots via careful programming.
● Relate the use of ultrasonic in everyday scenario.

Materials:
● Learning Module
● Microcontroller
● Cable wires
● Resistor
● Ultrasonic Sensor
● LCD Display
● Buzzer
Pre-test
_________1. What do we call the process of detecting distance through reflecting sound?
_________2. What do we call a device that detects distance by the use of reflecting sound waves?
_________3-4.What are the animals that uses reflected sound waves to detect an obstacle?
_________5. The sound wave will be send by the emitter once it hit an obstacle it will bounce back to
the _____.

Discussion:

Ultrasonic sensor is a sensor that measures distance by sending waves. The head of the sensor
emits eaves and receives the waves reflected by an obstacle. This sensor measures the distance between
the obstacle and the receiver.

The following list shows typical characteristics enabled by the detection system.

1. Transparent object detectable

Ultrasonic waves can still reflect off a glass or liquid surface and return to the sensor head.

2. Resistant to mist and dirt

Even there is dust and dirt, detection of waves is not affected.

3. Complex shaped objects detectable

Ultrasonic Sensor can still detect the presence of a mesh trays or springs.

Why/When to use Ultrasonic Sensors?

1. Ideally suited to accurate, automatic distance measurement in normal and difficult

environments.
2. Particularly suitable for environments where optical sensors are unusable such as smoke, dust
and similar.
3. Very accurate, stable and can be used over large ranges.

Ultrasonic sensors can measure the following parameters without contacting the medium to be
measured:

1. Distance
 2. Level
3. Diameter
4. Presence
5. Position

Ultrasonic Sensors are used in:

● Measuring distances
● Triggering alarms
● Potential collision detection

ASSESSMENT:

ASSESSMENT 1: ULTRASONIC SENSOR WITH 3 LED

Materials:

● Microcontroller
● USB cable
● Jumper wire
● Breadboard
● 3 units 220Ω resistors
● 3 units LED (red, yellow, and green)
● 1 unit ultrasonic sensor

Target Problem:

1. Have the green LED blink if an object is detected.

2. Have the yellow LED blink moderately if an object is near.
3. Have the red LED blink quickly if an object is very near.

ASSESSMENT 2: ULTRASONIC SENSOR WITH PASSIVE BUZZER

Materials:

● Microcontroller
● USB cable
● Jumper wire
● Breadboard
● 1 unit passive buzzer
● 1 unit ultrasonic sensor

Target Problem:

1. Display the message “Out of Range” if an object is not detected.

2. Play a long-duration, high-frequency tone if an object is detected.
3. Play a medium-duration, moderate frequency tone if an object is near.
4. Play a short-duration, low-frequency tone if an object is very near.
ASSESSMENT 3: ULTRASONIC SENSOR WITH LCD DISPLAY

Materials:

● Microcontroller
● USB cable
● Jumper wire
● Breadboard
● 1 unit 1602 LCD
● 1 unit potentiometer
● 1 unit 220Ω resistor
● 1 unit ultrasonic sensor
Target Problem:

Display the distance of the object from the sensor in centimetres and inches.

ASSIGNMENT:
Research and study about Sound Sensor.
 Lesson 6. Sound Sensor
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to:

Explain how does sound travel.

Explain what a sound sensor is.
Understand how a sound sensor works.
Use a sound sensor to identify frequency and vibration.

MATERIALS:
Learning Module
Microcontroller
Cable wires
Resistor
Sound sensor

Pre-test
A comparison on how you think robot and human and robot behaves when a sound is heard.

HUMAN ROBOT

Guide Questions:

1. How do humans sense sound? What is the sound sensor in the human body?
2. Give examples of sensors in engineering systems that are similar to the human ear.

Discussion:
Sound is the energy that is produced by the vibrations of molecules in an
object. For an instance, if you bang a drum, the skin of the drum became very tight
forcing all the molecules around it to vibrate. Causing the air around it vibrates, as
the air moves, it carries energy in all directions from the drum and eventually the
air inside your ear starts vibrating and that is how you begin to perceive sound.

In robotics, robots can hear through the help of sound sensor. It is a module/
sensor that generally detects sound intensity. This module uses microphone which can
supply the input to an amplifier, peak detector and buffer. When the sound sensor detects
sound, the signal voltage is the sent to the microcontroller and process the whole data.
Sound Module Pin Configuration

Uses of a Sound Sensor Module:

Automatic voice control operation of electronic devices such as lights, fans and air conditioners.
In the absence of sound in an area, the sound sensor could be triggered to play music.
In the absence of sound and no motion in a room, the sound sensor could turn off the lights to
save energy.

ASSESSMENT:
Direction: Answer the following questions completely:

1. It is a device that detects and measure sound waves.

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain how sound waves travel.

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

3-5. Enumerate the importance and use of a sound sensor.

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

ASSIGNMENT:
Research and study about Sound Levels Using Sound Sensors.
 Lesson 7. Exploring Sound Levels Using Sound Sensors
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to:

• Explain how fast does sound travels using different materials.

• Use the sound sensor to identify the level of sounds made using different materials.
• Practice critical thinking while doing the activity..

D. Learning Resources

• Learning Module
• Microcontroller
• USB cable
• Jumper wire
• Breadboard
• 1 unit sound module
• Glass
• Wood
• metal and plastic pipe
• Water balloon
• Clock
• Wall, door, string telephone

Pre-test

1. How can two astronauts talk each other in space?

2. Can they really hear each other?

Sound can only travel when there is a medium. A medium is an object or matter where energy
can travel. These medium can be identified as solid, liquid or gas. In space, there is no medium where
sound can transfer energy, therefore the astronauts can’t here each other. They need a special device or
communicator to talk to each other. You will learn more of the speed of the sound as we go through the
lesson.

Discussion:
Sound is the energy that is produced by the vibrations of
molecules in an object. For an instance, if you bang a drum, the skin
of the drum became very tight forcing all the molecules around it to
vibrate. Causing the air around it vibrates, as the air moves, it carries
energy in all directions from the drum and eventually the air inside
your ear starts vibrating and that is how you begin to perceive sound.

In robotics, robots can hear through the help of sound sensor. It is a

module/ sensor that generally detects sound intensity. This module uses
microphone which can supply the input to an amplifier, peak detector and buffer.
When the sound sensor detects sound, the signal voltage is the sent to the
microcontroller and process the whole data.
 The speed of sound depends on the medium through which it is travelling. Elastic property of a
material is also considered in determining the speed of the sound. This property is the ability of the
material to maintain its shape when you apply force in it. Materials with higher elastic property return to
its normal shape faster, making the sound easier to travel. That’s why it is faster for sound to travel in
solids rather than liquid or gas which has lower elastic property.

The speed of sound differs, depending on how close the molecules of the material it passes
through are. The closer the molecules within an object are to each other, the faster the transfer of energy,
and thus the faster the speed of the sound within the material itself. This is why the speed of sound
through solid ground is faster than the speed of sound in water, and the speed of sound in cold air is
faster than the speed of sound in hot air.

Loudness is how loud or soft sound is perceived by the listener. Loudness can be determined by
the intensity of the sound waves. Decibel (dB) is the unit used to describe intensity.

ASSESSMENT:
Perform the activity by group. Make sure that the materials are complete before doing the activity.

Materials:

Microcontroller USB cable Jumper wire Breadboard

1 unit sound module Glass Wood metal and plastic pipe
Water balloon Clock Wall, door, string telephone

Procedure:

1. Place the clock on the door. Press the sound sensor against the door and record the sound reading.
2. Move the clock away from the door. Record the sound reading.
3. Find out if sound can travel through other things.
4. Show your findings.

Guide Questions:

1. What is sound intensity?

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Cite instances when sound travelling through metal is useful.

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

3. Cite instances when sound travelling through water is useful.

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

ASSIGNMENT:
Research and study about Using Sound Sensors in Technology Development.
 Lesson 8. Using Sound Sensors in Technology
Development
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to:

● identify sound frequency with a sound sensor.

● Use a sound sensor module to detect sound input.
● Use the input of the sound sensor to control output devices.

MATERIALS:
● Learning Module
● Microcontroller
● Cable wires
● Resistor
● Sound sensor

Pre-test

Direction: Write T if the statement is True, otherwise write F if it is false.

__________1. Sound can travel in space.

__________2. Sound is the energy produced by vibrating molecules.
__________3.Sound can travel faster in liquid compared to solid.
__________4. Sound intensity is measured in meters.
__________5. Loudness is how loud or soft sound is perceived by the listener

Discussion:

Watch this video presentation. This is about the usefulness of sound detectors in our daily living.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uyLtcPIqcUo

After watching the video answer this question: What are the other things that we can develop
using sound sensor?

Aside from the concepts included on the students’ hand-outs, here are some concepts that you
need to discuss.

Sound is the energy that is produced by the vibrations of molecules in an object. For an instance, if you
bang a drum, the skin of the drum became very tight forcing all the molecules around it to vibrate.
Causing the air around it vibrates, as the air moves, it carries energy in all directions from the drum and
eventually the air inside your ear starts vibrating and that is how you begin to perceive sound.
In robotics, robots can hear through the help of sound sensor. It is a module/ sensor that generally
detects sound intensity. This module uses microphone which can supply the input to an amplifier, peak
detector and buffer. When the sound sensor detects sound, the signal voltage is the sent to the
microcontroller and process the whole data.
Sound Module Pin Configuration
 Uses of a Sound Sensor Module:

● Automatic voice control operation of electronic devices such as lights, fans and air conditioners.
● In the absence of sound in an area, the sound sensor could be triggered to play music.
● In the absence of sound and no motion in a room, the sound sensor could turn off the lights to
save energy.

ASSESSMENT:
ASSESSMENT 1 – SOUND MODULE

Materials:

● Microcontroller USB cable

● Jumper wire
● 1 unit sound module

Procedure:

1. Connect the wires to the microcontroller.

2. Encode the given program using Arduino.
3. Double check the wiring connections before
connecting the microcontroller to the computer unit.
4. Observe and record the output reading from the
serial monitor based on the noise made by the sound
module.

ASSESSMENT 2: SOUND MODULE WITH LED (NOISE VIBRATION)

CREATE YOUR PROGRAM HERE:
Materials:

● Microcontroller
● USB cable
● Jumper wire
● Breadboard
● 1 unit sound module
● 1 unit LED (any color)
● 1 unit 220Ω resistor

Target Problem:

Create a program that will do the following tasks:

a. The LED will turn on if sound is detected.
b. The LED will turn on if one clap is detected and then turn off if two claps are detected

ASSIGNMENT:
Research and study about Sound Sensor plus LCD Display
 Lesson 9. Combination Project: Sound Sensor + LCD
Display
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to:

identify sound frequency with a sound sensor.

Use a sound sensor module to detect sound input.
Use the input of the sound sensor to control output devices.

MATERIALS:
Learning Module
Microcontroller
Cable wires
Resistor
Sound sensor

Pre-test

A. What are the importance of sound in their daily living. You can have “Think- Pair- Share” as
your strategy.

B. Direction: Recall the following concept by discussing each.

1. Sound- ___________________________________________________________________________
2. Decibel- __________________________________________________________________________
3. Medium-__________________________________________________________________________
4. Sound Detector- ____________________________________________________________________
5. vibrations- ________________________________________________________________________

Discussion:
Sound is the energy that is produced by the vibrations of molecules in an object.
For an instance, if you bang a drum, the skin of the drum became very tight forcing all the
molecules around it to vibrate. Causing the air around it vibrates, as the air moves, it
carries energy in all directions from the drum and eventually the air inside your ear starts
vibrating and that is how you begin to perceive sound.

In robotics, robots can hear through the help of sound sensor. It is a module/
sensor that generally detects sound intensity. This module uses microphone which can
supply the input to an amplifier, peak detector and buffer. When the sound sensor detects
sound, the signal voltage is the sent to the microcontroller and process the whole data.

Sound Module Pin Configuration

Uses of a Sound Sensor Module:

Automatic voice control operation of electronic devices such as lights, fans and air conditioners.
In the absence of sound in an area, the sound sensor could be triggered to play music.
In the absence of sound and no motion in a room, the sound sensor could turn off the lights to
save energy.

ASSESSMENT:
ASSESSMENT: SOUND SENSOR WITH LCD (DECIBEL METER)

Materials:

Microcontroller
USB cable
Jumper wire
Breadboard
1 unit sound sensor
1 unit I2C LCD 160
Target Problem:
Display, on the LCD, the volume of sound detected by the sound module.

Target Problem:

Display, on the LCD, the volume of sound detected by the sound module.

Wiring Diagram:

ASSIGNMENT:
Research and study about Working with Joystick
 Lesson 10. Working with Joystick

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to:

Trace the development of joystick.

Cite examples of equipment that uses joystick.
Explain how a joystick works.

MATERIALS:
Microcontroller
USB cable
Jumper wire
1 unit X – Y joystick
4 units LED (any color)
4 units 220Ω resistors

Pre-test
A.
1. How can we easily control the movement of the characters in this video game?
2. What device do we always use?

B. Students will be creating their own joystick. Allow them to be creative and imaginative in this
part. Provide cartolina and coloring materials.

MY OWN JOSYTICK

Discussion:
JOYSTICK is a device which can be used to control the movement of a
cursor or a pointer. This device is usually seen in game consoles.

Tactile devices receive forces placed on them and can be made to

produce an output based on these forces. A joystick is an example of a tactile
device.
 A JOYSTICK consists of two (2) analog potentiometers, one for the vertical
movement (Y-axis) and other for the horizontal movement (X-axis). It also comes with a digital (Select)
switch. The two (2) potentiometers indicate which direction the potentiometer is being pushed.

When was the first joystick invented?

The first joystick was invented in 1926, at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory by C. B. Mirick.
It was a two-axis electronic joystick, similar to the joysticks in use today, and was original designed for
remotely piloting aircraft.

Joystick X-Y Axis Rotation

Use of joystick:

Controlling device for robots and in manufacturing industries. Joysticks are also used in piloting
aircraft.

ASSESSMENT:
ASSESSMENT 1 – JOYSTICK

Materials:

Microcontroller
USB cable
Jumper wire
1 unit X – Y joystick

Procedure:

1. Connect the wires to the microcontroller as shown in the figure.

2. Encode the given program using Arduino.
3. Double check the wiring connections before connecting the microcontroller to the computer unit.
4. Observe and record the output reading, for each axis, on the serial monitor when the joystick is
moved.
ASSESSMENT 2– MANIPULATING JOYSTICK

Materials:

Microcontroller
USB cable
Jumper wire
Breadboard
1 unit X – Y joystick
4 units LED (any color)
4 units 220Ω resistors

Target Problem:

1. Connect the wires to the microcontroller as shown in the figure.

2. Double check the wiring connections before connecting the microcontroller to the computer unit.
3. Create a program that, based on the movement of the joystick (up, down, left, right), will turn on the
LEDs in those respective positions.

Wiring Diagram:

ASSIGNMENT:
Research and study about Joystick plus Servo Motor.
 Lesson 11. Combination Project: Joystick + Servo Motor
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to:

Explain how a joystick works.

Create a program that will run a servo motor depending on how a joystick is manipulated.

MATERIALS:
Learning Module
Microcontroller
USB cable
Jumper wire
1 unit X – Y joystick
1 unit servo motor

Pre-test

A. What are the things around us that uses joysticks? Gather at least 10 answers.

B. Students will be creating their own robot that will be manipulated by joystick. Allow them to be
creative and imaginative in this part. Provide cartolina and coloring materials.

Discussion:

JOYSTICK is a device which can be used to control the movement

of a cursor or a pointer. This device is usually seen in game consoles.

Tactile devices receive forces placed on them and can be made to

produce an output based on these forces. A joystick is an example of a
tactile device.

A JOYSTICK consists of two (2) analog potentiometers, one for the vertical movement (Y-axis)
and other for the horizontal movement (X-axis). It also comes with a digital (Select) switch. The two (2)
potentiometers indicate which direction the potentiometer is being pushed.

When was the first joystick invented?

The first joystick was invented in 1926, at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory by C. B. Mirick.
It was a two-axis electronic joystick, similar to the joysticks in use today, and was original designed for
remotely piloting aircraft.
Joystick X-Y Axis Rotation

Use of joystick:

Controlling device for robots and in manufacturing industries. Joysticks are also used in
piloting aircraft.

ASSESSMENT:
ASSESSMENT 1- SERVO MOTOR WITH JOYSTICK CONTROL

Materials:

Microcontroller
USB cable
Jumper wire
Breadboard
1 unit X – Y joystick
1 unit servo motor

Target Problem:

Create a program that will move the servo motor depending on how a joystick is manipulated

CREATE YOUR PROGRAM HERE:

ASSESSMENT 2: SERVO MOTOR WITH 2 JOYSTICK CONTROL

Materials:

Microcontroller
USB cable
Jumper wire
Breadboard
1 unit X – Y joystick
2 units servo motor

Target Problem:

Create a program that will control the rotation of two servo motors using a joystick.
CREATE YOUR PROGRAM HERE:

ASSESSMENT 3: SERVO MOTOR WITH JOYSTICK AND TWO PUSH BUTTONS

Materials:

Microcontroller
USB cable
Jumper wire
Breadboard
1 unit X – Y joystick
2 units servo motor
2 units push button
2 units 220Ω resistors

Procedure:

1. The first servo motor will run when the joystick is manipulated.
2. The second servo motor will run when buttons are pressed. If the right button is pressed, it will rotate
clockwise. If the left button is pressed it will rotate counter clockwise.
3. Remember the shaft of the servo motor will only rotate up to 180ᵒ.

What did you observe on your servo motor based on how you move your joystick?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

ASSIGNMENT:

Research and study about Joystick plus LED.

 Lesson 12. Combination Project: Joystick + LED
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to:

Explain how a joystick works.

Create a program that will run a servo motor depending on how a joystick is manipulated.

MATERIALS:
Learning Module
Microcontroller
USB cable
Jumper wire
1 unit X – Y joystick
1 unit servo motor

Pre-test

A. What are the things around us that uses joysticks? Gather at least 10 answers from the students.
B. Direction: Put check check if the statement is true, otherwise put an ex.

________1. We can use joystick in controlling a robot or machines.

________2. Joystick can help us to detect sound.
________3. Joystick tells us the x and y axis.
________4. Robots can move through the use of joysticks.
________5. Joysticks are useful in flying an aircraft.

Discussion:

JOYSTICK is a device which can be used to control the movement of a

cursor or a pointer. This device is usually seen in game consoles.

Tactile devices receive forces placed on them and can be made to

produce an output based on these forces. A joystick is an example of a tactile device.

A JOYSTICK consists of two (2) analog potentiometers, one for the vertical movement (Y-axis)
and other for the horizontal movement (X-axis). It also comes with a digital (Select) switch. The two (2)
potentiometers indicate which direction the potentiometer is being pushed.

When was the first joystick invented?

The first joystick was invented in 1926, at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory by C. B. Mirick. It was a
two-axis electronic joystick, similar to the joysticks in use today, and was original designed for remotely
piloting aircraft.

Joystick X-Y Axis Rotation

Use of joystick:

Controlling device for robots and in manufacturing industries. Joysticks are also used in piloting
aircraft.
ASSESSMENT:

ASSESSMENT – JOYSTICK WITH LED

Materials:

Microcontroller
USB cable
Jumper wire
Breadboard
1 pc. X – Y Joystick
4 pcs. LED (any color)
4 pcs. 220Ω Resistors

Procedure:

1. Connect the wirings on the microcontroller as shown on the figure.

2. Double check the wiring connection before connecting the microcontroller to the computer unit.
3. Create a program that will turn on the LED based on the movement of the joystick. (Up, Down, Left,
and Right)

CREATE YOUR PROGRAM HERE:

ASSIGNMENT:
Research and study about 74HC595 Shift Register IC (8-Bit Counter).