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Design Task Exercise Assignment

4.2 Use equation 4.4 and 4.10 to estimate the number of crystal-like clusters in 1 mm3 of copper at
its melting point for spherical clusters containing (a) 10 atoms, (b) 60 atoms. What volume of
liquid copper is likely to contain one cluster of 100 atoms? The atomic volume of liquid copper is
1.6 × 10-29 m3, ϒSL is 0.177 J m-2, k = 1.38 × 10-23 J K-1, Tm = 1356 K.
4
∆𝐺𝑟 = − 𝜋𝑟 3 ∆𝐺𝑣 + 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝛾𝑆𝐿 (4.4)
3
∆𝐺𝑟
𝑛𝑟 = 𝑛0 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ) (4.10)
𝑘𝑇
Answer:
1
atom pada 1 mm3 = 1,6 ×10−29 ×109
b. 60 atoms
= 6,25 × 10−19 = 𝑛0
𝑛𝑟 = 6,25 ×
Tm = 1356 K, ∆GV = 0 2⁄
4 3×60×1,6 ×10−29 3
∆𝐺𝑟 = − 𝜋𝑟 3 (0) + 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝛾𝑆𝐿 4𝜋(
4𝜋
) ×0,177
4
3 10−19 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 1.38 × 10−23 ×1356
)
𝑉= 3
𝜋𝑟 3
2 𝑛𝑟 = 2,91 mm-3
∆𝐺𝑟 = 4𝜋𝑟 𝛾𝑆𝐿
1
3𝑉 ⁄3
𝑟= (4𝜋) c. 100 atoms
2
3𝑉 ⁄3 𝑛𝑟 = 6,25 ×
∆𝐺𝑟 = 4𝜋 ( ) 𝛾𝑆𝐿 → (4.10) 2⁄
4𝜋 3×60×1,6 ×10−29 3
4𝜋( ) ×0,177
4𝜋
10−19 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− )
2 1.38 × 10−23 ×1356
3𝑉 ⁄3
4𝜋( ) 𝛾𝑆𝐿
4𝜋
𝑛𝑟 = 𝑛0 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ) 𝑛𝑟 = 4,2 × 10−8 mm-3
𝑘𝑇
Volume of 1 nucleus of 100 atom:
1
𝑉 = 4,2×10−8
a. 10 atoms
𝑉 = 2,4 × 107 mm-3
𝑛𝑟 = 6,25 ×
2⁄
3×10×1,6 ×10−29 3
4𝜋( ) ×0,177
4𝜋
10−19 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 1.38 × 10−23 ×1356
)

𝑛𝑟 = 8,7 × 10−13 mm-3

4.7 Comment this case: casting of carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Answer:
Figure 4.53 shows that alloying with the relatively small amounts of Ni and Cr used in low-alloy steels
has little effect on solidification temperature and that the equilibrium structure of the alloy is (α +
Fe3C)

Figure 4.54a shows that quenching from the (γ, δ + L) field leaves a structure with considerable
residual melt between solidified dendrites. As discussed earlier, in practical alloys, the presence of
residual melt between dendrite arms is largely due to impurity segregation.

The completely solidified structure shown in Fig. 4.54b exhibits a residual eutectic between α-Fe
dendrites of γ /Fe3P /Fe3C, suggesting that the last liquid to solidify was rich in P and C. The retention
of some γ-Fe in the eutectic is possibly due to the high carbon content of the residual iron (the
solubility of P in γ-Fe is very low), which, together with the stabilizing effect of Ni, may help to retard
the γ → α transformation. Slower rates of cooling would probably reduce the amount of retained
austenite still further. The presence of Mn induces the reaction:
𝑀𝑛 + 𝑠 → 𝑀𝑛𝑆
However, this is certainly preferred to FeS, which tends to wet dendrite boundaries more extensively
than MnS and is a prime cause of hot cracking.

10.D1Is it possible to produce an iron-carbon alloy of eutectoid composition that has a minimum
hardness of 90 HRB and a minimum ductility of 35%RA? If so, describe the continuous cooling
heat treatment to which the alloy would be subjected to achieve these properties. If it is not
possible, explain why.
Answer:
The structure that has minimum hardness of 90 HRB are Coarse pearlite and fine pearlite. The
structure that has minimum ductility of 35%RA is spheroidite. Therefore, none of the microstructures
meets both these criteria. Fine and coarse pearlites are hard enough but lack the required ductility.
Spheroidite is ductile enough but lack the required hardness.

10.D2Is it possible to produce an iron-carbon alloy that has a minimum tensile strength of 690 MPa
(100,000 psi) and a minimum ductility of 40%RA? If so, what will be its composition and
microstructure (coarse and fine pearlites and spheroidite are alternatives)? If this is not
possible, explain why.
Answer: The tensile strength can be used to determine the Brinell hardness.
𝑇𝑆 690
𝐻𝐵 = = = 200
3.45 3.45

Therefore, fine pearlite has a composition that suitable for the criteria; the fine pearlite composition
would have carbon content between about 0.48 wt% C.

10.D3It is desired to produce an iron-carbon alloy that has a minimum hardness of 175 HB and a
minimum ductility of 52%RA. Is such an alloy possible? If so, what will be its composition and
microstructure (coarse and fine pearlites and spheroidite are alternatives)? If this is not
possible, explain why.
Answer: Based on Figures 10.30a and b.
Spheroidite has a composition about 0.72 wt% C overlap for both of hardness and ductility criteria.
Fine pearlite and coarse pearlite are not suitable because they do not have any overlapping
composition to fulfil the criteria.
10.D4 (a) For a 1080 steel that has been water quenched, estimate the tempering time at 425°C
(800°F) to achieve a hardness of 50 HRC.
Answer: Based on figure 10.35

The time necessary at 425 °C is about 700 s.

(b) What will be the tempering time at 315°C (600°F) necessary to attain the same hardness?
Answer: Based on figure 10.35

At 315°C, the time required is more than 105 s. By extrapolation is approximately 4 x 106 s.
10.D5 an alloy steel (4340) is to be used in an application requiring a minimum tensile strength of
1380 MPa (200,000 psi) and a minimum ductility of 43%RA. Oil quenching followed by
tempering is to be used. Briefly describe the tempering heat treatment.
Answer: Figure 10.34

Minimum tensile strength of 1380 MPa a tempering temperature of less than 450 °C is required. Also,
for a minimum ductility of 43%RA, tempering must be carried out at a temperature greater than
about 360 °C. Therefore, tempering must occur at between 360 and 450 °C for 1 h.

10.D6Is it possible to produce an oil-quenched and tempered 4340 steel that has a minimum yield
strength of 1400 MPa (203,000 psi) and a ductility of at least 42%RA? If this is possible, describe
the tempering heat treatment. If it is not possible, explain why.
Answer: Based on Figure 10.35

Minimum tensile strength of 1400 MPa a tempering temperature of less than 440 °C is required. Also,
for a minimum ductility of 42%RA, tempering must be carried out at a temperature greater than
about 340 °C. Therefore, tempering must occur at between 340 and 440 °C for 1 h.