Transformation and Phase Diagram

Quiz and Assignment – Week 3

Ayu Sekar Tunjung – 02511940000131

Quiz 3
1. Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan titik eutectoid, hypoeutectoid, hypereutectoid,
dan peritectic.
Answer:
Eutectoid : a point in phase diagram where one solid phase transforms into
two solid phases.
Hypoeutectoid : an area in phase diagram where an alloy has less of the alloying
than the eutectoid composition.
Hypereutectoid : an area in phase diagram where an alloy has more of the alloying
than the eutectoid composition.
Peritectic : a point in phase diagram where liquid and solid together
transforms into a second solid phase.
2. Beri nama dan gambarkan mikrostruktur umum, intermetallic compound atau
intermediate phase pada diagram Fe-C untuk fasa-fasa apa saja yang terbentuk, pada
T dan komposisi berapa?
The phase created in intermetallic compound are ferrite (α) and cementite (Fe3C)
which occurs at 727°C and with 0.76 wt% composition of C.
Microstructure:

Fe3C

Position in Phase Diagram

No. Name/phase Microstructure
Composition Temperature

1. Austenite (γ) 0 – 2.14 wt% C 727 – 1493°C

 2. Ferrite (α) 0 – 0.022 wt% C 0 – 912°C

Hypoeutectoid
3. 0.022 – 0.76 wt% C <727°C
(α+P)

Hypereutectoid
4. 0.76 – 2.14 wt% C <727°C
(α+Fe3C)

Eutectoid/Pearli
5. 0.76 wt% C 727°C
te (P)

6. (γ+L) 0.18 – 4.3 wt% C 1147 – 1493°C

7. (γ+ Fe3C) 0.76 -6.7 wt% C 727 - 1147°C

8. (α+γ) 0 – 0.76 wt% C 727 - 912°C

3. Jelaskan perbedaan jenis besi berdasarkan kadar karbonnya.

- Iron with 0.05 – 0.25 wt% composition of carbon is called wrought iron. Wrought
iron still has a lot of ferrite phase in it.
- Iron with 0.2 – 2.14 wt% composition of carbon is called steel.
- Iron with 2.14 – 4.3 wt% composition of carbon is called cast iron.
- Iron with about 3.5 – 4.5 wt% composition of carbon is called pig iron.
4. Apa pengaruh penambahan elemen pemadu terhadap temperatur dan komposisi
fasa eutectoid?
Additions of other alloying elements (Cr, Ni, Ti, etc.) bring about rather dramatic
changes in the binary iron–iron carbide phase diagram. The extent of these alterations
of the positions of phase boundaries and the shapes of the phase fields depends on
the alloying element and its concentration. One of the important changes is the shift
in position of the eutectoid with respect to temperature and to carbon concentration.
These effects are illustrated in the following figures:

Other alloy additions alter not only the temperature of the eutectoid reaction but also
the relative fractions of pearlite and the proeutectoid phase that form.
Examples and applications of these alloy materials include:
No. Alloy Alloying Element Application
1. Ferrotitanium Titanium used in steelmaking as a cleansing
agent for iron and steel, (powder)
can be used as fuel in some
pyrotechnic composition,
2. Ferromolybdenum Molybdenum commonly used as a high
temperature, corrosion resistant
metal alloy in steel, cast iron
3. Ferrosilicon Silicon generally used in applications
requiring higher electrical
resistivity, higher permeability,
lower coercive force and residual
magnetism than provided by
either carbon steels or soft
magnetic stainless steels.
4. Ferrotungsten Tungsten used in the production of turbine
blades and other wear-resistant
coatings and parts it is also found
in fishing lures.
5. Ferrochrome Chrome Over 80% of the world’s ferro
chrome is utilised in the
production of stainless steel.
Stainless steel depends on chrome
for its appearance and its corrosion
resisting properties. High Carbon
Ferro Chrome is commonly used in
 specialist applications such as
engineering steels.
6. Ferromanganese Manganese used as a deoxidizer for steel.
7. Ferronickel Nickel mainly used in the manufacture of
stainless steel.

5. Apa yang disebut diagram fasa equilibrium?

A phase equilibrium diagram is a graphical representation of the lines of equilibrium
or phase boundaries. Lines that demarcate where phase transitions occur. Phase
equilibrium refers to equilibrium as it applies to systems in which more than one
phase may exist. Phase equilibrium is reflected by a constancy with time in the phase
characteristics of a system. Perhaps an example best illustrates this concept
6. 3 hal apa saja yang berpengaruh terhadap karakteristik mikrostruktur paduan
multifasa?
The microstructure of an alloy depends on such variables as the alloying elements
present, their concentrations, and the heat treatment of the alloy (i.e., the
temperature, the heating time at temperature, and the rate of cooling to room
temperature).

9.40 Two intermetallic compounds, AB and AB 2, exist for elements A and B. If the
compositions for AB and AB2 are 34.3 wt% A–65.7 wt% B and 20.7 wt% A–79.3 wt% B,
respectively, and element A is potassium, identify element B.
Answer:
If AB and AB2 are intermetallic compounds, then it means AB contains the same
number of A and B, which means that the composition of each atomic weight
would be 50%. In the information above we know that the composition of AB
consists of 34.3 wt% A and 65.7 wt% B. Therefore, we can use this information to
determine the atomic weight of element B, from which an identification may be
made, with atomic weights of potassium is 39.0983 u:

𝐶𝐵 𝑀𝑟𝐴
𝐶′𝐵 = × 100
𝐶𝐴 𝑀𝑟𝐵 + 𝐶𝐵 𝑀𝑟𝐴
65.7 𝑤𝑡% 𝐵 (𝑀𝑟𝐴 )
50 𝑎𝑡% 𝐵 = × 100
34.3 𝑤𝑡% 𝐴 (𝑀𝑟𝐵 ) + 65.7 𝑤𝑡% 𝐵 (𝑀𝑟𝐴 )
1715𝑀𝑟𝐵 + 3285𝑀𝑟𝐴 = 6570𝑀𝑟𝐴
1715𝑀𝑟𝐵 = 3285𝑀𝑟𝐴
1715𝑀𝑟𝐵 = 128437.916
𝑀𝑟𝐵 = 74.89 𝑢

From the calculation above, we know that the atomic weight of B is 74.89 u, and
the closest element that has the atomic weight would be arsenic with 74.92 u.
Therefore, element B is arsenic, and the intermetallic compounds would be KAs
and KAs2.
9.41 What is the principal difference between congruent and incongruent phase
transformations?
Answer: Phase transformations may be classified according to whether there is
any change in composition for the phases involved. Those for which there are no
compositional alterations are said to be congruent transformations. Conversely,
for incongruent transformations, at least one of the phases will experience a
change in composition.

9.51 Consider 2.5 kg of austenite containing 0.65 wt% C, cooled to below 727°C
(1341°F). (a) What is the proeutectoid phase? (b) How many kilograms each of total
ferrite and cementite form? (c) How many kilograms each of pearlite and the
proeutectoid phase form? (d) Schematically sketch and label the resulting microstructure.
Answer:
Phase diagram:

a. The proeutectoid phase below 727°C would be ferrite.

b. To determine the number of total ferrite and cementite form, we can use the
lever rule.
𝐶𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 − 𝐶0
𝑊𝛼 =
𝐶𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 − 𝐶𝛼
6.7 − 0.65
𝑊𝛼 =
6.7 − 0.022
𝑊𝛼 = 0.906
Which means that the amount of ferrite in the whole austenite is:
 0.906 × 2.5 𝑘𝑔 = 2.264 𝑘𝑔

This means that the amount of cementite would be 2.5 – 2.264 kg = 0.236 kg.
c. To determine the number of total pearlite and proeutectoid form, we can use
the lever rule.
𝐶0 − 𝐶𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝑊𝑃 =
𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑑
0.65 − 0.022
𝑊𝑃 =
0.76 − 0.022
𝑊𝑃 = 0.8509
Which means that the amount of pearlite in the whole austenite is:
0.8509 × 2.5 𝑘𝑔 = 2.127 𝑘𝑔

This means that the amount of proeutectoid would be 2.5 – 2.127 kg = 0.373
kg.
d.

Pearlite

Fe3C
Proeutectoid α

Eutectoid α

9.59 Is it possible to have an iron–carbon alloy for which the mass fractions of total
cementite and pearlite are 0.039 and 0.417, respectively? Why or why not?
Answer: we can determine whether this type of alloy is possible or not by using
lever rule calculation.
𝐶0 − 𝐶𝛼
𝑊𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 =
𝐶𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 − 𝐶𝛼
𝐶0 − 0.022
0.039 =
6.7 − 0.022
𝐶0 = 0.282 wt% C
Then, we can determine value of C0’ with:
𝐶0 ' − 𝐶𝛼
𝑊P =
𝐶P − 𝐶𝛼
𝐶0 − 0.022
0.417 =
0.76 − 0.022
𝐶0 ' = 0.329 wt% C
Since C0 and C0’ are different, this alloy is not possible.
9.65 A steel alloy contains 97.5 wt% Fe, 2.0 wt% Mo, and 0.5 wt% C. (a) What is the
eutectoid temperature of this alloy? (b) What is the eutectoid composition? (c) What is
the proeutectoid phase? Assume that there are no changes in the positions of other
phase boundaries with the addition of Mo.
Answer:

a. From the figure above we can understand that the eutectoid temperature at
2 wt% Mo is approximately 850°C.
b. From the figure above we can understand that the eutectoid composition at
2 wt% Mo is approximately 0.23 wt% C.
c. The proeutectoid phase is cementite, because the carbon composition at 0.5
wt% C is greater than the eutectoid composition which is 0.022 wt% C.