Induction Hardening

Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008

Rachmad Sulaksono Prabowo 02511950010002
Principles Induction Hardening

• When electric current passes

through a conductor, an
electro-magnetic field is
created round it.

• If the conductor consists of a

coil, magnetic field flows
through the coil.
 Principles Induction Hardening

• If the magnetic flux is created by a high-

frequency alternating current, it gives rise to
eddy currents in the surface of the metal bar,
which consequently becomes heated.
• In iron, hysteresis losses also contribute to
some extent to the temperature rise up to the
Curie point (768oC), above which iron is non
magnetic.
 Types of Working Coils
designed for (a)external heating, (b)internal heating and (c)heating of a flat surface
 Influence of Various Factors
on hardness and depth of hardening
• The C content has a desicive influence on hardness after
hardening (up to about 0.8% C the harden-ability also
increases, particulary when combination with other
alloying elements)
• Hardening temperature and holding time are decisive
factors that goven the hardness and depth of hardening
(hardening temperature : 50oC higher than conventional,
holding time are extremely short/ in many case there is no
holding time)
• The depth of hardening is governed by frequency of
inductive current
 Example of Hardness and Depth of Hardening
Steel having a base composition of 0.7 % Mn, 1.1 % Cr, 0.25 % Mo and varying C contents. Induction hardening : 10000 Hz,
Diameter : 50 mm, made form hardened and tempered steel with a hardness of ca 300 HB. Quenching took place in water
directly when the specimens had reached the desired temperature
 Example of Hardness and Depth of Hardening-2
Steel having a base composition of 0.7 % Mn, 1.1 % Cr, 0.25 % Mo and varying C contents. Induction hardening :
400000 Hz, Diameter : 50 mm and they were quenched in water directly as the current was cut off.

Use of the high frequency resulted in the depth of hardening

being just about half the value obtained at 10000 Hz
 Hardness and Microstructure
in the Surface Zone of Induction-hardened Roll For Cold Rolling
1
1 2 2

3
3
4
4
5

5
6 7
6

7
Steels for Induction Hardening
-C content and alloy-
(ISO 683/XII-1972)
 Hardness values
(After tempering at 180oC)

*For steel included in ISO 683/XII-1972

Frequency of Inductive Current

• As an example it can be stated that for the hardening of large rolls for
cold rolling, Bofors use three rotary converters operating at 500 Hz with a
total power output of 900 kW and a power input per unit surface of 01
kW/cm 2, by means of which a hardness depth of up to 20 mm can be
obtained.

• For the hardening of small components, valve generators operating at

frequencies around 500000 Hz and power outputs up to 100 kW are
employed.
Method of Heating and Cooling in
Induction Hardening

Single-Shot Progressive
Hardening Hardening
Single-Shot Hardening
Progressive Hardening
 Induction Hardening for Gears
1. Single Shot Hardening of Tooth Tips
• Simple
• The wear resistance of the teeth increases, but the strength
remains unchanged
• This method can be employed with high-frequency hardening
up to module 3 and with intermediate-frequency haedening up
to module 5
2. Single Shot Hardening of Complete Teeth
• Method (b ) more expensive than method (a)
• When using method (b) not only the wear resistance but also the
bending strength of the teeth is increased
• This method is recommended for modules up to 5
 Induction Hardening for Gears
3.Flank Hardening (Progressive Hardening)
• This method is used for modules ≥ 2 using high-frequency hardening
and for modules ≥ 5 using intermediate frequency hardening
• The properties obtained are the same as by method (a)
• Simple
4.Tooth Gap Hardening (Progressive Hardening)
• The sphere of application is the same as for method (b)
• A considerable increase in bending and fatique strength is achieved
• This ‘contour hardening’ is actually the ideal method for gears, but it
requires considerable experience
• Trial hardening heat treatments and metallographical investigations
are necessary before good results can be expected
 The Hardeness Zones
for the Differing Methods
 Advantages Induction Hardening
1. Restricted localized hardening
2. Short heating-up periods
3. Minimum surface decarburization and oxidation
4. Only slight deformation
5. Increased fatigue strength
6. Any straightening required can be carried out on the
unhardened surfaces and-to a certain extent-on the
hardened surfaces
7. The process can be incorporated in a production line
8. Low operating costs
Disadvantages Induction Hardening
1. The high capital costs necessitate high degree
of eqipment utilization
2. The method is restricred to component
having a shape suitable for induction
hardening
3. Only a limited number of grades of steel can
be induction hardened
THANK YOU !!!!! 