1. 7-poles lowpass Butterworth filter with cutoff frequency in 3dB and unitary gain.

the filter is of order 7 needs four stages in cascade, three of which will be of second order and one
stage of first order.

The design parameters for each filter stage are established from table A.1, and the order of each
stage is indicated in the following table

stage
1 2 3 4
order 1 2 2 2
K gain 1 1 1 1
ai 1 1,8019 1,247 0,445
bi 0 1 1 1
Table 1.1. design parameters 7-poles Butterworth filter.

the design procedure starts below

Stage 1

the first stage is a RC circuit composed of a single capacitor and resistors, which is connected to an
amplifier model LM741CH (attached data sheet).

The commercial values of resistors and capacitors are indicated in Table A.2 and Table A.3.

The circuit must comply with the 1000 Hz cut-off frequency, which is calculated with the
expression 1.1.

1
f c= 1.1
2 πRC
Then

1
RC = =159,15 x 10−6
2πfc

selecting the commercial values that best fit this condition was obtained:

R=R 1+ R 2=750 Ω+51 Ω

C=C 1=200 nf

Now

f c =993.48 Hz

the maximum gain of the system is calculated using the following expression

RG 1
Amax =1+
RG 2
the addition of an amplifier stage allows the gain of each block that makes up the filter to be
adjustable, however, when a unit gain is required, the resistor RG2 must be much higher than the
resistor RG1.

standard values of RG1=1kΩ and RG2=1MΩ are then selected. Then:

Amax =1,001 ≈ 1

Taking the Texas Instruments document on active filters as a reference, stage 1 is constructed as
follows:

Figure.1.1. first stage of the 7-poles filter with adjustable gian.

Stage 2

This and the following stages have two condensers each, so a particular procedure for their design.

For each stage to work properly, the condensers must comply with the following relation:

C3 4 b 1
≥ 1.2
C2 a21

Then

C3
≥ 1,232
C2
the following standard values of capacitors are selected for this condition
C 2=200 nF C 3=330 nF

Now

C3
=1,65 ≥1,232
C2
the resistances are calculated with the following expressions:

a 1 C 3−√ (a 1 C 3)2−4 b1 C3 C 2
R 3= 1.3
4 π f c C3 C2

a1 C 3 + √ (a 1 C 3)2−4 b 1 C 3 C 2
R4 = 1.4
4 π f c C3 C 2
Then

R3=356,08 Ω R4 =1077,834 Ω

expressed in standard values

R3=360 Ω

R4 =1 k Ω

The second stage is:

 Figure 1.2. Second stage of the 7-poles filter with adjustable gain.

Stage 3

C5 4 b3
≥ 1.5
C4 a23

Then

C3
≥ 2,572
C2
the following standard values of capacitors are selected for this condition

C 4=200 nF C5 =680 nF

Now

C3
=3,4 ≥ 2,572
C2
the resistances are calculated with the following expressions:

a 3 C 5−√ (a3 C 5)2−4 b 3 C 5 C 4

R 5= 1.6
4 π f c C5 C 4
 a 3 C 5+ √ (a3 C 5)2−4 b3 C5 C 4
R6 = 1.7
4 π f c C5 C 4
Then

R5=251,36 Ω R6 =740,97 Ω

expressed in standard values

R5=240 Ω

R6 =750 Ω

The third stage is:

Figure 1.3. Third stage of the 7-poles filter

Stage 4

C7 4 b 4
≥ 1.8
C6 a 24

Then

C7
≥ 20,199
C6
the following standard values of capacitors are selected for this condition
C 6=15 nF C 7=330 nF

Now

C3
=22 ≥20,199
C2
the resistances are calculated with the following expressions:

a 4 C7 −√(a 4 C 7 )2−4 b4 C 6 C 7
R7 = 1.9
4 π f c C6 C7

a 4 C7 −√(a 4 C 7 )2−4 b4 C 6 C 7
R8 = 1.10
4 π f c C6 C7
Then

R7 =1685,42Ω R8=3036,18 Ω

expressed in standard values

R7 =1,6 k Ω

R8 =3 k Ω

The fourth stage is:

Figure 1.4. Fourth stage of the 7-poles filter.

The circuit is:

Figure 1.5. Circuit of the 7-poles lowpass Butterworth filter in MULTISIM

And the magnitude Bode diagram.

 Figure 1.6. Magnitude Bode diagram of the 7-poles lowpass Butterworth filter in MULTISIM

the bode diagram indicates that the filter meets the desired cutoff frequency by 3 dB

2. 6-poles Highpass Butterworth filter with cutoff frequency in 3dB and unitary gain.

For a sixth-order filter, three second-order stages are used, in which the following design
parameters are applied.

stage
1 2 3
order 2 2 2
K gain 1 1 1
ai 1,9319 1,4142 0,5176
bi 1 1 1
Tabl1 2.1

all three stages are designed with the same procedure.

in the case of the high pass filter, it is necessary that for a second order stage, the two capacitors
are of the same value, for example C=200 nF.

Stage 1

C 1=C2 =200 nF

the resistances are calculated with the following expressions:

1
R 1= 2.1
π f c a1 C
 a1
R 2= 2.2
4 π f c b1 C
Then

R1=823,83 Ω R2=768,68 Ω

In standard values

R1=820 Ω R2=750 Ω+18 Ω

The first stage is:

Figure 2.1. First stage of the 6-poles filter with adjustable gain.

Stage 2

C 3=C 4=200 nF

the resistances are calculated with the following expressions:

1
R4 = 2.3
π f c a2C

a2
R 5= 2.4
4 π f c b2 C
Then

R4 =1125,4 Ω R5 =562,69 Ω
In standard values

R4 =1,1 k Ω R 5=560 Ω

The second stage is:

Figure 2.2. Second stage of the 6-poles filter adjustable gain.

Stage 3

C 5=C 6 200 nF

the resistances are calculated with the following expressions:

1
R6 = 2.3
π f c a3 C

a2
R7 = 2.4
4 π f c b3 C
Then

R6 =3074,86 Ω R7 =205,95 Ω

In standard values

R6 =3 k Ω R 7=200 Ω

The Third stage is:

 Figure 2.3. Third stage of the 6-poles filter with adjustable gain.

And the final circuit is:

Figure 2.4. 6-poles highpass Butterworth filter in MULTISIM

And the magnitude Bode diagram is:

Figure 2.5 Magnitude Bode diagram of the 6-poles highpass Butterworth filter in MULTISIM

The bode diagram indicates that the filter meets the required design conditions
Table A.1. Design parameters for Butterworth filters
Table A.2. Standard values of resistor
Table A.3. Standard Values of Ceramic capacitors.