Art App Prelim Lesson 7

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
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City of Dasmariñas,Cavite
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LESSON 7
MEDIUMS AND TECHNIQUE OF ART

 The Structure of an Artwork refers to the composition of

finished artwork assembled by necessary elements based on artist’s
critical taste to create a composition of a master piece.
• Elements of Art
• Principles of Design

 Compositions of Art Composition refers to the

harmonious arrangement of the elements and principles of
design for painting and 3d object art for sculpture. Proper
planning and decision making however entails in the part of
the artist.
* Focal Point is the area or areas within a scene that leads
to the visual attention of the viewers. In most cases, the
main subject of the art is also the focal point of the art.
Focal point technique:
contrast, isolation, placement, convergence, the unusual
FOCAL POINT TECHNIQUE Identification:
convergence
The unusual
placement
isolation contrast
 The Elements of Art
• Line
• Shape
• Form
• Value
• Color
• Space
• Texture
• Time & Space
Element of LINE
Different Lines
1. Straight lines- rectilinear lines; geometric, hard and
impersonal; of two directions:
a. Horizontals – calmness and rest
b. Verticals – strength, balance and stability
2. Diagonal lines – movement of action; stress, frustration or defeat
3. Zigzag lines – two straight lines meet to make an angle; chaos, conflict and confusion
4. Curve lines – curvilinear; organic and natural; graceful movement
5. Actual lines – the artist intentionally shows the lines in an artwork
6. Implied lines – the artist involves the viewer in the interpretation of the composition
Element of LINE
Quality and Character of Line
1. Thick, dark, angular lines – heavy feeling and a sense of foreboding
2. Curvy, thin and free-flowing lines – soft, delicate and light feeling
3. Hatching – lines are drawn closer ro create dark shadows
4. Cross-hatching – parallel line intersect with each other to form deeper shadows
5. Outlines – for outlines that define the borders of a shape
6. Contour lines – guide where paint may be applied in 2D artworks

Element of SHAPE
If a line were to curve around and eventually cross itself, the enclosed area is
called a shape. Shapes can either geometric (circles or squares) or
organic(irregular, free form).
Shapes are an expression of ideas rather than as
objective representations of the outside world; more of
a reflection of the personality of the artist that what is
considered to be objective reality
Meanings associated with the different shapes depend
on their complexity as to how they are used as part of
the whole composition and the perceptive sensitivity of
the viewer.
Element of SHAPE
Shape results from the coming together of lines enclosing an area and separating
it from its surroundings. The interpretation of the enclosed area that is formed presents
a challenge to the brain.
In the process of human perception, German Gestalt

psychologists discovered that the way the human brain processes
information is done by organizing objects/stimuli into groups
based on –similarity, nearness and figure-ground relationships.
After this process, a perceptual totality is formed giving the
viewer the wholes that are now labelled as shapes.

Element of SHAPE
Types of Shapes
1. Geometric shapes – rectilinear and curvilinear
2. Organic shapes – natural appearance
3. Biomorphic shapes – with qualities of biological organisms
4. Amorphous shapes – no basis from either nature or geometry
5. Square – stability, symmetry, independence, monotony
6. Circle – confinement, self-reliance
7. Oval – creativity
8. Star- reaching out

Element of SHAPE
Picture plane – the flat surface in which artwork is presented Dimensions of shapes
1. 2-dimensional shapes – flat; circle, square, triangle
2. 3-dimensional shapes – massive and solid; sphere, cube, pyramid
Techniques artists use to present works with depth:
1. use of different possible angles of
viewing the object
2. variations in the thickness of the edges
3. changes in color values
4. overlapping objects

Element of FORM
Form connotes something that is three-
dimensional and encloses volume, having length, width,
and height, versus shape, which is two-dimensional, or
flat. A form can be geometric or organic. Form is also
used to describe the physical nature of the artwork, as in
metal sculpture, an oil painting, etc.
When used in tandem with the word art as in art
form, it can also mean a medium of artistic expression
recognized as fine art or an unconventional medium
done so well, adroitly, or creatively as to elevate it to the
level of fine art.
Element of FORM
Geometric forms are forms that are mathematical, precise, and can be named, as in the
basic geometric forms: sphere, cube, pyramid, cone, and cylinder. A circle becomes a
sphere in three dimensions, a square becomes a cube, a triangle becomes a pyramid or
cone.
Geometric forms are most often found in architecture and the built environment,
although you can also find them in the spheres of planets and bubbles, and in the
crystalline pattern of snowflakes, for example.
Organic forms are those that are free-flowing, curvy, sinewy, and are not symmetrical or
easily measurable or named. They most often occur in nature, as in the shapes of
flowers, branches, leaves, puddles, clouds, animals, the human figure, etc.
ELEMENT OF VALUE
The light or dark quality of a color. Black is the darkest value and white the lightest.
When black is added to a color the value of that color is darkened. When white is
added to a color the value is lightened or tinted. Value is best seen in black and
white photography.
Value - the gradual change from light to dark.
Achromatic value – changes in the amount of reflected light
from white to gray to black and from black to gray to
white.
Cast shadow – product of light falling on an object and is
blocked.
ELEMENT OF VALUE
Chiaroscuro – technique of using light and shadow in painting
Sfumato – a technique introduced by Da Vinci where
gradual blending of light and shadow gave the
figures more realistic form and depth
Caravaggio – dark manner paintings of the Baroque period
Tenebrism – dark manner or the exaggeration of chiaroscuro
Rembrant – perfected tenebrism in painting
Chiaroscuro and Sfumato
Modern Art Terms and Concepts
“Girl With a Pearl Earring”
Johannes Vermeer, 1665

Element of Color
Albert Einstein discovered color by passing a beam of light
through a triangular piece of class called a prism. He then
realized that the colors of the rainbow come from white light.
Colors and Emotion
Colors appeal to the emotion and enhance the mood. Warm,
bright colors make people happy and excited; cool colors
make them relax and encouraged to take things slowly. Reds,
pinks and yellows stimulate people, make them warm and
passionate; greens and blues suggest calmness and peace.

Element of Color
There are three terms all artists use when talking
about physical characteristics of color: hue, value, and
intensity. Hue is the same thing as the name of a color in its
true value. Value is the dark or light quality of a color.
Intensity is the brightness or saturation of a color.
The primary colors are red, yellow and blue. If two
primary colors are mixed together they create the secondary
colors; orange purple and green. If you combine a primary
color with a secondary color you will get an intermediate
color; blue-green, yellow-green, yellow-orange, red-orange,
red-violet and blue-violet,

The Element of Color

Additive and Subtractive Colors
1. Additive colors – colors of light
2. Subtractive colors – colors of pigments
The Color Wheel – a circle divided equally into

12 parts representing the 12 colors and how they
relate to each other.

Element of Space
A tricky element of the visual arts it involves both the
physiological capability of the visual system and the physical
manipulation of the two dimensionnal surface to give the
viewer an illusion of depth or distance
Space is the area all around us. An art that refers to the
distance or area between, around, above, below, or within
things. Negative space is any volume or air that is not occupied
by a solid form, positive space is any space in a painting that is
filled with something, such as lines, colors, shapes or designs.

Element of Space
Processes in physiologically perceiving space
1. Stereoscopic vision gives the viewer a perception of
depth because of the distance between the two eyes
Retinal disparity – two images of the object

2. Kinesthetic vision, movement of the eyes when
looking at or viewing the object:
- more ocular movements – near
- less ocular movements - far

Element of Space
Techniques in presenting depth on a picture plane
1. Overlapping – grouped; impression of near and distant objects.
2. Relative size and linear perspective – big objects are near; small objects are far.
3. Atmospheric perspective/aerial perspective
Gradient – a gradual change in texture,

brightness, color intensity and combination
of warm and cool colors.
Picture plane is divided into three
(3) parts:
1. Foreground – nearest to the viewer
2. Middle ground
3. Background – upper part
Element of Space
The Effect of Space

Space has fascinated both the artists and the
viewers. The artists’ fascination is based on
discovering other ways to manipulate the
picture plane and create the illusion of
endless space. Space is seen with the eye
when the mind deems its existence
improbable.

ELEMENT OF TEXTURE
Texture – illusion texture or without touching – tactile

sensations – touch – visual sensations – sight. It
describes the feel of surfaces like smooth, rough, soft,
hard, cold, warm, feel of the surface of the woven
fabrics how the surface of the material feels and looks
like and many other.

ELEMENT OF TEXTURE
Types of texture
Actual texture – the real feel and look in the surface of the
object; three-dimensional or Impasto paintings like Van
Gogh’s – a thick layer of pigment is put on the surface
Abstract texture – focus and emphasis on one aspect of the
real texture to modify the texture of the whole
composition for decorative and aesthetic effect
Invented texture – product of the artist’s imagination
usually seen in abstract artwork

ELEMENT OF TIME AND MOTION

Techniques in achieving motion and time:
1. Actual movement – kinetic art observed in modern
sculptures; aid of nature (air and water currents) or
mechanically driven
2. Implied movement – a variety of lines used
together with some degree of repetition; changes
in the position, scale or size of the objects in
varying proportions
3. Op art – technique of creating optical repetition
through manipulation of color, shape and line

 The Principles of Design

When you look at a piece of art work, the first thing you will notice is the composition
of the master piece. The principles of design is an artistic arrangement of the desired
composition according to the following:
• Balance
• Unity
• Emphasis
• Contrast
• Pattern
• Movement and
• Rhythm

Balance, or symmetrical is an even distribution. what is on one side is the same
on the other side. Asymmetrical is not balanced and is considered informal.
A photo still from the movie “300”


Unity, The quality of wholeness or oneness that is achieved through the effective
use of the elements and principles of design.
A photo still from the movie “The Lord of the Rings”


Emphasis, is the way in which artists develop the story they are trying to
communicate through their art work.
A photo still from the movie “Annabelle”


Contrast, Typically an artist will contrast in
light and dark values of color
A photo still from the movie “Ang Babaeng Humayo”
Pattern, is made by the repetition of a

color, motif, shape or line
A photo still from the movie “Me Before You”


Movement, The ability of an artist to
create movement in a piece of art work is
difficult. The main goal is for the artist to direct
the viewers eye movement through an entire
piece to rest on the center of interest,
Rhythm, in a piece of art work is

established with the use of repeating the
elements of that particular composition
such as curves, lines or angles.
A photo still from the movie “The Lord of the Rings”
To conclude.
“Every master piece of Art is like God’s creation
of man, it start from the beauty of its own
nakedness”


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EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED

QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

 The Structure of an Artwork refers to the composition of

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

 Compositions of Art Composition refers to the

FOCAL POINT TECHNIQUE Identification:

 The Elements of Art

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

In the process of human perception, German Gestalt

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

The Element of Color

The Color Wheel – a circle divided equally into

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VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

Retinal disparity – two images of the object

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

Gradient – a gradual change in texture,

The Effect of Space

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Texture – illusion texture or without touching – tactile

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VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

ELEMENT OF TIME AND MOTION

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 The Principles of Design

 The Principles of Design

A photo still from the movie “300”

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

 The Principles of Design

A photo still from the movie “The Lord of the Rings”

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

 The Principles of Design

A photo still from the movie “Annabelle”

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

 The Principles of Design

A photo still from the movie “Ang Babaeng Humayo”

Pattern, is made by the repetition of a

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

 The Principles of Design

Rhythm, in a piece of art work is

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

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