INSTRUCTION SET

ARCHITECTURE

X-86
X-86 is a family of ISA based on the intel
8086.
It was invented in 1978, as a fully 16-bit
extension of intel’s 8-bit 8080
microprocessor, with memory
segmentation(division of computer’s primary
memory into segments) as a solution for
addressing more than can be covered by a
plain 16-bit address.
 INTEL ARCHITECTURE-X86
PROCESSOR YEAR ADDRESS DATA SIZE
SIZE
8086 1978 20 16
Instruction set:-
ASCII adjust AL after
AAA addition
AAD ASCII adjust AX(16-bit)
before division
AAM ASCII adjust AX(16-bit)
after multiplication
AAS ASCII adjust AL after
subtraction
ADC Add with carry

ADD Add

AND Logical and

CALL Call procedure

CBW Convert byte to word

CMC Complement Carry flag

 INSTRUCTION SIZE:-

x86 Instruction Encoding:

From the above diagram you may think that

instructions can be up to 16bytes long, but in
reality x86 will allow instructions lesser than
15bytes in length.
ADDRESSING MODES:-
NAME
FORM EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Immediate $imm Movl $-500,%rax R[rax] = imm.
Register ra Movl %rdx ,%rax R[rax] = R[rdx]

Direct addressing Imm Movl 2000,%rax R[rax] = M[2000]

Indirect addressing (ra) Movl (%rdx),%rdx R[rax] = M[Rr[ra]]

Base w/Displacement Imm( rb ) Movl 40(%rdx), %rax R[rax] = M[R[rb]+40]

Scaled Index ( rb,ri,s + ) Movl (%rdx, %rcx, 4), R[rax] = M[R[rb]+R[ri]*S]

%rax

Scaled Index Imm( rb,ri,s +) Movl 80(%rdx, R[rax] = M[80+R[rb]

W/Displacement %rcx,2),%rax +R[ri]*S]

+ = Scale factor & can be {1,2,4 or 8}, Imm=Constant,

R[x]=content of register x,M[addr]=content of memory@addr.
Purple values=effective address(EA)=Actual address used to get the
operand .

Advantages:-
 power consumption:-
It uses very less electricity(little as 5 watts.)
Segment Registers:-
 Allowed it to address 64KB of memory, which specified the
memory locations for the code ,data, stack as well as an extra 64KB
of data segment.
Compatibility:-
Wider range of features .
Integrated Memory Controllers:-
It enhances how instructions are momentarily stored and
extracted.
Fabrication capacity:-
Produces many CPUs to market in a short time & operates
15 CPU fabrication plants across the world.

Disadvantages:-
Heat:-
Produce a lots of heat , requiring many fans
Power Consumption:-
with the electricity needs for fans or a liquid cooling system
pump, causes the computer using Intel chips to consume a
large amount of power.
Availability:-
As a manufacturer, depending on Intel processors may delay
the release of new models to the market.
Price:-
New Intel processors may demand a price , falling to more
competency levels only once the company has introduced an
even newer chip.
 Comparison of X86 & Sparc:-

Archi Bit Intro Max Type De Reg Instru-Bra- End Ext- O Royal
t- s - ope s- i- Cation ch - ens P ty
ectur duce r- ign ster Enco- Evol ian- - E Free
e d and s ing - nes ion n
s utio s s
n
X86 16 197 2(in Regis CIS 8 Variab Con Littl x87 N No
, 8 t) Ter C 16 le d- e mm o
32 3 Mem tion x
, o Cod Avx
64 ry e X86
-64
XO
P
SPAR 64 198 3 Regi- RIS 32 Fixed Con Big VIS YE YES
C 5 ster C (32 d- B S
Regi- bit) tion I
ster Cod
e