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Engineering Technology

EET 350
Fundamentals of
Electrical Technology

AC Circuits II

Chapter 5

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Introduction
• DC or Average Value
• RMS or Effective Value
• Resistor Power
• DC Value of a Sinusoid
• RMS Value of a Sinusoid
• RMS Values of Phasors

DC or Average Value
• The average of a function over a
given period of time
• Variable: Vdc or Vavg
• Unit of measure: volt (V)

net area under one cycle of the waveform

Vdc 
period
1 T
T 0
Vdc  f (t )dt , where f (t ) is v(t ), i (t ), p(t ), etc.

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Example Problem 1
v(t)
2 ms
5V
2.5 V Vdc
t
1 1
A  TVP   2 103  5  5 103 V-s
2 2
A 5 103
Vdc    2.5 V
T 2 103

RMS or Effective Value

• RMS – Root mean square of a
function
• The square root of the average of the
square of the function
• Variable: Vrms or Veff
• Unit of measure: volt rms (Vrms)

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RMS or Effective Value

area under squared curve of one cycle

Vrms 
period

1 T 2
T 0
Vrms  f (t )dt , where f (t ) is v(t ) or i (t )

Example Problem 3
v(t)
1s
4V
2V Vrms
0.5 s 0.5 s
t
A(v 2 )  0.5  4  2 V-s

A(v 2 ) 2
Vrms    1.414 Vrms
T 1

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Power in a Resistor
• Instantaneous power
v 2 (t )
p (t ) 
R
• Average power
Vrms
2
P
R

P  I rms
2
R

DC or Average Value of a
Sinusoid
• If the sinusoid has no dc offset, the
dc value of the sinusoid is zero.

• If the sinusoid has a dc offset, the dc

value of the sinusoid is equal to the
dc offset.

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RMS or Effective Value of

a Sinusoid
• If the sinusoid has no dc offset, the
rms value is
V (or I P )
Vrms (or I rms )  P  0.7071VP (or 0.7071I P )
2

• If the sinusoid has a dc offset, the

rms value of the sinusoid is
Vrms = Vrms ( ac )  Vdc or I rms  I rms ( ac )  I dc
2 2 2 2

RMS Value of a Sinusoid

VP
Vrms   0.7071VP
2
IP
I rms   0.7071 I P
2

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Example Problem 4
vt
3.5 V VP

Vrms  0.7071VP  0.7071 3.5  2.475 Vrms

Example Problem 5
vt
3.5 V VP

1.5 V Vdc
t

Vrms = Vrms ( ac )  Vdc  2.4752  1.52  2.894 Vrms

2 2

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RMS Values of Phasors

• So far, we have used peak values for
the magnitudes of phasors
 
V  VP  I  I P 

• In some applications (especially

electrical power systems), we use
rms values for phasor amplitudes.
 
V  Vrms  I  I rms 

Important Points to
Remember
• DC or Average Value
• RMS or Effective Value
• Resistor Power
• DC Value of a Sinusoid
• RMS Value of a Sinusoid
• RMS Values of Phasors

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Introduction
• Power Components
– Apparent
– Real
– Reactive
• Power Factor
• Power Triangle

Apparent Power

• VRMS ₓ IRMS (note we shall use) VₓI

• Phase angle between the voltage and
current does not matter
• Variable: S
• Unit of measure: volt-amp (VA) or
kilovolt-amp (kVA)

S  VI

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Real Power

VP
Vrms   0.7071VP
2
IP
I rms   0.7071I P
2
PAVG  VRMS  I RMS (if load is resistive)

Real Power
• V I cos θ, where θ is the phase of I
with respect to V
• Variable: P
• Unit of measure: watt (W) or
kilowatt (kW)

P  VI cos   S cos 

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Reactive Power
• V I sin θ, where θ is the phase of I with
respect to V
• Power that is alternately stored and
released in capacitors and inductors
• Variable: Q
• Unit of measure: volt-amp-reactive
(VAR) or kilovolt-amp-reactive (kVAR
or kiloVAR)
Q  VI sin   S sin 

Power Factor

  

IT  I R  I C

IC  0
 
IT  I R

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Power Factor

PR  VI R

PC  0

For source V , PDELIVERED  PR  VI R

For source V , PAPPARENT  VIT

Power Factor
• cos θ, where θ is the angle of the
current W.R.T. the voltage
• Variable: PF, FP,or F
• Unit of measure: none
• Range: 0≤PF≤1
• Can be lagging (inductive circuits) or
leading (capacitive circuits)
PF  cos 

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Power Factor
• PF =1 means the circuit is purely
resistive
– No capacitors or inductors
– or XC = XL
• PF =0 means the circuit is purely
reactive
– Only capacitors and/or inductors
– No resistors
– Real power, P, is zero

Power Triangle
• Graphical method to show apparent,
real, and reactive power
• Apparent power
S  VI
• Real power
P  VI cos 
• Reactive power
Q  VI sin 

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Power Triangle
Im

S  VI

θ
Re

Power Triangle
Im

S  VI

θ
P Re
P  VI cos 

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Power Triangle
Im

Q S  VI
Q  VI sin  θ
P Re

Power Triangle
Im

S  VI
Q  VI sin  Q
θ
P Re
P  VI cos 

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Power Triangle and

Related Equations
S  VI  P 2  Q 2
Q  VI sin   S 2  P 2
P  VI cos   S 2  Q 2
Q

Power Triangle and

Related Equations

Q
  tan 1
P
P
PF   cos  Q
S
θ

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Caution: Impedance
Angleand Power Angle
 V V 0 V
I      
Z Z  Z
• Positive impedance angle (inductive)
yields negative current angle
• Negative current angle yields
negative power angle (lagging power
factor)
• Inductors have lagging power factor,
capacitors have leading power factor

Caution: Impedance
Angle and Power Angle
• Inductive circuits have a leading
(positive) impedance angle, but
lagging power angle and lagging
power factor
• Capacitive circuits have a lagging
(negative) impedance angle, but
leading power angle and leading
power factor

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Caution: Impedance
Angle and Power Angle
jX Q

R P

Impedance Power

Example Problem 1
• The nameplate on an ac motor
indicates a rating of 240 volts (rms),
25 amperes (rms), and a power
factor of 0.75 lagging. Find a) the
apparent, real, and reactive power
and b) draw the power triangle for
the motor.

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Example Problem 1

S  VI
 240  25  6 kVA

P  VI  PF
 6, 000  0.75  4.5 kW

Example Problem 1

Q  S 2  P2
 6, 0002  4,5002  3.969 kVAR

  cos 1 0.75  41.4

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Example Problem 1

P=4.5 kW

θ = -41.4°
Q=3.696 kVAR

Example Problem 2

120 Vrms0

• Find the real, apparent, and reactive

power, and the power factor of the
load.

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Example Problem 2
  1 
Z  R  j L 
 C 
 1 
 50  j  0  
 2 60  25 106 
 50  j106.1
106.1
 502  (106.1) 2  tan 1
50
 117.3   64.77

Example

Problem 2
 V 1200
I     0.977
1.023 A64.77
Z 117.3  64.77
P  I 2 R  1.023
0.977 2  50  52.3
47.8 W
P 47.8
52.3
S   112.1
122.7 VA
cos  P cos(64.77)
Q  S sin  P 122.7
112.1sin(64.77) 111.0
101.4 VARs

PF  cos  P  cos 64.77  0.426 leading

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Important Points to
Remember
• Power Components
– Apparent
– Real
– Reactive
• Power Factor
• Power Triangle

Introduction
• Power Factor Correction
– Why?
– How?
• Power factor correction capacitors

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Why We Need Power

Factor Correction
Factory
Power 28.8 kW
Substation Vrms = 480 V PF = 0.6
Lagging
P  S  PF
P 28,800
S   48 kVA
PF 0.6

Why We Need Power

Factor Correction
Factory
Power Irms = 100 A 28.8 kW
Substation Vrms = 480 V PF = 0.6
Lagging

S 48, 000
I   100 A
V 480

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Why We Need Power

Factor Correction
Factory
Power 28.8 kW
Substation Vrms = 480 V PF = 1.0

P  S  PF

P 28,800
S   28.8 kVA
PF 1.0

Why We Need Power

Factor Correction
Factory
Power Irms = 60 A 28.8 kW
Substation Vrms = 480 V PF = 1.0

S 28,800
I   60 A
V 480

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How Power Factor

Correction is Done

• Lagging power factor

• Inductive load
• Add capacitors in parallel with loads
• Size capacitors to neutralize
inductance

How Power Factor

Correction is Done

• Power factor corrections capacitors

specifically designed for this purpose

• Sized in VARs or kVARs at a specific

frequency and voltage

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Important Points to
Remember

• Power Factor Correction

– Why?
– How?
• Power factor correction capacitors

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