CHAPTER 3 :

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

 The element of objects or
individuals selected from the
population.

AMSELP

2
The art of science of collecting,
presenting, analyzing and
interpreting data.

ITSSCIASTT

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 The totality of all the actual
observable characteristics of a
set of objects or individuals.

OPUIONALPT

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 Statistical facts, principles,
opinions and varied items of
different sources.

TDAA

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The characteristic of a
population.

AMEARPTER

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 Hey diddle diddle the
MEDIAN’S the MIDDLE
You ADD and divide for the
MEAN
The MODE is the one you
see the MOST
So better understand it team!

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 MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY FOR UNGROUPED
DATA

• Mean
• Median
• Mode

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 Mean
The mean for ungrouped data is obtained by dividing
the sum of all values by the number of values in the data
set. Thus,

  x
Mean for population data:
N

Mean for sample data:

x
 x
n
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 Example

The number of faculty members in 10 different

colleges are 16,25,40,24,15,20,50,15,35 and
20. Treating the data as a population, find the
population, find the population mean of
faculty members for the 10 colleges.

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  x
  x
N N
= 16 = 260
25 10
40 µ= 26
24
15
20
50
15
35
20
∑x= 260
N=10

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 Example 3-2

The following are the ages of samples of 9 children in a

slum area.
x= 9,8,1,3,4,5,6,7,2
∑x=45
n= 9

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x
 x
x
 x
n n
=9 = 45
8 9
1
3 x= 5 mean/average
4
5
6
7
2
∑x= 45
n=9

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 Median
The median is the value of the middle term in a data set
that has been ranked in increasing order.

The calculation of the median consists of the

following two steps:
1. Rank the data set in increasing order
2. Find the middle term in a data set with n values.
The value of this term is the median.
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 Median cont.
Value of Median for Ungrouped Data
 n 1
Median  Value of the   th term in a ranked data set
 2 

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 Example 3-4
The following data give the weight lost (in pounds) by a sample of
five members of a health club at the end of two months of
membership:
10 5 19 8 3
Find the median.

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 Solution 3-4
First, we rank the given data in increasing order as
follows:
3 5 8 10 19
There are five observations in the data set. Consequently,
n = 5 and

n 1 5 1
Position of the middle term   3
2 2
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 Solution 3-4
Therefore, the median is the value of the third term in the ranked
data.
3 5 8 10 19

The median weight loss for this sample of five members of this
health club is 8 pounds.

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Example 2:

X
9
8
7
6 Md= 5+4 = 9 = 4.5
5 2 2
4
3
2
1
1
 Mode
The mode is the value that occurs with the highest
frequency in a data set.

The following data give the speeds (in miles per

hour) of eight cars that were stopped on I-95 for
speeding violations.
77 69 74 81 71 68 74 73
Find the mode.
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 Solution 3-6
In this data set, 74 occurs twice and each of the
remaining values occurs only once. Because 74 occurs
with the highest frequency, it is the mode. Therefore,

Mode = 74 miles per hour

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 Mode cont.
• A data set may have none or many modes, whereas it
will have only one mean and only one median.
• The data set with only one mode is called unimodal.
• The data set with two modes is called bimodal.
• The data set with more than two modes is called
multimodal.

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 Example 3-7

Last year’s incomes of five randomly selected

families were Php36,150. Php95,750, Php54,985,
Php77,490, and Php23,740. Find the mode.

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 Solution 3-7

Because each value in this data

set occurs only once, this data set
contains no mode.

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 Example 3-8

The prices of the same brand of television

set at eight stores are found to be Php495,
Php486, Php503, Php495, Php470, Php505,
Php470 and Php499. Find the mode.

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 Solution 3-8

In this data set, each of the two values Php495 and

Php470 occurs twice and each of the remaining
values occurs only once.

Therefore, this data set has two modes: Php495

and Php470.
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 Example 3-9

The ages of 10 randomly selected

students from a class are 21, 19, 27, 22,
29, 19, 25, 21, 22 and 30. Find the
mode.

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 Solution 3-9

This data set has three modes: 19, 21 and

22. Each of these three values occurs
with a (highest) frequency of 2.

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 Hey diddle diddle the
MEDIAN’S the MIDDLE
You ADD and divide for the
MEAN
The MODE is the one you
see the MOST
So better understand it team!

29