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HARMONES
Definition:
 Hormones are chemical messengers that
are secreted directly into the blood,
which carries them to organs and tissues
of the body to exert their functions. There
are many types of hormones that act on
different aspects of bodily functions and
processes.

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TYPES OF HORMONES
There are three major types of hormones.
 Protein hormones (or polypeptide hormones) are
made of chains of amino acids. An example
is ADH (antidiuretic hormone) which decreases
blood pressure.
 Steroid hormones are derived from lipids. ...
 Amine hormones are derived from amino acids.

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CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES
Hormones can be classified according to their
chemical nature, mechanism of action, nature of
action, their effects, and stimulation of Endocrine
glands. i. This category of hormones are divided to
six classes, they are hormones steroid; amines;
peptide; protein; glycoprotein

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CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES
Mechanism of Action: Hormones with Intracellular
Receptors. ... That is to say, the hormone-receptor
complex binds to promoter regions of responsive genes
and stimulate or sometimes inhibit transcription from
those genes. Thus, the mechanism of action of steroid
hormones is to modulate gene expression in target cells.

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CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES
The structure of peptide hormones is that of
a polypeptide chain (chain of amino acids).
The peptide hormones include molecules that are
short polypeptide chains, such as
antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin produced in the
brain and released into the blood in the posterior
pituitary gland.

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Cardiac Hormones:
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that
controls blood pressure in part by increasing the
urinary excretion of sodium. The parathyroid glands
maintain adequate levels of blood calcium.

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PINEAL HORMONES:
The pineal gland is a tiny endocrine gland found in
the brain. It produces and secretes the hormone
melatonin, which is a hormone that helps regulate
biological rhythms such as sleep and wake cycles.
The secretion of melatonin is inhibited by light and
triggered by darkness.

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GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES
The gastrointestinal hormones (or gut hormones)
constitute a group of hormones secreted by entero
endocrine cells in the stomach, pancreas, and small
intestine that control various functions of
the digestive organs. ... They exert their autocrine and
paracrine actions that integrate gastrointestinal function.

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MODE OF STEROID HORMONE

That is to say, the hormone-receptor

complex binds to promoter regions of
responsive genes and stimulate or
sometimes inhibit transcription from
those genes. Thus, the mechanism of
action of steroid hormones is to
modulate gene expression in target cells.

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FOUNCTIONS OF STEROID HORMONE

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MODE OF PEPTIDE HORMONES

Peptide hormones and growth factors initiate
signaling by binding to and activating their cell
surface receptors. The activated receptors
interact with and modulate the activity of cell
surface enzymes and adaptor proteins which
entrain a series of reactions leading to metabolic
and proliferative signals.

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FUNCTIONS OF PEPTIDE HORMONE

Peptide hormones are secreted and function in
an endocrine manner to regulate many
physiological functions, including growth,
appetite and energy metabolism, cardiac
function, stress, and reproductive physiology.
Many signal via G protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs).

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Thank You

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