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Okay! Well,

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we are again in another video lecture
of basic surveying and this is lecture number

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3 of module 3.

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Now, in module 3, we are talking about the
linear measurements, and what we have done

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so far, particularly in the lecture which
was the last lecture - the lecture number

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2 of module 3 - we talked about how we can do mapping using chain and tape.

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Now, we took a ground; we made a ground on our drawing sheet, and we thought: well,
if

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this is the ground, what should be done in
order to make a map using chain and tape?

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So, we used various principles of surveying
in order to make the map.

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Now, there, when we are doing that, we saw
that there could be many problems which might

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occur, particularly in finding the offsets,
because we need the offsets - we need the

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chainage, we need the offsets - and using
these we can make the maps.

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So, we saw some of the techniques by which
we can erect the perpendiculars, we can drop

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the perpendiculars; we saw some instruments
also.

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Also, many times, you need to establish parallel
lines, and we have seen also some methods

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in order to do that.

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Now, whatever we have discussed in our last lecture, that is not the end of it; I
will

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appeal to you, I will request you to please
go through your textbooks, whatever the textbook

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you have, and read more on that.

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As well as, when you are in the field all
these things which are in the textbook are

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not the limit; rather, in the field you have
enough scope to innovate, because there, in

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the field, the problem which is in front of
you is entirely different; every time, it

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is a new problem, and you try to find a solution
for that particular problem.

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The solution may not be there in the textbook;
you will have to device that solution.

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So always, whenever we are talking of the
basic surveying, we must keep this in mind,

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that we have to find a solution which is practical.

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‘Practical’ means, which we can implement
in the field; which we can do in the field.

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Second, it should satisfy our requirement.

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Whatever the requirements are; what you want
to do; what kind of accuracies you want to

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achieve - all those requirements should be
met.

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Well, having said that, today, we are going
to a new area.

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Again, this is about the linear measurement.

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We want to measure the distances; we want
to measure the lengths and the ‘new area’

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I am saying because we will be using an instrument
that is called ‘EDMI’.

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We will see it stands for Electronic Distance
Measuring Instrument.

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So, how we are making use of the modern electronics
to measure the linear distances?

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We will - see of course, very briefly - the
characteristics of the EMR, the modulations
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of the wave, then we will see how this EDMI
works - the basic principles.

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Then there are various EDMI’s; how to classify
them?

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So we will see the classification of that.

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Then, the principle of operation, the pulse
method, the phase difference method, and finally,

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we will look at the fundamental equation of
the EDMI.

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So, this is what we will cover today.

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The EDMI - as you can see here, it stands
for Electronic Distance Measuring Instrument.

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For the distances that we measured so far,
we were making use of physical things - maybe

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chain or maybe paces - when we walk, by walking
we can measure the distance, or maybe tape

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or physical item was there - and using that
physical thing, instrument, we are measuring

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the distance.

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Now here, in this case, we want to make use
of the electromagnetic radiation, the light

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waves, the microwaves, and using those, we
want to measure the distance.

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So basically, we will go into this, and first
we will discuss a little bit about the electromagnetic

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radiation, because this is what we will be
making use of.

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Well, we will briefly - we will look into
detail about this, very briefly - what is

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the principle?

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This principle of measuring - using lasers,
particularly, because this date is for lasers;

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is known since 1960’s, and that is the time
when people started making use of light waves

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or the lasers to measure the distances.

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The principle is, as I am writing here, there
is one ‘T’ and an ‘R’; now T stands

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for transmitter, and this R stands for receiver.

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So, we have an instrument here, and this instrument
is a transmitter and as well as a receiver.

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What it will do?

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At certain distance from this transmitter
and receiver is another part, another instrument,
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which we can say is ‘reflector’.

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Now, this may be an instrument, or this may
be just anything - a wall, a tree, a pole,

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or anything.

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Well, our job is, we want to measure the distance between these 2 points - the
transmitter and

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the reflector.

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The principle is - first of all, an electromagnetic radiation, whatever the
radiation is - we

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are not talking about that particular wavelength right now, but it starts from the
transmitter,

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because it is fired from the transmitter,
and it goes to the reflector.

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From the reflector, it will reflect back,
and again, it will reach the receiver.

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So, the receiver will pick it up.

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After picking it up, receiver will somehow
- I am writing somehow here - measure the

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time of travel.

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So, by measuring this time of travel, we know
the basic equation; we know the velocity of
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light or velocity of electromagnetic radiation,
and if we can measure this time of travel

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- as we are assuming here, right now, that
yes, we can measure this time of travel - so

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we can determine this distance D between these
2 points.

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So, that is the basic principle of EDMI - how
the electronic distance measuring instruments,

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they work.

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Now, over here, I am writing that there are
2 types of measurements possible: one is the

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time measurement, and the other is the phase
measurement.

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Basically, in order to find this value of
T, either we can measure it directly by the

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time measurement principle, or we can measure
it indirectly using this phase measurement

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principle.

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We will look into these later on.

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We know about this electromagnetic radiation;
you know that it travels at the speed of light

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from a source, and you know about the wavelength,
you know about the frequency - we know all

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those things; the characteristics of the electromagnetic
radiation.

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We are going to make use of this.

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Some more things about it - because here,
in the case of the EDMI, we do not use the

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wavelength or the carrier wave directly for
making the measurements.

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What is the meaning of that?

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If we are measuring the distance between 2 points, we do not make use of any, for
example,

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the infrared, directly, no; or maybe the blue
wavelength directly, no - rather, we need

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to modulate these waves.

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Now, what is the meaning of modulation?

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You might have done the modulations somewhere
in your physics classes.

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The modulations which we will make use of here - we will talk about that, but
before that,

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let us say this is the carrier wave
- carrier wave means this is the infrared.
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You know the wavelength, and so, this the
infrared wave.

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I am just making a very rough sinusoidal wave here, and this is the measuring wave.

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Measuring wave means, we want to have a wave, which we say measuring wave, which is
of a

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particular frequency, of a particular wavelength, and it is different than the
carrier wave.

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Carrier wave is the actual wave in our electromagnetic spectrum - one of those
wavelengths - while

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the measuring wave is a suitably chosen wavelength which we will make use of for
measuring our distances.

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So, we are interested in measuring wave, but this is not available; this not
available

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in the spectrum.

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So, what we do, we modulate our carrier wave as per the measuring wave.

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Now, how this modulation is done?

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The very first modulation is ‘amplitude
modulation’.

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In the case of the measuring wave, as you
can see here, this is the wave, so it has

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its signal like this, so we modulate the carrier
wave in such a way that the carrier wave carries

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the signal of the measuring wave, as you can
see here in a very rough diagram.

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So here, the carrier wave has been modulated.

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Similarly, there could be another modulation
- this modulation is the amplitude modulation,

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the another one could be ‘frequency modulation’.

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What we are doing?

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The signal which you want to send as the measuring
wave is being sent by modulating our carrier

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wave in frequency.

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As you can see, the frequency is changing
here, and this change in the frequency is

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carrying the signal of the measuring wave.

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There is one more method, and in that method,
we can modulate using the ‘impulse modulation’.

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This particular signal - this step signal
- is being represented here by waves and no

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waves . So, a step kind of signal is being
transmitted.

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What we are doing?

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Using this, we are making use of the carrier
wave in order to transmit the signal which

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is required to be transmitted by measuring
wave.

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So, this is why the modulation of the wave
is required.

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If we are going further, we would like to
see the classification of EDMI.

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There will be some terms right now which are
not explained so far, but as we progress in

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this lecture, we will explain these terms
one by one.

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Now, we can classify the EDMI’s which are
available in market in these three broad categories.

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We can classify them by the wavelength which
they use; or maybe the range of the operation

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- how long they can measure; or whether they
are active, passive or no reflector type.

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I will start talking about this from this
bottom one - this classification is whether

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the EDMI is active, passive or having no reflector.

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What is the meaning of that?

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Well, if I draw a diagram now, here, you saw
we fired the EMR - electromagnetic radiation

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- and it returns back, and once it returns
back, we measure, somehow, the time of travel.

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Now, in order for this EMR or this pulse to
return from the reflector, there are various

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possibilities.

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The meaning of ‘no reflector’ is, this
reflector is no instrument, rather, it is

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any natural thing.

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For example, it could be the wall, it could
be a tree, it could be a pole, it could be

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anything - anything which is naturally occurring,
because we know any electromagnetic radiation

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will get reflected from a naturally occurring
surface.

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So, we make use of these kinds of EDMI; we
do not use the reflectors.

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And this is true, more when we are working
in very short ranges.

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So, without using any reflector, we can measure
the distances, because our
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natural objects are acting as a reflector.

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However, if this distance - for example, I
am writing this distance as ‘D’ - if this

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distance is very large - what will happen
if it is very large?

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The signal, once it starts from the transmitter
T, it goes to the reflector, and if this distance

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D is very large, the signal will lose its
energy; it will diminish, and what happens

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in the process is, while it gets reflected
also from the reflector, by the time it reaches

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the receiver again - R - it is very weak,
and if the signal is very weak, we cannot

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really make use of that to measure the distances.

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So, in those cases - what we can do in those
cases, instead of having our wall, our tree,

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or any natural thing as the reflector, what
we can do, we can make use of an artificial

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prism.

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So here is our stand - let us say this is
something - a rod - on that rod is a prism,

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and the radiation is travelling from here
and it gets reflected from the prism.

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So, this is a very, you know, a kind of ideal
reflector.

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Because we have an ideal reflector here, so
whatever is the radiation reaching here, most

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of it will be reflected back.

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This kind of thing where our reflector is
a simple prism or maybe an assembly of them

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- we have one prism or maybe one, two, three,
four, five - that kind of reflector, so all

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these are called the ‘passive’; they are
just simple prisms.

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Now, what is the meaning of ‘active’?

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The meaning of active is, now, our electromagnetic
radiation reaches here.

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There is an instrument now - it is not - we
are not making use of simple wall or natural

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surfaces, we are not making use of any passive
prism also; rather, we are making use of some

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instrument which is supported by a battery,
a power, and the electromagnetic radiation

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which reaches here will be captured by this
reflector, and then this reflector will fire

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the radiation.

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So what it is doing?

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We have an active system here; active system
which means the power.

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So generally, these are heavy in weight, large
in size, and they are generally used - these

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active ones - when the ranges are very, very
large.

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Now, the second classification is as per the
wavelength used.

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What wavelength we are making use of in order
to measure the distances using EDMI?

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Now, the first category is ‘infrared EDMI’.

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You know the infrared will be from 0.8 to
0.9 micrometre.

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For example, mostly, these are amplitude modulated
infrared, and also mostly, we go for phase

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difference method - we will talk about this
method in a moment; what is the phase difference.

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Then, we do not need active reflector in this
case, rather, we just need, sometimes, the
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passive reflectors.

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Passive means, a set of prisms or simple wall
or natural surfaces or any tree or any anything,

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any naturally occurring surface can work as
a reflector in this case.

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So, for longer distances only we need the
passive reflectors.

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These infrared EDMI’s, they come in various
ranges; they can measure in 10 to 20 kilometre

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range, 3 to 10 kilometre, or maybe half a
kilometre to 3 kilometre - so, all these ranges,

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they can take the measurements in.

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There is one problem about this infrared EDMI;
that is, because infrared gets absorbed in

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water - so in case of the raining, underwater
or maybe in foggy condition, these infrared

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EDMI’s cannot be used.

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The other category is the microwave EDMI.

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They basically make use of radio waves.

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Now, with the radio waves - it is mostly frequency
modulated - there is one problem: the radio

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waves are weak in energy, and because they
are weak in energy, so we need an active reflector,

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but these are used generally for very large
ranges - 25 kilometres to 50 kilometres.

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There is one more advantage of these microwave
EDMI’s - now, that advantage is, they can

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be used in case of rain, fog or in high-moisture
areas.

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For example, over a water body, the moisture
is - a lot of moisture is there, but these

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microwaves, they will not be affected because
of these; it will penetrate the fog, it will

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penetrate the cloud.

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In all these circumstances, wherever the moisture
is there and we cannot use the infrared EDMI

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and the ranges are very large, we will go
for microwave EDMI.

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00:18:24,290 --> 00:18:30,460
Okay, another classification: if you go to
the market and you will find, in the market,

211
00:18:30,460 --> 00:18:33,289
the EDMI’s are being sold by the range also.

212
00:18:33,289 --> 00:18:34,840
What range?
213
00:18:34,840 --> 00:18:40,290
Up to 50 kilometre, 25 kilometre and up to
5 kilometre - that kind of ranges are also

214
00:18:40,290 --> 00:18:43,740
referred to, and they are called long-range,
medium-range and short-range.

215
00:18:43,740 --> 00:18:49,900
Now we will talk about the principle of EDMI.

216
00:18:49,900 --> 00:19:00,700
How do they measure the distances?

217
00:19:00,700 --> 00:19:05,630
We have seen only very briefly the principle,
but here, we will look into the details.

218
00:19:05,630 --> 00:19:10,670
Number one method which we are talking about
was by time measurement.

219
00:19:10,670 --> 00:19:14,780
Now, what is this?

220
00:19:14,780 --> 00:19:23,990
In the case of the time measurement, there
is a time counter.

221
00:19:23,990 --> 00:19:30,750
Generally, this is called the time counter,
and what is happening there?

222
00:19:30,750 --> 00:19:41,390
From our transmitter, a pulse is fired, and
this pulse travels to the reflector.

223
00:19:41,390 --> 00:19:46,640
So, this is our transmitter and reflector
- now again, the reflector could be anything;

224
00:19:46,640 --> 00:19:54,830
it could be the natural objects or it could
be a passive reflector consisting of the prism.

225
00:19:54,830 --> 00:20:00,470
So, the pulse travels to the reflector and
then from there, it comes back.

226
00:20:02,660 --> 00:20:06,640
Now, somehow, this time travel is measured.

227
00:20:09,100 --> 00:20:10,459
How it is measured?

228
00:20:10,470 --> 00:20:14,549
There are various devices - basically it is
a CCD-based device - Charged Couple-based

229
00:20:14,549 --> 00:20:20,970
Devices are there; or photo - diode-based.

230
00:20:20,970 --> 00:20:35,220
Now, what happens in this case?

231
00:20:35,220 --> 00:20:40,510
The reflection which was sent or the pulse
which was fired is fired at a time - let us

232
00:20:40,510 --> 00:20:47,840
say t1 - and here, in this case, we are making
use of the centroid of the pulse for taking

233
00:20:47,840 --> 00:20:49,020
the measurement.

234
00:20:49,020 --> 00:20:58,360
Now, this pulse comes backs to us after some
time, and that is the centroid of this pulse,

235
00:20:58,360 --> 00:21:01,080
and let us say the time at that moment is
t2.

236
00:21:02,100 --> 00:21:10,059
So, the time taken for this pulse to start
from the transmitter, go to the reflector

237
00:21:10,059 --> 00:21:16,439
and come back again is t2 minus t1 - that
is the time taken.

238
00:21:17,400 --> 00:21:19,560
Now, how these times are measured?

239
00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:26,520
Actually, there is electronic circuitry inside
the instrument and it makes use of that circuitry;

240
00:21:26,520 --> 00:21:29,570
it basically captures the return waveform.

241
00:21:29,570 --> 00:21:38,200
The moment the one pulse is fired, it captures when this pulse was fired, then it
waits for

242
00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:42,330
the return pulse, so when the return pulse
comes back to the instrument, it captures

243
00:21:42,330 --> 00:21:43,939
the return waveform.

244
00:21:43,940 --> 00:21:46,950
The return waveform could be like this.

245
00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:54,900
The waveform which was fired is a Gaussian waveform, but the return waveform may
have

246
00:21:54,909 --> 00:22:00,989
any shape; it will depend upon what kind of
reflector is there, what kind of surface is there.

247
00:22:01,220 --> 00:22:06,740
Anyway, whatever it is, in this case, as we
are seeing, we are making use of the centroids

248
00:22:06,740 --> 00:22:07,740
of the pulses.

249
00:22:08,080 --> 00:22:13,720
So, by measuring this return waveform, as
you can see here, we determine its centroid.

250
00:22:13,730 --> 00:22:18,490
We already know the centroid of this, and
by measuring these two times; by recording
251
00:22:18,490 --> 00:22:21,270
these two times, we can measure the time of
travel.

252
00:22:21,270 --> 00:22:25,430
So, having known this time of travel, the
distance between these two points - if the

253
00:22:28,100 --> 00:22:37,879
distance is ‘D’ - we know 2D now, so delta
t multiplied by C - this is how you can determine

254
00:22:37,890 --> 00:22:45,400
the D. So, we can know our D here.

255
00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:49,320
Now, there is some problem - we will see that what is the problem here.

256
00:22:49,740 --> 00:22:53,760
The time measurement or the resolution of
time measurement has to be very, very good

257
00:22:53,860 --> 00:22:55,510
here - why it is so?

258
00:22:55,580 --> 00:23:06,260
Let us say, if we are talking of nanosecond,
now, there in the instrument, you have a time

259
00:23:06,260 --> 00:23:17,500
counter, as we said, and this time counter
is measuring the delta t - t2 and t1.

260
00:23:17,500 --> 00:23:20,870
Now, what should be the least count of this
time counter?

261
00:23:20,870 --> 00:23:28,729
Let us say, if the least count is in nanoseconds,
how much will be the error?

262
00:23:28,730 --> 00:23:36,430
If it is so, we know the velocity of light
is 3 into … metre.

263
00:23:37,180 --> 00:23:48,940
If you find it, if you solve it, then this
comes out to be 0.30 metre, or we can say,

264
00:23:48,940 --> 00:23:50,409
30 centimetre.

265
00:23:50,409 --> 00:23:51,799
What is the meaning of this?

266
00:23:51,799 --> 00:23:58,299
Even if our time counter is very precise,
it is measuring, or its least count is, in

267
00:23:58,299 --> 00:24:05,619
nanoseconds; we are committing an error of the order of 30 centimetres in our
measurement

268
00:24:05,950 --> 00:24:08,810
- you can do this computation, you can find
the values.

269
00:24:09,920 --> 00:24:16,820
Now, 30 centimetre error in our computation, or - sorry, in distance measurement -
is too

270
00:24:16,830 --> 00:24:24,580
large, because we are making use of EDMI in order to measure in millimetre level;
our

271
00:24:24,580 --> 00:24:34,159
aim is to measure in millimetre, so thirty
centimetre is really too large. So generally,

272
00:24:35,900 --> 00:24:45,740
the instruments or the time counters which are used for measuring accurately

273
00:24:45,740 --> 00:24:47,920
are very costly.

274
00:24:50,380 --> 00:24:57,100
Because their cost is high, we cannot use
them for cheaper instruments.

275
00:24:57,110 --> 00:25:02,090
I need an EDMI which I can use in this room, which I can use there, outside, which
I can
276
00:25:02,090 --> 00:25:04,230
use to measure any distance.

277
00:25:04,820 --> 00:25:12,280
If the EDMI is too big because of all that
electronic circuitry, if it is too costly

278
00:25:12,289 --> 00:25:17,649
because of this precision of the time counter, I cannot use it in the field; it
cannot be cheaper.

279
00:25:18,420 --> 00:25:24,799
So, generally, we have instruments which work on this time counter principle but
they are

280
00:25:24,799 --> 00:25:28,940
- these are the instruments which are very
costly and mostly, they are used in airborne

281
00:25:28,940 --> 00:25:32,360
survey, not for the land survey.

282
00:25:32,740 --> 00:25:37,480
Here, in the land survey, we are looking for
instrument which is cheaper; which can be

283
00:25:37,480 --> 00:25:42,540
handled by many people - you know, if the
cost is less, you can take it to the field;

284
00:25:42,540 --> 00:25:45,030
the size of the instrument should be small.

285
00:25:45,030 --> 00:25:49,620
So, because of these reasons, generally, the EDMI’s which work with this time
counter

286
00:25:49,620 --> 00:25:55,770
principle or time measurement are not used in land surveying, rather, we use the
another

287
00:25:55,770 --> 00:25:58,470
principle which is the phase measurement.

288
00:26:04,940 --> 00:26:07,440
Now, what is this phase measurement?
289
00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:09,240
What is happening there?

290
00:26:09,960 --> 00:26:13,720
Before we go into that, we would like to see
what is the phase.

291
00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:23,380
You have done in your physics classes - you can measure the phase of a wave.

292
00:26:23,390 --> 00:26:25,010
What does the phase indicate?

293
00:26:25,010 --> 00:26:33,460
If a wave is travelling from a point to the
another point - let us say, like this, at

294
00:26:33,460 --> 00:26:45,409
any moment - it is a sinusoidal curve - at
any moment it corresponds to a particular

295
00:26:45,409 --> 00:26:47,360
angle value.

296
00:26:47,360 --> 00:26:50,840
Whether it is this point here, there will
be a certain value of the angle.

297
00:26:50,840 --> 00:26:54,570
For example, here, the angle value is 0.

298
00:26:54,570 --> 00:27:00,168
Over here, it is 180 degrees or pi; it is
2 pi here.

299
00:27:00,169 --> 00:27:05,500
So, these angle values, speaking very simply,
we term or we refer as the’ phase’ of

300
00:27:05,500 --> 00:27:06,500
the wave.

301
00:27:06,500 --> 00:27:08,490
So, that is the phase.
302
00:27:08,490 --> 00:27:13,830
Now, phase measurement means, we can measure
the phase.

303
00:27:13,830 --> 00:27:16,970
I am going to draw one more diagram here.

304
00:27:16,970 --> 00:27:28,000
Let us say, a wave starts travelling from
here, and travels like this.

305
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:35,830
Now, from here - this is our transmitter,
and that is the reflector - now, from the

306
00:27:35,830 --> 00:27:40,720
reflector, it gets reflected back, and let
us say I draw the reflected part like this.

307
00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:48,421
So, that is the one which is going there,
and this is the reflected one.

308
00:27:48,421 --> 00:27:53,370
Now, we can measure the phase of the wave
at any moment - for example, once this wave

309
00:27:53,370 --> 00:28:00,668
is leaving the transmitter here, we can measure
the phase as ‘phi 1’.

310
00:28:00,669 --> 00:28:07,850
Once this wave is reaching again the receiver
- receiver is R - we can measure again the

311
00:28:07,850 --> 00:28:11,469
phase of the wave as ‘phi 2’.

312
00:28:11,470 --> 00:28:20,950
Now, one very important concept: if the distance
between these two points is constant; is not

313
00:28:20,950 --> 00:28:28,820
changing, then the phase difference ‘delta
phi’, which will be ‘phi 2’ minus ‘phi

314
00:28:28,820 --> 00:28:31,700
1’, will be constant.

315
00:28:33,300 --> 00:28:39,520
Whatever is the value of phi 1, the phase
at which the wave is leaving this transmitter,

316
00:28:39,940 --> 00:28:44,220
at the same time, the wave which is coming back to the receiver - whatever its
phase;

317
00:28:44,230 --> 00:28:52,510
the value of phi 2 - the difference of these
two will be always constant, because the distance

318
00:28:52,510 --> 00:28:58,179
between these 2 points - let us say A and
B - is not changing.

319
00:28:58,900 --> 00:29:04,980
So, this phi value will be always constant,
and this, we say as ‘phase difference’.

320
00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:21,560
Well, what we try to do, we try to measure
this phase difference.

321
00:29:22,920 --> 00:29:27,420
Now again, I am going to draw a figure here.

322
00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:31,400
This is point A and point B.

323
00:29:31,409 --> 00:29:34,679
We want to measure the distance between these two points.

324
00:29:34,679 --> 00:29:42,600
So what we do, we again fire the laser pulse or any electromagnetic radiation which
travels

325
00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:59,320
like this, and then it will come back, and
we are measuring the phase difference delta phi.

326
00:30:01,100 --> 00:30:07,779
Let us say you are able to measure the delta phi - what will be the distance
corresponding
327
00:30:07,779 --> 00:30:09,759
to this delta phi?

328
00:30:10,980 --> 00:30:12,640
The linear measurement.

329
00:30:17,760 --> 00:30:27,400
We know, in a wave - that is the wavelength
‘lambda’; this lambda corresponds to 2

330
00:30:27,400 --> 00:30:33,799
pi radian, so this corresponds to lambda.

331
00:30:33,799 --> 00:30:45,490
So, our one radian in phase will correspond
to lambda by 2 pi, and our delta phi phase

332
00:30:45,490 --> 00:30:51,610
will correspond to delta phi by 2 pi into
lambda.

333
00:30:53,380 --> 00:30:57,680
What I am saying here, what I am trying to
indicate?

334
00:30:57,690 --> 00:31:03,820
Well, I am - let us take it for granted right
now that there are some instruments which

335
00:31:03,820 --> 00:31:07,419
can measure delta phi or the phase difference.

336
00:31:08,040 --> 00:31:12,139
So, if you can measure the phase difference - because our aim is not to measure the
phase

337
00:31:12,140 --> 00:31:17,899
difference; our aim is to measure the distance between 2 points - but what we are
measuring,

338
00:31:17,899 --> 00:31:22,440
we are measuring the phase difference of the wave which is outgoing, and the wave
which

339
00:31:22,441 --> 00:31:23,441
is coming.

340
00:31:24,040 --> 00:31:27,360
So, whatever is the phase difference at any
instant, we are measuring that one, and we

341
00:31:27,370 --> 00:31:33,169
know, if the distance between 2 points is
constant, this phase difference will be constant.

342
00:31:34,220 --> 00:31:38,980
So, if you can - let us take it for granted
now that we can measure this phase difference.

343
00:31:38,980 --> 00:31:42,269
If we can measure the phase difference, what
is the corresponding length?

344
00:31:42,269 --> 00:31:47,470
So, we can find this corresponding length
here in terms of the lambda, as we have seen

345
00:31:47,470 --> 00:31:49,090
here.

346
00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:53,120
Now, is that enough?

347
00:31:54,200 --> 00:31:57,760
What I am going to do now, I am going to draw
another figure here.

348
00:31:58,720 --> 00:32:05,120
Well, let us say this is point A and point
B, and between these 2 points, we have to

349
00:32:05,130 --> 00:32:06,130
measure the distance.

350
00:32:06,130 --> 00:32:15,659
As usual, what we do, we fire our electromagnetic
radiation - the continuous wave we are firing

351
00:32:15,659 --> 00:32:22,909
- and this continuous wave will reflect from
B and will come back again to A. Let me open
352
00:32:22,909 --> 00:32:26,969
this, or rather, I take this A as here again
now.

353
00:32:28,700 --> 00:32:30,200
What I am trying to do?

354
00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:38,220
The wave will actually go here, reflect, and
go to A. So, instead of showing it this way,

355
00:32:38,220 --> 00:32:41,840
I am trying to show it now this way.

356
00:32:41,840 --> 00:32:42,970
What will happen now?

357
00:32:42,970 --> 00:32:51,409
The wave will travel further and will reach
A, so the phase at here is phi 1, and the

358
00:32:51,409 --> 00:33:00,710
phase here is phi 2, and we are measuring
delta phi, which is phi 2 minus phi 1, by

359
00:33:01,140 --> 00:33:07,140
- sorry, just phi 2 minus phi 1.

360
00:33:08,660 --> 00:33:09,820
That is the phase.

361
00:33:11,580 --> 00:33:18,879
Well, our interest is, as I was saying, that
we want to measure this distance D. I am trying

362
00:33:18,890 --> 00:33:20,330
to write the equation now.

363
00:33:21,720 --> 00:33:26,860
Somehow, I am again - somehow we are able to measure this delta phi.

364
00:33:26,870 --> 00:33:28,870
What will be the equation for the distance?

365
00:33:28,870 --> 00:33:35,370
We can write the equation for the distance
as 2D - 2D means, the D here and the D here

366
00:33:36,740 --> 00:33:43,940
- of course, because the wave is going to
the reflector, getting reflected back, so

367
00:33:43,940 --> 00:33:46,840
the wave travels a total distance of 2D.

368
00:33:47,180 --> 00:33:57,820
So, this 2D will be equal to - we are measuring this delta phi divided by 2 phi
into lambda.

369
00:33:57,830 --> 00:34:07,149
Lambda is the wavelength which we are making use of - that is lambda - but is that
okay?-

370
00:34:07,740 --> 00:34:09,420
is that the distance?

371
00:34:10,139 --> 00:34:13,379
Now, you will very easily guess that this
is not the distance; rather, we need to write

372
00:34:13,389 --> 00:34:15,080
something more here.

373
00:34:15,080 --> 00:34:16,080
What we need to write?

374
00:34:16,080 --> 00:34:24,750
We need to know, as we see in this figure
now, how many complete wavelengths are there.

375
00:34:24,750 --> 00:34:31,560
If I highlight here - look at this figure
-in this figure itself, there is one full

376
00:34:31,560 --> 00:34:32,779
wavelength.

377
00:34:33,360 --> 00:34:40,820
Then - I highlight this by another colour,
then there is one more full wavelength here,

378
00:34:42,920 --> 00:34:49,480
then, there is one more full wavelength here, and finally,

379
00:34:52,440 --> 00:34:58,960
this is the partial wavelength; the phase difference which we are measuring is for
this partial

380
00:34:58,960 --> 00:34:59,860
wavelength.

381
00:35:01,360 --> 00:35:07,280
So, we do not know anything so far about how
many of these full wavelengths.

382
00:35:07,280 --> 00:35:14,320
So, what we can do, we can write: if there
are M number of full wavelengths, so the distance

383
00:35:14,320 --> 00:35:22,220
can be written as M into lambda - of course,
because the lambda is the wavelength, so M

384
00:35:22,220 --> 00:35:26,640
into lambda plus whatever the distance we
are getting because of the phase difference

385
00:35:26,640 --> 00:35:30,580
- so that is the basic equation.

386
00:35:30,580 --> 00:35:41,000
Now in this equation, there are questions
- questions are: one, how to get this value

387
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:47,210
of M, and as well as, how to measure this
delta phi, though so far, we have taken it

388
00:35:47,210 --> 00:35:48,210
for granted.

389
00:35:48,210 --> 00:35:55,640
So, what we will do now, we will see how to
get these two: M - number of those wavelengths,

390
00:35:55,640 --> 00:35:57,440
and delta phi - the phase difference.
391
00:35:59,320 --> 00:36:05,360
We will start with how to measure delta phi
or the phase difference.

392
00:36:05,370 --> 00:36:13,270
Now, there are instrument in market which
can measure this delta phi with a least count

393
00:36:13,270 --> 00:36:21,130
of 3 into 10 to the power 4 . Let me explain
this - what is the meaning of this?

394
00:36:21,130 --> 00:36:30,330
If we are making use of - because the phase
is angle, I can show the 2 pi angle like this,

395
00:36:30,330 --> 00:36:37,090
and within this 2 pi angle or 2 pi phase,
I can measure the phase difference with a

396
00:36:37,090 --> 00:36:48,490
least count which will give me 2 pi by 3 into
10 to the power … that kind of least count.

397
00:36:48,490 --> 00:36:52,569
So, there are instruments in market which
can measure the phase difference with this

398
00:36:52,570 --> 00:36:53,730
kind of accuracy.

399
00:36:53,730 --> 00:36:57,550
Now, what is - what we can say in terms of
the corresponding wavelength?

400
00:36:57,550 --> 00:37:07,810
Let us have a wavelength here - any wavelength
- what is the meaning?

401
00:37:07,810 --> 00:37:15,620
The meaning is, if that is my lambda 1, I
can measure now, because by measuring the

402
00:37:15,620 --> 00:37:19,009
phase difference, what we are doing, we are
measuring - or rather, we are getting the
403
00:37:19,010 --> 00:37:21,810
value of the distance - isn’t it?

404
00:37:21,810 --> 00:37:26,549
Whatever is the distance which we can determine
corresponding to the phase difference, we

405
00:37:26,550 --> 00:37:28,280
can determine that; we have seen that.

406
00:37:28,280 --> 00:37:36,210
So, what will be the corresponding value in
terms of the distance, if we can measure our

407
00:37:36,210 --> 00:37:39,370
phase difference with this kind of least count?

408
00:37:39,370 --> 00:37:44,040
Over here, with this kind of a least count,
if we can measure the phase difference, what

409
00:37:44,040 --> 00:37:46,029
we can do in terms of the lambda?

410
00:37:46,030 --> 00:37:55,380
The meaning is, this entire lambda can be
divided into so many parts, or we can say,

411
00:37:55,380 --> 00:38:02,840
when we are measuring the lambda, we can have
our least counts equal to lambda divided by

412
00:38:02,840 --> 00:38:06,780
3 into 10 to the power 4.

413
00:38:06,780 --> 00:38:11,160
Now, I can have another lambda which is smaller.

414
00:38:13,080 --> 00:38:18,560
This is again, another important concept here
- lambda 2.

415
00:38:18,560 --> 00:38:25,140
Now, you can guess very well in which case
- in case of lambda 1, which is large, or
416
00:38:25,140 --> 00:38:30,150
lambda 2, which is small - the least count
of distance measurement, because of the phase

417
00:38:30,150 --> 00:38:34,260
difference measurement will be better; will
be finer.

418
00:38:34,260 --> 00:38:42,210
In case of the lambda 2, you know the lambda
2 divided by 3 into 10 to the power of 4 will

419
00:38:42,210 --> 00:38:46,460
be smaller than lambda 1 divided by 3 into
10 to power of 4.

420
00:38:46,460 --> 00:38:53,970
So, that means the least count in case of
lambda 2 is finer; our resolution of distance

421
00:38:53,970 --> 00:38:55,950
measurement is better.

422
00:38:55,950 --> 00:38:57,379
So, what we have seen?

423
00:38:57,380 --> 00:39:04,280
We have seen that we can make use of the phase
difference measuring instruments; they can

424
00:39:04,290 --> 00:39:05,710
measure with certain accuracy.

425
00:39:05,710 --> 00:39:09,970
It does not matter what is the value of lambda because they are measuring the
phases.

426
00:39:10,680 --> 00:39:15,720
Phase is something like this: here, in the
angle value, whatever is the value of lambda

427
00:39:15,720 --> 00:39:22,000
- small or large - the phase difference can
be measured always with

428
00:39:23,070 --> 00:39:25,530
the same least count as far as phase is concerned.

429
00:39:25,530 --> 00:39:31,520
This same least count, when converted to the wave, turns out to be: in case of the
smaller

430
00:39:31,520 --> 00:39:37,050
wavelength, the resolution of distance measurement will be better; in case of the
large wavelength,

431
00:39:37,050 --> 00:39:41,090
the resolution of the distance measurement will be poorer.

432
00:39:41,360 --> 00:39:46,680
Having said that, now let us go to measurement of M.

433
00:39:46,690 --> 00:39:51,050
For measuring M, let us see what the M is.

434
00:39:52,260 --> 00:40:01,500
You have seen it before - you are writing
this: if it is 2D distance - 2D means we are

435
00:40:01,510 --> 00:40:03,470
unfolding it.

436
00:40:03,470 --> 00:40:09,100
If that is my transmitter, that is the reflector, the wave will start from the
transmitter,

437
00:40:09,100 --> 00:40:16,069
goes to the reflector, and then it again goes
to the receiver - so this distance is D, the

438
00:40:16,070 --> 00:40:19,890
distance what is travelled by the wave is
2D.

439
00:40:19,890 --> 00:40:24,710
What I am doing, in a moment, I am writing
this as entire distance 2D, I am taking this

440
00:40:24,710 --> 00:40:31,680
reflector somewhere here, so D and D makes
2D, so this is why I am writing here 2D, as

441
00:40:31,680 --> 00:40:33,350
explained earlier also.

442
00:40:33,900 --> 00:40:41,720
So that is transmitter, and somewhere in between
is the reflector, and here it is receiver.

443
00:40:41,730 --> 00:40:51,740
We have seen this 2D is M, and stands for
number of complete waves.

444
00:40:51,740 --> 00:40:53,740
How many complete waves are there?

445
00:40:53,740 --> 00:41:05,319
M into lambda plus delta phi into lambda divided by 2 pi - that is our equation.

446
00:41:06,340 --> 00:41:11,880
Now, we have seen already how we can measure this phi, and we are trying to see
what to do

447
00:41:11,880 --> 00:41:13,880
to determine this M

448
00:41:14,620 --> 00:41:16,620
- M is number of complete wavelengths.

449
00:41:17,940 --> 00:41:25,660
Now, in order to do that, we will go to this
diagram. Again, in this case, this is the

450
00:41:25,660 --> 00:41:27,960
distance 2D,

451
00:41:34,940 --> 00:41:46,400
a wave, as seen here by the redcolour, is fired from our transmitter. It goes to
the reflector somewhere here,

452
00:41:47,460 --> 00:42:02,680
and then finally to the receiver- let us say the receiver is here.

453
00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:13,520
I will explain all these figures: that is, my receiver is not at this point,
rather, here.

454
00:42:14,340 --> 00:42:21,580
Now, if it is so, we can see our one wavelength is lambda,

455
00:42:25,080 --> 00:42:34,759
and as usual, we will write the equation of this measurement as we have seen here:
this 2D is M into

456
00:42:34,760 --> 00:42:39,840
lambda plus phase difference and corresponding distance because of wavelength.

457
00:42:42,720 --> 00:42:52,459
Now, let us take this distance up to here
as 3.75 times lambda.

458
00:42:53,040 --> 00:43:02,060
I am trying to explain that how to measure M, that is, our distance. If it is so,
the phase difference,

459
00:43:04,720 --> 00:43:15,040
delta phi, will be measured as 0.75. This particular part here, as you can see
here, you know the

460
00:43:15,040 --> 00:43:18,400
one wavelength is completed if I highlight:

461
00:43:20,160 --> 00:43:27,720
this is where the first wavelength will be completed, the second one, and the third
one, and now, in the rest,

462
00:43:28,240 --> 00:43:36,279
for this particular part, this is leading to the measurement of, or measurement of
the delta phi;

463
00:43:36,760 --> 00:43:43,300
the phase difference. So, the phase difference, as in this case, you can see, will
be 0.

464
00:43:45,080 --> 00:43:47,980
75, in terms of the wavelength.

465
00:43:49,460 --> 00:43:59,040
So, from the first diagram - the top one - what we know, we can write that our 2D
is M -

466
00:43:59,040 --> 00:44:03,480
we do not know the value of M - into lambda - lambda is the wavelength which we are
using -
467
00:44:03,840 --> 00:44:18,140
plus delta phi by 2 pi into lambda, and this particular value is 0.75. So, we can
write it as M

468
00:44:18,760 --> 00:44:25,960
into lambda plus 0.75 times lambda.

469
00:44:27,040 --> 00:44:33,560
We do not know, in this case, the value of M; we do know the value of M, but this
is what our equation will say.

470
00:44:34,540 --> 00:44:43,960
If, for example, let us say we take this lambda as 2 metre. This equation terms are
to be:

471
00:44:44,400 --> 00:44:53,940
D is M into lambda by 2 plus 0.75 times lambda by 2.

472
00:44:55,040 --> 00:45:02,759
Very often - very often, we will find this lambda by 2 - because for this D, we are
measuring it in terms of

473
00:45:02,760 --> 00:45:07,520
lambda by 2 - this is why this lambda by 2 is, many times, called the ‘unit
length’.

474
00:45:08,600 --> 00:45:17,299
Now here, the lambda by 2 will be 1 metre, in this example. So, you can write our D
as

475
00:45:17,740 --> 00:45:27,520
M into 1 plus, again, 0.75 - so that is our distance.

476
00:45:28,940 --> 00:45:35,500
Now, we do not know the value of M here; this is still a big question. In order to
find this

477
00:45:35,500 --> 00:45:39,980
value of M, what we do, we fire another wavelength.

478
00:45:41,060 --> 00:45:47,440
Let us say we fire another wavelength here. Here in this case, the lambda was 2
metre.

479
00:45:50,740 --> 00:45:58,899
We fire another wavelength, and as you can see here, in this case, the lambda is 8
metre.

480
00:45:59,720 --> 00:46:07,000
This is 4 times this one - 8 metre. If it
is so, looking at this figure also, it will

481
00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:15,260
become clear to you that in this case, in
this figure, the value of M is 0;

482
00:46:16,820 --> 00:46:25,820
for this distance, the value of M is 0. What distance? 3.75 lambda. M is 0 because
- why is it 0?

483
00:46:27,480 --> 00:46:35,680
From transmitter to reflector and again to
receiver,

484
00:46:37,380 --> 00:46:44,080
the entire distance is covered by one wavelength or part of one wavelength.

485
00:46:44,560 --> 00:46:53,100
There are no multiple waves in between, so this is why M is 0. In this case,
because you are making this example;

486
00:46:53,100 --> 00:46:58,700
we can see here in the figure - that is why we are saying M is 0. But we will try
to determine the value of M;

487
00:46:59,740 --> 00:47:05,720
it is really not known. Well, if this is the case here, the phase difference here
in this case will be

488
00:47:08,100 --> 00:47:17,160
starting from here to there 0.95. So, we can write the equation this case as,

489
00:47:19,360 --> 00:47:29,340
again: 2D will be - let us say I am writing M dash - I do not know the value of M -
lambda dash - lambda dash is

490
00:47:31,140 --> 00:47:37,100
8 metre plus 0.95 times

491
00:47:39,140 --> 00:47:49,980
lambda dash. So, we can write this equation
further as D is M dash lambda dash by 2 plus
492
00:47:49,990 --> 00:48:01,439
0.95 into lambda dash by 2. So, lambda dash
by 2 is 4 metre. Well, you can compute now:

493
00:48:01,440 --> 00:48:15,320
D will be M dash into lambda dash by 2 plus
0.95 into - over here, the value is 4. If

494
00:48:15,320 --> 00:48:25,120
you compute it further - M dash into lambda
dash by 2 plus - this comes out to be 3.80.

495
00:48:25,120 --> 00:48:35,910
Now, this is the important point here -let
us look at that.

496
00:48:35,910 --> 00:48:41,690
Now here, in the figure also, here in this
figure, I had increased - we started with

497
00:48:41,690 --> 00:48:48,270
a lambda of 2 metre; as you can see here,
we started with a lambda of 2 metre. Then,

498
00:48:48,270 --> 00:48:59,150
I took a lambda which was 4 times that one, and this lambda, if it occupies, in one
full

499
00:48:59,150 --> 00:49:05,340
wavelength, the entire distance starting from transmitter to the reflector and
again back

500
00:49:05,340 --> 00:49:12,010
to the receiver, if this entire distance is
covered in less than one full wavelength of

501
00:49:12,010 --> 00:49:18,500
this lambda, then, in that case, our M has
to be 0.

502
00:49:18,500 --> 00:49:24,000
Now, this is very much reflected from this
equation, because in this equation, our distance

503
00:49:24,000 --> 00:49:33,800
- as we saw - was 3.75 lambda or 3.75, we
can say, if the lambda is unit, if you take
504
00:49:33,810 --> 00:49:41,850
the lambda away, that was the distance - 3.75 - and this whatever is measured by
the phase

505
00:49:41,850 --> 00:49:44,089
difference is 3.80.

506
00:49:46,260 --> 00:49:52,740
What does is it tell us? It tells us, in the
previous case - here in this equation, it

507
00:49:52,750 --> 00:50:02,790
tells us that the value of M should be 3 - in
which case? In the case when lambda was 2

508
00:50:03,640 --> 00:50:04,640
metre.

509
00:50:06,280 --> 00:50:12,540
Also, another thing: because it may be confusion, how we are, you know, selecting
this value

510
00:50:12,540 --> 00:50:19,930
of 8 metre; how we are deciding that it should
be 8 metre. 8 metre onwards, any wavelength

511
00:50:19,930 --> 00:50:26,419
that you select, the phase difference will
increase monotonically. For any other wavelength

512
00:50:26,420 --> 00:50:32,130
which is less than that, the phase difference
will sometimes be less, sometimes be more

513
00:50:32,130 --> 00:50:34,960
- it will be - it will have a distribution,
a different kind of distribution; it will

514
00:50:34,960 --> 00:50:39,100
not increase monotonically. But here, in this case, it will have a monotonic
difference

515
00:50:39,100 --> 00:50:50,470
- constant, you know, increasing all through.
So, using that - using that clue, you determine,
516
00:50:50,470 --> 00:50:56,669
beyond this there is no need to increase the
wavelength. This is the wavelength which covers

517
00:50:56,670 --> 00:51:02,950
one - the entire distance from transmitter
to the reflector and then to the receiver

518
00:51:02,950 --> 00:51:07,040
again, so entire is covered by one wavelength.
So this wavelength - the largest one - gives

519
00:51:07,040 --> 00:51:13,970
you an idea that, in case of this smaller
wavelength - as here, lambda is equal to 2

520
00:51:13,970 --> 00:51:16,149
- how many M’s should be there.

521
00:51:16,740 --> 00:51:23,419
So, using this, we have seen that our M’s
should be 3 in case of lambda is equal to

522
00:51:23,420 --> 00:51:34,080
2. If M’s are 3, we can write this distance
D as 3.75. Now, this is again, important here:

523
00:51:34,080 --> 00:51:44,990
we are using this 7.5 from lambda is equal
to 2 - why? Because we have seen already that

524
00:51:44,990 --> 00:51:51,259
the phase difference can be measured with
a certain least count, and this least count

525
00:51:51,260 --> 00:51:56,641
or this resolution is better if the lambda
is smaller. So, because of that reason, this

526
00:51:56,641 --> 00:52:06,050
7.5 is measured more accurately, more precisely
than in the case of when lambda was 8. Now

527
00:52:06,050 --> 00:52:13,410
here, because the lambda is smaller - lambda
is 2 metre - so the part which is being measured
528
00:52:13,410 --> 00:52:20,839
by the phase difference is more precise, rather
than in the case when the lambda dash is 8

529
00:52:20,840 --> 00:52:21,840
metre.

530
00:52:21,840 --> 00:52:26,770
So, in the case of the lambda dash, this particular
part which is being measured by the phase

531
00:52:26,770 --> 00:52:34,580
difference is less precise, and because of
this reason, we are taking this 8.0 - we are

532
00:52:34,580 --> 00:52:45,560
not taking the 8.0; rather, we are taking
this 0.75 from here , and we are saying our

533
00:52:45,560 --> 00:52:46,650
distance is 3.75.

534
00:52:46,650 --> 00:53:02,330
Now, one more thing to explain this - we say
this particular process to be ‘decade modulation’.

535
00:53:02,330 --> 00:53:13,460
In decade modulation, what we do, we start
with our lambda as 2 metre, 20 metre, 200and

536
00:53:13,460 --> 00:53:22,340
2000. The unit length of the measuring unit
will be 1 metre, 10, 100, 1000.

537
00:53:23,420 --> 00:53:28,780
Now, we are measuring a distance using these - we started with our first wavelength
which was 2 metre;

538
00:53:28,790 --> 00:53:37,140
now see the same process that we have just
seen. What it will do if we are using lambda

539
00:53:37,140 --> 00:53:43,589
equal to 2 metre for which the unit distance
is 1 metre? What we will measure? We will

540
00:53:43,590 --> 00:53:53,560
measure some numbers of M's plus a phase difference.
Let us say this particular thing - phi by

541
00:53:53,560 --> 00:54:09,540
2 pi into lambda - in this case, this gives
a value of 0.3256. Now, we do not know anything

542
00:54:09,540 --> 00:54:13,779
else; we only can get this particular value.
Where this value is coming from? This value

543
00:54:13,780 --> 00:54:21,020
is coming from the phase measurement. We do
not know anything about the M here. Similarly,

544
00:54:21,020 --> 00:54:27,720
as I am showing here in the chart, once we
are using lambda is equal to 20, the corresponding

545
00:54:27,720 --> 00:54:32,620
phase difference will be measured and we will
write this distance, which the corresponding

546
00:54:32,620 --> 00:54:44,270
one to be 6 point - let us say, 6.326. Now,
you will notice here that the least count

547
00:54:44,270 --> 00:54:50,460
in this case is higher, or rather, we can
say, finer least count. Here, in this case,

548
00:54:50,460 --> 00:54:57,040
it is poor, as you know the reason. Similarly,
using this as 100, we can write the distance

549
00:54:57,040 --> 00:55:17,759
as 76.33 - again, our least count has widened.
Using it as 1000, you can write it as 876.3.

550
00:55:18,220 --> 00:55:24,899
Now, all these measurements - all these measurements
what I am writing here, we are getting because

551
00:55:24,910 --> 00:55:35,850
of the measurement of the phase only. Now,
here on, if you increase your value of lambda,
552
00:55:35,850 --> 00:55:41,851
you notice that there is no change in this
distance, or very minute change in this distance

553
00:55:41,851 --> 00:55:47,730
- it will not change as it is changing so
far. So, that is the point where we stop,

554
00:55:47,730 --> 00:55:54,230
and here, we can say easily that yes, our
distance should be - I will write the full

555
00:55:54,230 --> 00:56:09,870
distance - it should be 876.3256. Now, how
we are writing this distance? We are taking these

556
00:56:10,980 --> 00:56:17,320
from the larger wavelengths from this side, while these terms after the decimal,

557
00:56:17,330 --> 00:56:23,710
you are taking from a smaller wavelengths,
because we know we can get these values only

558
00:56:23,710 --> 00:56:28,810
from the larger wavelengths, while those towards
the better least count, we can get only from

559
00:56:28,810 --> 00:56:32,670
smaller wavelengths. So, this is how the distance
can be written.

560
00:56:32,670 --> 00:56:39,561
Now, next thing: again, I would like to give
you the basic equation; the equation is - we

561
00:56:39,561 --> 00:56:49,260
have seen - M lambda by 2 plus delta phi by
2 pi. That is the basic equation, but we need

562
00:56:49,260 --> 00:56:55,410
to write something more here; we write this
as also K1 plus K2. I will explain this - this

563
00:56:55,410 --> 00:57:06,589
is the fundamental equation of EDMI measurement.
We know about all these terms, but these terms
564
00:57:06,590 --> 00:57:18,770
which I am adding - what they are? I will
explain the K1 first. The K1 is called ‘instrument

565
00:57:18,770 --> 00:57:29,259
constant’ - what is the meaning of that?
Let us say our EDMI is here; the EDMI, the

566
00:57:29,260 --> 00:57:37,250
actual laser, is being fired from here - that
is the point. However, we are measuring the

567
00:57:37,250 --> 00:57:42,930
distances from here, or maybe, if you are
measuring the distances from the back of the

568
00:57:42,930 --> 00:57:48,270
EDMI, for us the centre of the instrument
is this; the physical centre of instrument

569
00:57:48,270 --> 00:57:55,430
is here - we are measuring the distances from
here. So, if that is our reflector, actually,

570
00:57:55,430 --> 00:58:00,339
the wavelengths are being transmitted from
this distance. So, the distance which we measure

571
00:58:00,340 --> 00:58:09,550
is actually this, but the distance which we
need is this . So, because of this difference,

572
00:58:09,550 --> 00:58:15,550
we need to apply a correction, and this is
what the K1 is - instrument constant, and

573
00:58:15,550 --> 00:58:19,950
this constant is generally known from the
manufacturer. They know about the instrument;

574
00:58:19,950 --> 00:58:26,640
that what is this difference in the point
from where the laser is being fired, and the

575
00:58:26,640 --> 00:58:29,319
instrument centre, which we say, ‘Okay,
we measure the distance from here’. So,
576
00:58:29,320 --> 00:58:32,520
what is the value of K1? This is known from
the manufacturer.

577
00:58:32,520 --> 00:58:51,441
The second one is K2 - this is called ‘target
or prism constant’. Now, what is this? I

578
00:58:51,441 --> 00:59:04,649
am going to draw a passive target here, that
is, the prism; the laser or the EMR comes

579
00:59:04,650 --> 00:59:16,540
here, reflects and goes back. Now, what is
happening? If this total distance is ‘t’,

580
00:59:16,540 --> 00:59:28,740
the distance travelled by this laser or this
EMR in between is 2t, because this ‘a’

581
00:59:28,740 --> 00:59:39,319
- if I am writing it a, b and c - so, a plus
b plus c divided by 2 will be t. Now, there

582
00:59:39,320 --> 00:59:44,950
is a little problem - what it is? This is
our target - target means, in which the prisms

583
00:59:44,950 --> 00:59:53,910
are there. This is the glass, and for this
glass, the refractive index is different than

584
00:59:53,910 --> 01:00:00,680
that in the air. So, in air, our EMR is travelling
at a certain velocity, while in this glass

585
01:00:00,680 --> 01:00:07,020
material the velocity will change, and because
of the change in the velocity, what is happening?

586
01:00:07,020 --> 01:00:13,500
We need to apply correction for that. So if
the glass is not there, it is equivalent to

587
01:00:13,500 --> 01:00:28,090
that this wave might have travelled from here
to a distance which we can say, 1.57 times

588
01:00:28,090 --> 01:00:38,250
t - I am making use of the refractive index
of the material here. So, if this glass would

589
01:00:38,250 --> 01:00:43,920
not have been there, this wave or this EMR
would have travelled up to here in the time

590
01:00:43,920 --> 01:00:58,250
in which it is travelling within this glass.
Now, in our instrument, we have a centre;

591
01:00:58,250 --> 01:01:04,470
the instrument is stationing on the centre
line, so once I am holding this target, I

592
01:01:04,470 --> 01:01:10,680
say the point in the ground is here - this
is the prism, the point on the ground is here.

593
01:01:10,680 --> 01:01:17,480
So, what is happening? I am actually measuring
the distance starting from this point to my

594
01:01:17,480 --> 01:01:22,030
transmitter . I am seeing the reflector is
here, but actually, the reflector should have

595
01:01:22,030 --> 01:01:29,210
been here; this particular point should have
been here. So, we are introducing an error

596
01:01:29,210 --> 01:01:37,540
here equal to this amount , and this is what
is the prism constant. So, we need to know

597
01:01:37,540 --> 01:01:43,000
about this prism constant and we need to apply
correction for this. This prism constant is

598
01:01:43,000 --> 01:01:47,770
also known from the company where from we
buy this instrument.

599
01:01:47,770 --> 01:01:55,030
So, what we have seen today? We saw the principle
of EDMI, how they work, what are their types;

600
01:01:55,030 --> 01:01:59,590
what they are - you know, wavelength-dependent
or maybe the range or maybe the different

601
01:01:59,590 --> 01:02:04,600
kind of reflector. Then, we saw their basic
principles: they can make use of the time

602
01:02:04,600 --> 01:02:09,770
of travel - they measure the time, but they
are costly. The EDMI's mostly which we use

603
01:02:09,770 --> 01:02:15,040
in our land surveying make use of phase measurement
or the phase difference. Now, in the case

604
01:02:15,040 --> 01:02:19,480
of the phase difference, we saw that how we
can determine the value of the phase difference.

605
01:02:19,480 --> 01:02:26,510
Also, we saw that not only making phase difference
measurement is enough; we need to know also

606
01:02:26,510 --> 01:02:32,880
the value of M - the total number of multiple
wavelengths, full wavelengths, in our distance.

607
01:02:32,880 --> 01:02:38,060
We saw a method - how to determine that by
using multiple wavelengths. We start, for

608
01:02:38,060 --> 01:02:44,680
example, let us say, with lambda is equal
to 2 metre, then 20 metre, 200 metre, 2000

609
01:02:44,680 --> 01:02:48,700
metre and we keep getting the value which
is being measured by the phase difference.

610
01:02:48,700 --> 01:02:55,689
So, at some wavelength, we come to know: now
the distances are not increasing. So, from

611
01:02:55,690 --> 01:03:02,860
there, we get the value of M. So this M, then
we replace in those measurements which we

612
01:03:02,860 --> 01:03:07,050
got using the smaller wavelengths, because
the smaller wavelengths are giving better

613
01:03:07,050 --> 01:03:13,701
precision. So, this is how we make our total
measurement. Then finally, we saw the K1 and

614
01:03:13,701 --> 01:03:19,530
K2 - these two constants. One is because of
the discrepancy in the point of the instrument

615
01:03:19,530 --> 01:03:24,340
- the centre point of the instrument - and
where from the laser has been fired. The second

616
01:03:24,340 --> 01:03:30,210
one is about the prism, because prism is basically
a rod having some prisms there. So this rod

617
01:03:30,210 --> 01:03:37,320
has a centre there in the ground; I say, that
is my point, because the rod is pointing there,

618
01:03:37,320 --> 01:03:43,510
but once the laser is travelling, it is travelling
into the prism - the refractive index is different

619
01:03:43,510 --> 01:03:47,880
here; we need to apply correction for this
- if this prism is not there, it should have

620
01:03:47,880 --> 01:03:54,270
been come here and then gone. So basically,
I should measure from this point, not from

621
01:03:54,270 --> 01:03:59,280
this point, but my rod is saying, no, this
is the point. So, this difference is K2, the

622
01:03:59,280 --> 01:04:00,280
another constant.

623
01:04:01,200 --> 01:04:04,779
So, we end our this lecture here - thank you.