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Welcome to this another lecture on basic surveying.

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Now, we are in module 6, and today we will
be talking about lecture number 2 in module

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6, and that is also about triangulation and
trilateration.

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This is the structure what we are doing in
all the modules.

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These green ones we have done already.

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This is the one we are doing at the moment.

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Now, in this module triangulation and trilateration,
what we have seen so far?

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We saw that what triangulation is.

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Now, what do you mean by that?

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What it is?

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We saw that it is a way of generating the
control network by means of network of triangles.

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We do it by basically we measure only one
length which is the base length, and then

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all other angles in the network of triangles.

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Now, using the known length and all the known
angles, computations can be done, so that

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starting from this known length, all other
lengths in that network of triangles can be

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computed.

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Now, this measurement of length which is the
base length is very important.

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We saw a method for that.

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We can measure a small length, we can extend
it into a bigger one which we said as extension

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of base length, and then later on we saw the
types of the figures which we can use in triangulation.

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It could be a chain of triangles, a chain
of quadrilaterals, also centered figures.

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In practice actually we will be using a combination
of these various figures depending what the

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terrain is, what is your application, what
is the area which we need to map.

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So, accordingly we will decide the area.

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Then, the other thing that we have seen is:
what is the criteria by which this triangulation

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figure will be selected.
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It should cover the entire area.

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We also show that there should be multiple
roads for calculation or computation because

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we are starting from one known line; we are
computing the other lengths.

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So, there should be multiple roads for the
computation.

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We have seen that concept.

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So, then finally towards end of our last lecture,
we are looking at the great trigonometric

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survey of India.

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Now, we will give you a little bit more information
on that GTS in India.

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It began in 1802, the April of 1802 and the
very first person who started that was Colonel

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William Lambton.

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Then, later on George Everest also joined
it.

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You know the highest peak in the world the
Mount Everest is given the name on the basis

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of the name of George Everest because he was the person who measured, who did this
great

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trigonometrical survey.

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Then, there are many others who joined in
this effort.

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So, this was an effort which was done some 200 years back, but it helped to measure
the

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arc in the South-West, South-North direction in India as well as in East-West.

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It helped to know the shape of the earth.

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In this part, it helped to lay down a reference system for India.

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It was a wonderful effort by these people,
and ultimately at the end of the day we have

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a network of triangles.

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As we have already discussed, this is the
great iron pattern all over the India in which

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for each point, we have the coordinates known.

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So, we can make use of these coordinates in
order to do the survey in other areas and

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relate our survey to rest of the survey of
the country.

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There are some references where you can get
information about the GTS.

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There is a book by John Keay, a wonderful
book as well as the survey of India has also

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come with some publications.

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So, you can go to those in order to know more about this great arc or the GTS.

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What we will do today?

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We will start talking with the shape of a
triangle, then strength of a figure, then

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further what all field work is required in
the triangulation, what are the steps, what

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we do actually in the field, then something
about the signals and towers which we use

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in the triangulation process, some limitations
of these signals, then a little bit about

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satellite station and something more on resection and intersection.

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So, we will try to cover all these in the
video lecture today.

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So, we will start with the shape of a triangle.

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Well, how we do the triangulation we have
seen that: we start from a known line which

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is the base line, we measure this accurately
and then, later on we lay a network of triangles

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in the entire area.

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So, our triangulation figure could be anything.

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It may have the centered figures, may have
triangles or the chain of triangles.

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So, starting from this known line and all
the measured angles all, these angles are

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measured here.

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All these blue dots they indicate that the
angle is being measured here.

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Now, over here I would like to delete this
because this figure is a quadrilateral, a

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base quadrilateral and these angles will not
be measured here.

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Now, in order to compute starting from here
any other length.

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For example, we want to compute this length,
or we want to compute this one or this one

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because in order to know the coordinates of
these points, we need to know these lengths.

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So, what we are doing?
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We are following a route.

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That route means because we are basically
making use of the sin rule.

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So, we are working first in this triangle,
and then this triangle, then here, then here

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and then finally, we are reaching here.

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So, what we are doing?

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We are involving the angles.

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For example, here if it is A, B and C, then
length c is known.

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It is known, because it has been measured.

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We want to compute length let us say b because
this is unknown.

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So, in order to compute b, what we do?

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We make use of sin rule.

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So, we write here b is sin of B divided by
sin of C into the length C which is known

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to us.

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So, if there is an error in angle B and C
which is there because we have measured these

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angles in the field, and we know now once
we are measuring the angle in the field, we

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are making use of the theodolite.

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What do we do?

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We bisect the target.

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For example, let us say to measure angle at
B.

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We are bisecting the ranging rod at A and
ranging rod at C.

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We have seen ranging rod.

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It could be the signal, the big tripod signal
which we will see later on.

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So, by doing that we are measuring angle ABC.

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So, in measuring this angle, we know there
are various sources of errors and those errors

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will finally give us an angle which is not
the actual true angle, rather an observation

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to estimate of that angle.

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So, we are working with the angle here, but
in this angle, there is some error.

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Similarly in C also there is some error.

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Now, with these errors which are there in
these angles, these errors will through this

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computation propagate in the value which we
are computing of B. So, what is happening

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here in any of these lengths which we are
computing is, there is an influence of the

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errors in the observation of the angles.

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So, we should have an idea that how these
affects us.

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So, in order to achieve a condition where
the effect of this error is minimum, we look

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for a shape of the triangle which we say is
the best shape.

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So, the question now is what is that best
shape of the triangle?

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We have seen that graphically.

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We saw that graphically, previously also that if two arcs, they intersect at very
small

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angle here, then the zone of where the point is that zone is a very small area
here.

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Sorry, a very large area.

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So, the uncertainty is very large while if
these two arcs, they intersect now at 90 degree

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angle, let us say that is the one arc and
the second arc it intersects at 90 degrees.

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The zone of uncertainty is very small.

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So, we solve graphically previously also in
our last lecture.

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So, what we found from there?

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We found that in order to locate with respect to two known points a and b or third
point

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c by this graphical method of drawing the
arcs, this point c will be located with good

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accuracy if this angle is 90 degrees.

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If this angle is very small or this angle
is very large, this point will be located

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now with more error.

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So, what we are doing?

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We are going to find the same thing, the graphical
thing.

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What we are doing, because we came with a conclusion that this angle should be 90
degrees there.

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Similarly, we will try to do it now mathematically.

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Well, we have a triangle and this triangle
is A, B and C, where length c is known.

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It is known because this is the length which
is either coming from the previous computations

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or is the base length which is being measured
here.

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So, we know this length.

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Now, the job is to determine length b and
length c, sorry length a.

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What these are?

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We want to compute these.

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So, for length b, we have seen previously
also and we can write it as c sin of B and

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sin of C. Now, in the angle B and C when we measure

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it, let us say there is an error and the standard error is delta B and delta, sorry
sigma C.

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So, sigma B and sigma C is the standard error
there.

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We are using the theodolite in the field,
let us say the same theodolite was used in

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measuring B as well as in measuring angle
at C.

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If you are using the same theodolite, the
weather conditions or other conditions are

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same and as well as the observer is same.

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So, we will expect that these two errors will
be same, and we can write this error as sigma

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theta.

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So, this is the error in any angle measurement in my triangle, same will be the
error also

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in measurement of angle A.
Well, what we are trying to do?

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We are trying to see now the effect of this
error in computation of length b.

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As far as small c is concerned, I can assume
it to be constant because this length is coming

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from some previous computation or is being measured here.

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I will assume it to be without any error right
at this moment because I am only going to
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consider the errors, which are because of
the angles.

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We know now, in a case like this how the error
will propagate?

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So, to write this error propagation, we can
write it as now.

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That is the error in computation of length
B.

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We can write this as by del, first with this
is the partial derivative with all the variables

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which are coming there of my function.

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Now, the function is c sin B by sin C and
square of this plus, sorry multiplication

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by this is multiplied by square.

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That is first and then, for the second one
by delta C that the function now c sin B by

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sin C and square of this and sigma C square.

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Now, this is how we know it.

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How I am writing it, we have already discussed
this when we are talking about in our first

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two lectures, the error propagation.

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If there is error in these individual measurements
and we are computing a quantity using these

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two, how the error will propagate.

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So, we have already seen this.

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So, please go back to your lecture notes and learn about this and do it yourself.

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Now, this can be simplified and this can be
further written as, I can write it as b square

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cot square B square plus b square cot square C sigma c square.

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So, you can do it yourself.

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I am just finding the partial derivative of
this with angle B and similarly, here with

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C and then simplifying this.

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So, it can be written now like this.

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Now, in this also we know that these values
and these values are same as sigma theta square.

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So, I can write this further as I am taking
this b square sigma theta square out.

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So, cot square B plus cot square C.
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This is how this can be written.

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Well, I further simplify it.

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This is now sigma theta and cot square B plus cot square C raised to the power
half.

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So, please do it yourself.

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Now, what is this?

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This is the relative error in computation
of length b.

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Isn't it? This is what how we started.

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So, it depends upon a standard error of angle
measurement because we are using some instrument,

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some person involved depending on the conditions
of whether and other things.

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This will be controlled and this is generally
known we can have an estimate of this.

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So, what we can say the relative error in
computation of length b depends upon of course

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this value which is nearly constant here.

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So, in order to make this minimum, because this is constant, this has to be minimum

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now, When the cot square B plus cot square C will be minimum, this will be minimum
when both

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B and C, they approach 90 degrees.

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So, what we end up with? We end up with a situation where

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if we look at our triangle, we end up with a situation

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here now and we want now both B and C to approach 90 degrees, so that the error in
computation

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of B will be least.

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Well, that is really not possible practically.

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The other way on right now we are computing
B.

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If you compute A, will end with a situation
that A, angle A and angle C both should approach

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90 degrees.

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So, we are looking for a case, so that in
computation of lengths of sights, the error

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will be minimum.

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If this is satisfied and this is satisfied
well, they cannot be satisfied.

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So, what is the solution?

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The solution is when all A, B and C should
be 60 degrees, so this is also in kind of

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ideal situation we are trying to maximize
the values of B and C, so that the cot value

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which was there you know it approaches towards
0.

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So, this is also kind of ideal situation which
is not possible practically.

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You cannot lay down the triangles always with
the three angles being 60 degrees.

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So, what is the practical thing?

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The practical thing that we say is generally
in the field that the angles should be within

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30 and 120.

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In our network you know that was our network
here.

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For example, here in this network if all the
angles are being 30 and 60, we will say our

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network or the triangles in the network to
be well conditioned.

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So, this is what we try to achieve.
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We try to when we are working in the field,
when we are setting up the control stations,

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we will see that our angles do not go beyond
this because we know now the reason that if

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00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:38,000
they go beyond this, there will be error in
computation of the lengths.

223
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:43,030
So, we want to minimize that by maintaining
this.

224
00:19:43,030 --> 00:19:54,660
Now, next we will see another interesting
thing that is called strength of a figure.

225
00:19:54,660 --> 00:20:01,510
First, I will explain the concept of what
is the concept of strength of figure.

226
00:20:01,510 --> 00:20:09,490
Let us say we have a job and the job is if
this is my terrain here in this, we have some

227
00:20:09,490 --> 00:20:23,990
another roads, some features are there and
we also have some houses you know anything

228
00:20:23,990 --> 00:20:25,460
and we want to make a map of this.

229
00:20:25,460 --> 00:20:26,570
We want to map this.

230
00:20:26,570 --> 00:20:27,669
So, what we decide?

231
00:20:27,670 --> 00:20:33,750
We decide that we will go for triangulation
and we have a triangulation network let us

232
00:20:33,750 --> 00:20:47,110
say our triangulation network is like this
number 1, and in the second case, I again

233
00:20:47,110 --> 00:20:51,851
go for a triangulation network, but now the
triangulation network, which I choose is a

234
00:20:51,851 --> 00:20:58,440
slightly different one.

235
00:20:58,440 --> 00:21:18,419
So, now, we have one is this route see that
is our base line if I say A B. So, AB is the

236
00:21:18,419 --> 00:21:21,789
base length which has been measured.

237
00:21:21,789 --> 00:21:26,060
Starting from this AB, I want to establish
these control networks.

238
00:21:26,060 --> 00:21:33,659
So, what I am doing, I am computing the length, all these lengths using the angles
which are

239
00:21:33,660 --> 00:21:41,740
measured in site, all these angles and then,
finally I can compute these lengths also.

240
00:21:42,080 --> 00:21:47,800
So, this is you know we are doing one job
by two sets of triangulation system, or two

241
00:21:47,810 --> 00:21:48,899
sets of triangulation figures.

242
00:21:48,900 --> 00:21:54,700
So, this is one root by which I can establish
the control and the second root which is possible

243
00:21:54,700 --> 00:21:57,150
here is I start from this known length.

244
00:21:57,150 --> 00:21:58,520
Then, I compute this.

245
00:21:58,520 --> 00:22:02,480
Then, this and then in this quadrilateral
I compute this and then, finally this again.

246
00:22:03,020 --> 00:22:04,740
So, I have got a second root.

247
00:22:05,960 --> 00:22:13,500
So, to do one job computation of this length, I can do it from two different

248
00:22:13,820 --> 00:22:16,360
triangulation networks, two different figures.

249
00:22:17,180 --> 00:22:18,660
So, what we are talking here?

250
00:22:18,660 --> 00:22:23,120
We are talking here that in order to complete a job, in order to lay down a
network, a triangulation

251
00:22:24,720 --> 00:22:30,450
network or we can say the control network
in an area, we can go for a figure, which

252
00:22:30,450 --> 00:22:38,990
is made of you know very poorly well conditioned
network or maybe we can have another figure

253
00:22:38,990 --> 00:22:41,650
which is very well laid down.

254
00:22:43,460 --> 00:22:47,660
All the angles are well conditioned here,
while angles are not well conditioned here

255
00:22:47,660 --> 00:22:49,740
though they are covering the same area.

256
00:22:51,140 --> 00:22:58,179
So, this network as it looks here should be
better for computation of the lengths, while

257
00:22:58,179 --> 00:23:03,279
this network should not be better for computation of the length if started from the
same base length.

258
00:23:04,560 --> 00:23:10,139
Now, we want to have a proof of this as well as many times if we have a figure like
this

259
00:23:10,140 --> 00:23:12,090
and figure like this, we want to differentiate.

260
00:23:12,090 --> 00:23:16,270
We want to say yes, this figure is better
than this figure is there.

261
00:23:16,840 --> 00:23:24,300
How can we say that this figure is poorer
than the figure at the bottom?

262
00:23:24,309 --> 00:23:26,830
We should have a way out in order to say that.

263
00:23:26,830 --> 00:23:29,490
Well, here is another example.

264
00:23:29,490 --> 00:23:34,050
The example is as you can see in the slide,

265
00:23:34,050 --> 00:23:39,678
in a video screen, we are starting from a
base length AB.

266
00:23:39,679 --> 00:23:44,860
So, AB is measured and we want to determine
XY.

267
00:23:44,860 --> 00:23:49,379
Let us say that is the job we want to determine
XY.

268
00:23:49,380 --> 00:23:58,600
So, starting from AB to determine XY, I can
go by a root here which is shown by this dot

269
00:23:58,600 --> 00:24:00,280
if I highlight this.

270
00:24:00,280 --> 00:24:03,370
I can go through this route.

271
00:24:03,370 --> 00:24:09,280
In this route I have well conditioned triangles
which are forming a very good figure which

272
00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:13,950
is the base quadrilateral and finally, I compute
this XY.

273
00:24:13,950 --> 00:24:20,780
Similarly, I can also do, I can start from
the same AB and then go through this root

274
00:24:20,780 --> 00:24:25,129
where we have only 3 triangles and again I
can compute XY.

275
00:24:25,130 --> 00:24:33,900
Now, the question is if the angles have errors
as we have seen the angle at A or angle at

276
00:24:33,900 --> 00:24:41,250
B, they have the errors or for all the angles
if the same theodolite is used, we have the

277
00:24:41,250 --> 00:24:42,590
error sigma theta.

278
00:24:42,590 --> 00:24:43,810
We have seen it.

279
00:24:44,120 --> 00:24:50,699
So, if we are computing in the route here,
in this route we are computing let us say

280
00:24:50,710 --> 00:24:53,830
or in this route we are computing.

281
00:24:54,360 --> 00:25:03,139
So, in this route because of this error, there
will be computation of length error propagation.

282
00:25:03,150 --> 00:25:04,240
We have seen that.

283
00:25:04,680 --> 00:25:11,919
So, the question is now in which of these
two routes if they are errors in the angles,
284
00:25:11,919 --> 00:25:17,410
the error propagation will be least?

285
00:25:17,410 --> 00:25:23,929
Which of these two routes is better or we
can say the best which of these two?

286
00:25:23,929 --> 00:25:25,490
I will say not even routes.

287
00:25:25,490 --> 00:25:27,900
Now, rather I will say these two networks.

288
00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:33,010
They are entirely two different triangulation
figures, one the red one, and other the black

289
00:25:33,010 --> 00:25:34,010
one.

290
00:25:34,010 --> 00:25:36,710
Which out of these two is better?

291
00:25:36,710 --> 00:25:42,720
Now, in order to answer questions like this
we go for the concept of strength of figure.

292
00:25:42,720 --> 00:25:49,309
There is one more concept, which we can answer by the strength of figure and that
is if we

293
00:25:49,309 --> 00:25:58,730
have let us say a triangulation figure like
this, and in this A B is known while C

294
00:25:58,730 --> 00:26:05,600
D is unknown and this is known, all these
angles are measured.

295
00:26:05,600 --> 00:26:16,520
As in the case of the starting from AB, you want to compute CD. Now, it is only one
triangulation figure,

296
00:26:16,520 --> 00:26:22,540
one triangulation network is not like here.
In this case, the black one was entirely different

297
00:26:22,540 --> 00:26:29,040
network than the red one, but here in this
case, it is one triangulation figure and within

298
00:26:29,040 --> 00:26:35,560
that figure also. What I can do? To start
from AB to reach CD, I can do the computations

299
00:26:35,560 --> 00:26:37,340
number one

300
00:26:40,900 --> 00:26:46,760
in a route like this. I start with
AB. So, I know this length,

301
00:26:47,120 --> 00:26:52,820
and then I compute this CD. So, this is route number one. Similarly, I can also do

302
00:26:55,920 --> 00:26:59,580
another route and also, I can do

303
00:27:03,880 --> 00:27:06,340
one more route and also

304
00:27:09,360 --> 00:27:16,520
one more route. So, what we see here starting from known AB to compute CD, we can
do our computations

305
00:27:16,520 --> 00:27:17,639
by 4 routes.

306
00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:25,020
and If there are errors in all of these angles,
we know the error will be there because this

307
00:27:25,020 --> 00:27:29,100
is how the observations have been taken. It is not possible to measure the true
value.

308
00:27:29,740 --> 00:27:37,640
So, the errors are there. If these angles
have errors which of these routes are supposed

309
00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:43,660
to be the best? So, we have to again answer this thing because we would like to
compute from this known

310
00:27:43,660 --> 00:27:50,800
length AB, the unknown length CD through the route which is best may be, let us say
this route is best.

311
00:27:50,800 --> 00:27:55,680
So, we would like to find out that which one is the best route for us, and do our
computations from that route.

312
00:27:56,080 --> 00:28:01,520
So, how to do this thing? The concept of strength of figure.

313
00:28:06,760 --> 00:28:13,879
Now, what we see here couple of things whether the problem is this or in this case.

314
00:28:13,960 --> 00:28:22,300
In both the cases, the strength of figure means a figure in which the computational
errors are least.

315
00:28:23,100 --> 00:28:29,899
It will depend upon number 1, how many
angles are measured? You know this figure

316
00:28:29,900 --> 00:28:32,780
is better because there are only 3 angles
measured. There are more numbers of angles

317
00:28:32,780 --> 00:28:38,260
which we have measured. The chances of error are more because finally it will
accumulate.

318
00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:43,180
How many triangles are involved in the computation? Over here only 3 triangles are
involved in

319
00:28:43,180 --> 00:28:48,000
the computation while here you have got more. So, how many numbers of triangles,
which are

320
00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:53,260
involved in the computation? More important what is the value of angle? As I said
all

321
00:28:53,260 --> 00:28:59,920
the angles in this black route are well conditioned while in the red route, the
angles are not well conditioned.

322
00:29:00,200 --> 00:29:05,840
You know we can see the type of the angles or what is their types are. Are they
good angles or not?

323
00:29:05,840 --> 00:29:13,040
Are they poor angles? So, that will also control it. Similarly, it may be possible
in some situations.

324
00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:17,460
For example, let us say it was not possible to occupy this point.

325
00:29:19,180 --> 00:29:27,940
If this point was not possible to be occupied, these points still we can derive
these angles.

326
00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:35,260
So, the angles which are here are the derived angles or not. They are actually
observed angles.

327
00:29:35,260 --> 00:29:40,740
So, we should give less weight to those angles which are derived while we should
give more weight

328
00:29:40,740 --> 00:29:42,800
to those angles which are actually observed.

329
00:29:43,480 --> 00:29:50,140
Then, in order to measure for example the
angle here, and the angle here,

330
00:29:51,460 --> 00:29:58,240
this particular line has been bisected twice. Number one in order to measure this
angle, then to

331
00:29:58,240 --> 00:29:59,580
observe this angle.

332
00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:03,660
So, wherever there are multiple
observations like this, we should give more weight

333
00:30:03,660 --> 00:30:04,640
to that.

334
00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:10,120
So, what we end up with? Well, how many angles, how many triangles,

335
00:30:10,600 --> 00:30:13,179
how many lines, what are the types of the angles,

336
00:30:13,700 --> 00:30:16,660
the sizes of the angles, all these things needs

337
00:30:16,669 --> 00:30:22,360
to be put together in a formulation and that
formula should be able to give us now the

338
00:30:22,360 --> 00:30:26,750
strength of figure. Now, what that formula is? I am straight away

339
00:30:26,750 --> 00:30:38,730
coming to the formula. It is given as L square is 4 by 3 d square D minus C by D
sigma

340
00:30:41,020 --> 00:30:52,658
del A square plus del A del B plus del B square. Now, what these terms are, I am
going to explain

341
00:30:52,659 --> 00:31:02,119
now. This sigma, sorry this L square is the
probable error in computation in a chain of

342
00:31:02,320 --> 00:31:08,520
triangles. What we are doing in? Anything
we are starting from a known length AB was

343
00:31:08,520 --> 00:31:13,760
known length here. As you can see this is
known length. We are starting from the known

344
00:31:13,770 --> 00:31:19,290
one and then, we are passing through a chain of triangles in order to compute this.

345
00:31:19,880 --> 00:31:26,840
So, this L square is the probable error in
computation. When we are going through a chain

346
00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:34,590
of triangles, this d square is the probable
error in angle measurement. So, this is something
347
00:31:34,590 --> 00:31:41,889
what we have similar to our sigma theta which is constant throughout the process.
If you

348
00:31:41,890 --> 00:31:46,580
are using the same theodolite, if you are
using the same observer, the weather condition

349
00:31:46,580 --> 00:31:53,730
and the things are same. So, this is a kind
of constant. D minus C by D. It talks about;

350
00:31:53,730 --> 00:31:58,970
it gives the difference in these two figures
whether this black figure is different than

351
00:31:58,970 --> 00:32:04,910
the red figure. It gives us that difference.
So, we will come to each and every part of

352
00:32:04,910 --> 00:32:13,480
this D minus C by D.
Now, here D is total number of directions

353
00:32:13,480 --> 00:32:20,480
observed except along known lines. Now, what
is the meaning of this? In order to help to

354
00:32:20,480 --> 00:32:26,440
understand this, I am going to draw another
figure here. So, in this figure now we will

355
00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:29,159
see what we have shown in this figure.

356
00:32:29,159 --> 00:32:34,059
We have again a triangulation network and
in that triangulation network these points

357
00:32:34,059 --> 00:32:40,908
are the stations, and as is conventionally
shown if this station is occupied, I am making

358
00:32:40,909 --> 00:32:47,240
a big black dot there. If it is not occupied,
for example let us say there is a station,
359
00:32:47,240 --> 00:32:52,220
which is not occupied. I will just draw the
dotted line. I will not make a dot there.

360
00:32:52,220 --> 00:32:56,890
So, here in this case, there could be a thing
that in this triangle only these two points

361
00:32:56,890 --> 00:33:02,670
are occupied, but this is not occupied. The
meaning is the angle here is not measured

362
00:33:02,670 --> 00:33:05,670
while this angle is measured, this angle is
measured.

363
00:33:05,940 --> 00:33:14,800
Now, D in our formula here, what it stands
for? D stands for total number of directions

364
00:33:15,620 --> 00:33:22,179
which are observed in both forward and backward direction, except along the known
lines. Now,

365
00:33:22,180 --> 00:33:29,540
what is the meaning of this? The meaning is we have here only one length which is
known.

366
00:33:30,680 --> 00:33:38,380
This length is known while I am observing
the angle here; I am taking one direction

367
00:33:38,380 --> 00:33:43,310
this way and one direction this way, so two
directions. Then, when I am observing the

368
00:33:43,310 --> 00:33:48,270
angle here, again I am taking one direction
this way, one direction this way. When I am

369
00:33:48,270 --> 00:33:54,500
observing this angle, I am taking a direction
here, another direction here. For this angle,

370
00:33:54,500 --> 00:33:59,080
one direction here and already a direction
is there.
371
00:33:59,080 --> 00:34:05,439
So, in order to observe these angles, what
we are doing? We are sighting along these

372
00:34:05,440 --> 00:34:13,360
lines. So, how many directions we have actually
observed? If you see that there are total

373
00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:25,240
numbers of 11 lines here. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 and 11 and each line has been observed

374
00:34:25,239 --> 00:34:30,638
in both the directions, forward and backward.
So, total numbers of directions which have

375
00:34:30,639 --> 00:34:37,079
been observed are 22, but out of these there
are two directions which are along the known

376
00:34:37,079 --> 00:34:42,289
lines. This is the known line. The base length
I had observed like this and like this. So,

377
00:34:42,289 --> 00:34:55,179
minus 2, so D here for this figure tends out
to be 20. Now, what is the value of C? To

378
00:34:55,179 --> 00:34:58,170
see that we look at this figure again.

379
00:34:58,170 --> 00:35:09,619
Now, the C is given as n dash minus s dash
plus 1 plus n minus 2 s plus 3, where n is

380
00:35:09,619 --> 00:35:14,660
number of lines. How many numbers of lines
are there? Total number of lines which are

381
00:35:14,660 --> 00:35:25,078
11 n dash numbers of lines observed in both
directions. So, n dash total n dash is number

382
00:35:25,079 --> 00:35:29,920
of lines which are observed in both directions,
n is number of lines. The total number of
383
00:35:29,920 --> 00:35:37,339
lines here are 11. I will write 11 here, and
n dash lines observed in both the directions.

384
00:35:37,339 --> 00:35:46,470
Again it is 11. S is number of stations. How
many stations are there? Here in this case,

385
00:35:46,470 --> 00:36:02,218
1 2 3 4 5 and 6, there are 6 stations. So,
s is 6 multiplied by 6. Here 2 s s dash stations

386
00:36:02,219 --> 00:36:05,440
occupied.
There could be a situation when there are

387
00:36:05,440 --> 00:36:13,150
stations which are not occupied. As in this
case, there is ranging rod. We are bisecting

388
00:36:13,150 --> 00:36:19,719
this. We are observing that direction here
in this direction, but not in this way. So,

389
00:36:19,719 --> 00:36:29,019
this is station C is not occupied while, A
and B are occupied. So, in this case what

390
00:36:29,019 --> 00:36:40,189
we see because all our stations are occupied.
So, our s dash is also 6. So, both are 6 and

391
00:36:40,190 --> 00:36:46,599
6. So, if you compute it here, now if you
put these values, the value of C comes out

392
00:36:46,599 --> 00:36:52,259
to be 8. So, using this, what we can do?

393
00:36:52,259 --> 00:37:01,619
We can now determine D minus C by D. So, what
we say this D minus C by D should be constant

394
00:37:01,619 --> 00:37:08,920
for a figure. If we are talking of the black
figure here, this entire black figure is that
395
00:37:08,920 --> 00:37:11,510
D minus C by D will be constant for this figure.

396
00:37:11,510 --> 00:37:17,230
Now, whichever route we compute in this figure
from let us say here in this example, we can

397
00:37:17,230 --> 00:37:20,990
compute for this. If this is occupied, this
is occupied, this is occupied and this is

398
00:37:20,990 --> 00:37:26,759
occupied. We can compute the value of D minus
C by D. Now, whichever root I am doing my

399
00:37:26,760 --> 00:37:33,959
computation from this value will be same.
So, this value is actually useful in order

400
00:37:33,959 --> 00:37:41,169
to help us separate two different figures.
You know there is black figure, and then the

401
00:37:41,170 --> 00:37:47,540
red one. So, it gives us the strength of the
figure in which case it is better, either

402
00:37:47,540 --> 00:37:53,119
in the red or in the black. So, this thing
is coming out from this value of D minus C

403
00:37:53,119 --> 00:38:00,279
by D as you can see also. What are the parameters in D minus C by D? We are talking
about the

404
00:38:00,279 --> 00:38:03,979
number of the stations, which are occupied.
How many lines are observed? How many times

405
00:38:03,979 --> 00:38:08,718
the lines are observed? We are taking account
of all those things. So, it is basically comparing

406
00:38:08,719 --> 00:38:12,880
these two figures here, the black one and
the red one. Then which one is better?
407
00:38:12,880 --> 00:38:25,789
Having seen that, so now we know that the
strength of the figure L square or the probable

408
00:38:25,789 --> 00:38:35,430
error in computation along one chain of triangles you can write it as this way,
where R is D

409
00:38:35,430 --> 00:38:42,828
minus C by D and sigma within these delta
A del A square del A del B plus del B square.

410
00:38:42,829 --> 00:38:49,999
Now, why I am writing this way? It is because
d is a constant because we are using the same

411
00:38:49,999 --> 00:38:57,238
theodolite. So, if this is constant 4 by 3
is constant, the strength of the figure because

412
00:38:57,239 --> 00:39:04,759
this error, now this error is proportional
to R. So, error in computation is proportional

413
00:39:04,759 --> 00:39:10,750
to R. So, we can say strength of figure is
inversely proportional to R, and this R is

414
00:39:10,750 --> 00:39:20,989
also made up two parts D minus C by D and
this part. Now, so far by making use of this

415
00:39:20,989 --> 00:39:29,319
R, now in this we will see the role of this
part. What is the role of this? We have seen

416
00:39:29,319 --> 00:39:33,599
the role of D minus C by D, and now this part.

417
00:39:33,599 --> 00:39:41,979
As we can see is del A square del A del B
and del B square, what these are del A and

418
00:39:41,979 --> 00:39:49,180
del B. What these are in a triangle? Basically
we are doing the computation within a triangle.
419
00:39:49,180 --> 00:39:57,019
Now, A is the angle which is measured and
which is in front of the known length. Let

420
00:39:57,019 --> 00:40:01,941
us say BC is the known length. Known means
it is either the base measurement or the base

421
00:40:01,941 --> 00:40:05,520
length, or it has come from some previous
computation. So, this is the known length

422
00:40:05,520 --> 00:40:12,430
and we want to compute AC. So, the length
which is or the angle in front of the known

423
00:40:12,430 --> 00:40:18,980
length is angle A, angle in front of the unknown
or the length which is to be computed. For

424
00:40:18,980 --> 00:40:27,400
example, AC and angle B here is the angle
B. So, this angle A and B are also called

425
00:40:27,400 --> 00:40:37,900
distant angle. These are the names.
Now, what is del A and del B? Then, del A

426
00:40:37,900 --> 00:40:48,640
is difference per second in the sixth place
of logarithmic of sin of angle A. Now, what

427
00:40:48,640 --> 00:40:55,308
is the meaning of this? Why we are putting
it this way? How it is going to help us in

428
00:40:55,309 --> 00:41:00,259
our computation? How it is going to help us
in knowing whether a particular route is good

429
00:41:00,259 --> 00:41:06,859
or not? Now, we are going to look into that
as we have seen before also in a figure like

430
00:41:06,859 --> 00:41:09,660
this.
431
00:41:09,660 --> 00:41:16,379
We have 4 routes of computations starting
from a known one. We want to compute the unknown,

432
00:41:16,380 --> 00:41:22,990
and of course all this we are talking if there
are errors in our angles which we have observed,

433
00:41:22,990 --> 00:41:40,118
they had the errors. Now, in that case out
of these 4 routes which one is better? Now,

434
00:41:40,119 --> 00:41:48,699
when we start computation, what we are doing
is, starting from the known length, we are

435
00:41:48,699 --> 00:41:55,599
making use of sin rule. So, we are including
some angles here. Let us say we want to compute

436
00:41:55,599 --> 00:42:01,799
now this length. What is this length? So,
we are including this angle and this angle

437
00:42:01,799 --> 00:42:09,599
in the computation. Then, once we know this
length, this was AB and CD.

438
00:42:09,599 --> 00:42:16,690
So, once we know AC, starting from AC, I want
to compute again CD. So, again I am including

439
00:42:16,690 --> 00:42:30,709
the angles at D, this ADC as well as the angle CAD. So, what we have done? We have
now two

440
00:42:30,709 --> 00:42:39,328
triangles for computation. First, we are computing within triangle A, C and B.
Then, we are doing

441
00:42:39,329 --> 00:42:45,900
the computation within C, A and D and in both the cases, the error will propagate.
We have

442
00:42:45,900 --> 00:42:50,080
seen it because we are starting from here.
First, we compute this and then, starting

443
00:42:50,080 --> 00:42:56,699
from here, we compute this and in all our
angles, we have the errors. So, error will

444
00:42:56,699 --> 00:42:57,699
propagate.

445
00:42:57,699 --> 00:43:04,920
So, this particular term that is why we are
writing sigma here. Sigma is because del A

446
00:43:04,920 --> 00:43:12,760
and del B are computation within one triangle.
So, once we are computing in triangle ACB,

447
00:43:12,760 --> 00:43:19,279
we have some value of del A and del B. These
values of del A and del B can be taken from

448
00:43:19,279 --> 00:43:24,900
the tables which are available in the text
books. So, we have one set of del A and del

449
00:43:24,900 --> 00:43:34,440
B. Similarly, once we are in this ACD, triangle will again have del A and del B the
distant

450
00:43:34,440 --> 00:43:42,779
angles. This is in front of the unknown; this
is in front of the known. So, this is why

451
00:43:42,779 --> 00:43:43,900
we are writing sigma.

452
00:43:43,900 --> 00:43:53,440
So, what this is actually indicating? It indicates
del A as well as del B.

453
00:43:53,440 --> 00:44:03,859
It indicates that for example, here if we
know this is how the sin varies, the sin theta

454
00:44:03,859 --> 00:44:15,259
for a very small angle here. Let us say theta
we are writing the error e as sin of theta
455
00:44:15,259 --> 00:44:22,469
plus 1 second minus sin of theta. I am just
trying to show it here in order to explain

456
00:44:22,469 --> 00:44:28,940
what we are trying to do, or how it is going
to help us. What I am doing? I am computing

457
00:44:28,940 --> 00:44:36,511
the difference in this sin for angle theta,
where I am adding one second here, that is

458
00:44:36,511 --> 00:44:42,049
the error had there been no error would have
got zero error. Here the e value would have

459
00:44:42,049 --> 00:44:46,720
been zero sin theta minus sin theta will be
0, but if there is some error, what is the

460
00:44:46,720 --> 00:44:51,839
influence of that error from the actual value?
Actual value is sin theta. What is the influence

461
00:44:51,839 --> 00:44:54,859
of the error? This is what I am trying to
estimate here.

462
00:44:54,859 --> 00:45:02,170
So, if you look here, there may be two situations.
There is one situation here and one here for

463
00:45:02,170 --> 00:45:11,430
the same one second, and one second. The error
e will be large and will be small. So, if

464
00:45:11,430 --> 00:45:21,899
I write it as e dash and e, so e will be larger
than e dash. This we know because of the proper

465
00:45:21,900 --> 00:45:30,119
to the sin. So, what we are looking at here?
We are looking at if it depends upon the value

466
00:45:30,119 --> 00:45:34,619
of the angle that how much error will be propagated.
We have seen this before also. I am trying

467
00:45:34,619 --> 00:45:40,759
to do the same thing again by this simplified
way, and the same thing we are trying to take

468
00:45:40,759 --> 00:45:46,769
into account. When we are computing del A
and del B this del A and del B in that formula

469
00:45:46,769 --> 00:45:54,258
are an indication of the error which will
be coming into our computation because of

470
00:45:54,259 --> 00:46:00,319
the value of the angle. If the larger value,
angle value is large, 90, the error will be

471
00:46:00,319 --> 00:46:06,839
less or if it is very small 0 1 2 3, that
kind of angles the error will be more. So,

472
00:46:06,839 --> 00:46:13,500
this is what we are taking into account when
we are writing our this thing.

473
00:46:13,500 --> 00:46:22,579
So, in our formula, this as the strength of
figure we are writing it as one is inversely

474
00:46:22,579 --> 00:46:23,829
proportional to R.

475
00:46:23,829 --> 00:46:33,199
So, now what we can do? We can start comparing
these different figures over here. Over here

476
00:46:33,199 --> 00:46:42,140
for each of these I can compute this particular
value sigma del A square plus del A del B

477
00:46:42,140 --> 00:46:48,489
plus del B square. I can compute this and
whichever the route, this route, this route,

478
00:46:48,489 --> 00:46:55,900
this route or this route, in whichever the
route this value is least, that route will

479
00:46:55,900 --> 00:47:00,430
the best. That will be a better root for the
computation. So, this is what the strength

480
00:47:00,430 --> 00:47:05,230
of figure indicates, and it helps us to do
the computations through the best route, through

481
00:47:05,230 --> 00:47:10,240
the best network when our angles have got
error.

482
00:47:10,240 --> 00:47:15,419
Now, we will see that what are the steps are
when we go to the field in order to do the

483
00:47:15,420 --> 00:47:20,890
triangulation. Well, the very first thing
that we know, very first thing is reconnaissance.

484
00:47:20,890 --> 00:47:26,549
We will make a very rough map of the area.
We will observe the field, we will go to the

485
00:47:26,549 --> 00:47:31,969
various places there because our idea is we
want to you know establish a control network

486
00:47:31,969 --> 00:47:38,099
there, and that control network through triangulation.
So, what we are doing? We are establishing

487
00:47:38,099 --> 00:47:42,670
initially some stations, which will form our
triangulation stations.

488
00:47:42,670 --> 00:47:49,719
So, basically the moment I establish these
stations as here in this figure by visiting

489
00:47:49,719 --> 00:47:56,130
the field, I am establishing these stations.
So, that means, I am deciding what will be

490
00:47:56,130 --> 00:48:03,380
the form of my triangulation network, how
it will look like. Well, we have taken a decision

491
00:48:03,380 --> 00:48:09,180
that our triangulation network will look like
this. Now, why should this? It should cover

492
00:48:09,180 --> 00:48:14,470
the entire area. Our triangles should be well
conditioned. There should be multiple route

493
00:48:14,470 --> 00:48:17,589
of computation. All these things need to be
taken into account.

494
00:48:17,589 --> 00:48:23,520
Similarly, for example, if we are talking
of this station, this may be on a hill top.

495
00:48:23,520 --> 00:48:29,038
If it is accessible, then only we can locate
it. Otherwise, we will be in trouble. So,

496
00:48:29,039 --> 00:48:33,609
all these things need to be taken into account
when we are establishing these triangulation

497
00:48:33,609 --> 00:48:38,480
stations. Once you have decided this point
is going to be a triangulation station, what

498
00:48:38,480 --> 00:48:46,680
we do? We put a concrete block there in the
ground, and then on top of this by a nail

499
00:48:46,680 --> 00:48:51,989
we will mark that this is the station. We
will center our theodolite here; we will put

500
00:48:51,989 --> 00:48:58,339
our signals here. So, we mark these points
there in all the places. So, somehow we marked

501
00:48:58,339 --> 00:49:03,480
these places as well as in order to locate
these stations later on, we would like to

502
00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:10,950
take some witness marks from some permanent
objects. They around will try to take these

503
00:49:10,950 --> 00:49:16,470
distances, so that if you visit this area
after 2 years, after 1 year, after 10 years,

504
00:49:16,470 --> 00:49:22,948
we can again locate our station because this
station is imbedded in the ground, or it may

505
00:49:22,949 --> 00:49:27,309
get lost because of some reasons. So, we should
be able to locate it again. So, all these

506
00:49:27,309 --> 00:49:31,049
things are required to be done at this case
of reconnaissance. Once the reconnaissance

507
00:49:31,049 --> 00:49:39,599
is over, we do the base measurement; any lengths
as well as we carry out for any line in the

508
00:49:39,599 --> 00:49:45,469
Laplace station, the bearing measurement.
Similarly, we also like to carry out one length

509
00:49:45,469 --> 00:49:52,700
as the check length or the check base.
Then, the next step is: we are measuring all

510
00:49:52,700 --> 00:49:58,339
these angles, whatever the process you want
to use, but all the angles are required to

511
00:49:58,339 --> 00:50:05,390
be measured. Once the angles have been measured,
we go for you know an angle adjustment procedure.

512
00:50:05,390 --> 00:50:11,199
We will see it later how to adjust these angles.
So, we adjust the angles in this network,

513
00:50:11,199 --> 00:50:18,249
so that this satisfies the geometric conditions
which are there in the triangle. Once we have
514
00:50:18,249 --> 00:50:23,140
adjusted the angles starting from the known
length, we do the computations for lengths

515
00:50:23,140 --> 00:50:32,240
of other lines. Having known all these lengths
and their bearings, we can compute the coordinates,

516
00:50:32,240 --> 00:50:36,240
and then all these coordinates are plotted
on a sheet.

517
00:50:36,600 --> 00:50:41,779
So, now we will have a sheet, a drawing sheet.
It may be in auto cad or whatever and we are

518
00:50:41,779 --> 00:50:48,789
plotting these like this. So, now, we have
a sheet or rather we can say we have brought

519
00:50:48,789 --> 00:50:55,460
that network or the skeleton of the ground
onto our sheet, and now we can start using

520
00:50:55,460 --> 00:51:00,529
this for some other purpose, for some planning
or for some detailed mapping or something

521
00:51:00,529 --> 00:51:06,309
else. So, these are the steps which are in
any triangulation process. Some more things

522
00:51:06,309 --> 00:51:16,469
which we need to know now about this triangulation
or this triangulation process is about the

523
00:51:16,469 --> 00:51:21,880
signals and towers.

524
00:51:21,880 --> 00:51:29,749
Many times for example, you have taken a decision that you are taking this point as
a triangulation

525
00:51:29,749 --> 00:51:36,890
station, and this point also as a triangulation station: point A and point B. Now,
if these
526
00:51:36,890 --> 00:51:43,609
A and B are triangulation stations, they should be intervisible also. Also, if they
are not

527
00:51:43,609 --> 00:51:51,160
intervisible, what we would try to do? We
will try to erect a tower here because we

528
00:51:51,160 --> 00:51:56,109
want to have these two definitely as triangulation
stations because our triangulation figure

529
00:51:56,109 --> 00:52:01,058
which is formed is very good. The angles are
well conditioned as well as the requirement

530
00:52:01,059 --> 00:52:05,939
of the field, but this line is not intervisible
because of the intervening ground.

531
00:52:05,939 --> 00:52:09,609
So, what we would like to do? We will like
to erect the towers, so that I can keep my

532
00:52:09,609 --> 00:52:15,979
instruments or the theodolite on the tower,
and I can then take the measurements. So,

533
00:52:15,979 --> 00:52:22,770
there are various kinds of signals which we
use in triangulation as well as the towers.

534
00:52:22,770 --> 00:52:29,140
Now, the signals, all this is this stuff you
know all this material is given in any text

535
00:52:29,140 --> 00:52:33,769
book. So, please go through any textbook on
triangulation and you will find a lot of this

536
00:52:33,769 --> 00:52:38,488
running material in these text books which
talks about the signals. Signals could be

537
00:52:38,489 --> 00:52:43,949
like the ranging rod. We have seen the ranging
rod. It uses the sunlight. The sunlight will
538
00:52:43,949 --> 00:52:46,630
get reflected and then, it works as a signal.

539
00:52:46,630 --> 00:52:52,309
Similarly, we can have a thicker ranging rod. I can say you know a cylinder, a
wooden cylinder

540
00:52:52,309 --> 00:52:57,809
and it is painted white and black or red and
white, and we are using that as a signal something

541
00:52:57,809 --> 00:53:09,109
to bisect or we may have the signals which
are of you know a kind of cone. Then, we have

542
00:53:09,109 --> 00:53:13,279
the stand of that. We can use it for the signal
because we can see it from a distance very

543
00:53:13,279 --> 00:53:19,369
far. We can have instead of cone, a cylinder,
a big cylinder and again we can see it from

544
00:53:19,369 --> 00:53:23,819
a distance.
So, there is variety of these signals. Some

545
00:53:23,819 --> 00:53:28,450
signals are there which make use of the light
because you want to do that triangulation

546
00:53:28,450 --> 00:53:32,790
at night. If you want to do at night, your
sigma should have some mechanism by which

547
00:53:32,790 --> 00:53:39,849
let us say, there is an electric bulb and
here is a slit. So, this slit can be seen

548
00:53:39,849 --> 00:53:44,449
if this bulb is switched on, or there is some
lantern or something is kept there, which

549
00:53:44,449 --> 00:53:50,039
is producing the light. So, you can see this
light from a distance. So, these kinds of
550
00:53:50,039 --> 00:53:55,269
signals are called night signals.
So, we have day signals and night signals.

551
00:53:55,269 --> 00:54:00,399
So, all these varieties of stuffs are written
in the text books. So, please read those.

552
00:54:00,400 --> 00:54:07,319
I will show you only some diagrams of these
signals now. Now, here is a picture of a signal

553
00:54:07,319 --> 00:54:09,538
as you can see here.

554
00:54:09,539 --> 00:54:16,349
Many times we will need to erect signals like
it is a huge tripod, and this is being erected

555
00:54:16,349 --> 00:54:24,369
here and this cloth is put here, so that this
tripod can be seen from a large distance.

556
00:54:24,369 --> 00:54:28,969
As we know the distances are of order of 2
kilometers, 3 kilometers, 5 kilometers and

557
00:54:28,969 --> 00:54:33,809
more than that. So, we want to see this signal
from a distance. So, we can erect a tripod

558
00:54:33,809 --> 00:54:40,759
like this. Now, the thing is under this tripod
there is somewhere the point that station

559
00:54:40,759 --> 00:54:46,819
and we will erect our theodolite in such a
way, or the total station in such a way that

560
00:54:46,819 --> 00:54:49,999
its vertical axis is passing through the point
here.

561
00:54:49,999 --> 00:54:55,979
So, the facility which this kind of tripods,
they give someone from the other station can
562
00:54:55,979 --> 00:55:03,189
bisect this tripod. This tripod is also centered
on this point while at the same time someone

563
00:55:03,189 --> 00:55:09,109
is taking the observations here. There is
a person who is standing and taking the observations

564
00:55:09,109 --> 00:55:17,058
as in this figure. There is a triangle A,
B and C. All these black ones or the tripod

565
00:55:17,059 --> 00:55:24,589
signals and the red one, these are the observers
which are trying to observe the angles and

566
00:55:24,589 --> 00:55:33,130
this red line is the theodolite. So, the observer
here can bisect the signal here, and the signal

567
00:55:33,130 --> 00:55:39,150
here in order to observe this angle.
Similarly, the observer here will bisect the

568
00:55:39,150 --> 00:55:45,309
signal here, and the signal here to observe
this angle. So, we have a situation where

569
00:55:45,309 --> 00:55:50,140
under the tripod, there is an observer with
the instrument with the theodolite, and this

570
00:55:50,140 --> 00:55:54,509
is how you know this is how the triangulation
is carried out or the angles are measured

571
00:55:54,510 --> 00:56:01,549
in the field. In this case, as we saw we need
to use the bilby towers.

572
00:56:01,549 --> 00:56:06,929
What this bilby towers are? Here is a figure
of the bilby tower. It is a huge tower which

573
00:56:06,929 --> 00:56:13,410
is erected using the stresses and that is
the figure on top of the bilby tower. We have

574
00:56:13,410 --> 00:56:22,259
the human being, all the observers are there
with the theodolite and with other things

575
00:56:22,259 --> 00:56:27,289
by which they can you know sign to others
about their locations. They can send the signals

576
00:56:27,289 --> 00:56:31,789
to others about their location. So, this is
how the triangulation is actually carried

577
00:56:31,789 --> 00:56:36,589
out in the field. If your lines of sights
are very large, if your lines of sights are

578
00:56:36,589 --> 00:56:42,989
smaller, you are working only within an institute
or university campus or small town. You may

579
00:56:42,989 --> 00:56:49,819
not need these things also. So, if you require
you may go for things like this, or if it

580
00:56:49,819 --> 00:56:54,299
is not required, you can avoid using this.
Now, some more things about the triangulation

581
00:56:54,299 --> 00:57:05,209
like this satellite station or the resection
and intersection will see in our next lecture.

582
00:57:05,209 --> 00:57:09,959
So, what we covered today? We covered about
the shape of the triangle, why the shape is

583
00:57:09,959 --> 00:57:15,259
important, why those angles are important.
We saw it graphically also, we saw it mathematically

584
00:57:15,260 --> 00:57:23,890
also. How the value of angle if there is error
in the angle is going to propagate this error

585
00:57:23,890 --> 00:57:29,069
finally in the land computation, and what
should be the ideal angle. What should be

586
00:57:29,069 --> 00:57:33,229
the practical angle that we try to achieve
in the field? The angle should be within 30

587
00:57:33,229 --> 00:57:39,999
and 120, and this is what we say well conditioned.
Then, we saw there could be various networks

588
00:57:39,999 --> 00:57:45,779
in order to cover one area. Out of all these
networks which one is the best? So, we came

589
00:57:45,779 --> 00:57:51,369
out with a criterion called strength of figure.
Then, within one network also it is possible

590
00:57:51,369 --> 00:57:57,869
that starting from the base length, we can
compute the other lengths to various routes.

591
00:57:57,869 --> 00:58:03,480
Out of all these routes which route is the
better? So, we again found that the strength

592
00:58:03,480 --> 00:58:09,029
of figure criterion is useful there, and we
can take a decision that yes, this particular

593
00:58:09,029 --> 00:58:14,880
route is better in order to compute starting
from the known to the unknown, because that

594
00:58:14,880 --> 00:58:19,920
extent a figure criterion, it takes into account
the values of the angles, are they smaller

595
00:58:19,920 --> 00:58:25,369
or are they larger.
At the end of it, we also saw that what we

596
00:58:25,369 --> 00:58:30,459
do actually in the field. When we do the triangulation,
we start from reconnaissance establishing

597
00:58:30,459 --> 00:58:35,779
the station, seeing that what kind of network
we are going to do establishing the towers,

598
00:58:35,779 --> 00:58:40,499
and then taking the angle measurements, measuring
the base lengths and then, finally adjusting

599
00:58:40,499 --> 00:58:47,799
the angles in the entire network. Then, we
do the computation for the bearing and for

600
00:58:47,799 --> 00:58:55,038
the length, and finally, we found the coordinates of our control network. Thank
you.