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Welcome to this another lecture on basic surveying.

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Today, we are talking about this module 6,
and we are in lecture number 3.

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In lecture number 3, we will be talking about the satellite station, resection and
intersection.

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Then, we’ll go to another method of establishing the control that is trilateration.

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We will go for one more method that is called triangulateration.

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Finally, we will see something on adjustment and coordinate computation.

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What we have done so far, we have talked about in our last lecture the basic thing,
the shape

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of a triangle.

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Why the shape is important?

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We found it graphically.

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We found it also mathematically by some analysis that if in a triangle, the angles
are between

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30 and 120, the error propagated in computation of the rest of the lands because as
we know

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the triangulation is a network of triangles,
where all internal angles are measured.

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One length which is called the base length
is also measured.

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Now, starting from this base length, all internal angles we compute the other
lengths.

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So, in this process, the error which is introduced in the angle measurement again
gets introduced

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in the computation of those lengths.

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So, we say this process to be the error propagation or may be the scale error.

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So, we saw that the scale error in computation of those lengths through a chain of
triangles

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will be less if our angles are well conditioned.

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So, that is also very important thing which
we should keep in mind.

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Then, we saw also about the various signals which we used in the field, the towers.

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Many times we have to use the towers in the field.

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So, we looked into those aspects also.

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So, now today we will begin with satellite
station.

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The satellite station is required in triangulation, when, for example, let us say
what is the

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triangulation?

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As I draw here, we keep forming a chain of
triangles.

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This could be any other figure also, not only
triangles, there is quadrilateral or centered figure.

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Let us say, we are at some distances A and
B and from this A and B, we are trying to

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see in a direction.

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As I will highlight towards this direction,
we are trying to say in this direction and

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over here our station, the actual station
where we can put our instrument is not visible

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may be or may be something, which is more
visible or we want to take that as a station.

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This is more important point.

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We want to take something, which is here.

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Let us see C as our station and we bisect
that C, so that we can also measure our angles

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at B and A. We prefer to bisect the C because
it forms my triangle A, B, C as well as conditioned

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triangle also.
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May be this C is very nicely visible, but
there may be a problem.

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Later on after visiting that place or may
be beforehand also, you knew it that C has

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some problem and then, the C cannot be occupied.

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It cannot be occupied.

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What is the problem?

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Well the problem will be if you have measured
the angle theta 1 theta 2, you can still get

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the value of theta 3.

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So, how will you get this theta 3?

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Theta 3 you will find by 180 minus theta 1
plus theta 2, but should we go like this.

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We have been talking all through that this
is not the right way of getting theta 3 because

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in that case if there is some error in measurement
of theta 1 or in theta 2, large errors, it

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can go unnoticed.

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We cannot determine that, we cannot find it.

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We should have a way out, so that kind of
errors can be located.

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So, for that reason what we desire?

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We want to measure this theta 3.

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Also, independently we want to measure theta
1, theta 2 as well as theta 3.

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All three angles measured and in that case,
if all three angles are measured, we will

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find sigma theta is not equal to 180 because
of those measurement errors.

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The observation errors, but the condition
in this case C cannot be occupied.

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So, what to do?

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We somehow we want to get this value of theta
3 which is independent of theta 1 and theta

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2.

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We do not want to use this relationship rather you want to do it by some other
method.

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Now, the solution of this is given by satellite station.

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This is also called many times false station
or eccentric station.
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Now, how we proceed in that case?

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Well, those A and B as we have seen previously
also are here A and B, where we can measure

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the angles.

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Our C is somewhere here.

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Let us say we had occupied or as you can see
in this diagram, this is our measured base

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length.

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We are starting from the base length, and
we go through this chain of triangles.

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So, by knowing all these angles, we are in
this length.

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We are able to compute this length.

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So, this length is known.

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So, length AB is known to us as well as we
have measured angle here and angle here.

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Well, we are not able to measure the angle
at this point.

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This is for example theta 1 theta 2.

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What is the value of theta 3?

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That is something, which we want to determine.

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Well, what is done in that case is, we take
one more station which is very near to see,

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so that this station S can be occupied as
well as from S, we can measure the angles

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to A, B and C.

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For example, the angles which are being measured
at S are alpha and beta.

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Well, these angles can be measured as well
as the distance.

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As C, this distance d can also be measured.

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So, this is the condition for this satellite
station.

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We locate the satellite station somewhere
around our C because C can be any high rise

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tower, or may be a spire of something, you
know something which we cannot occupy, but

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we can bisect.

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Well, having done this establishing, this
S measuring d measuring alpha and measuring
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beta.

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Now, what we are trying to do?

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We are trying to reduce these measurements alpha beta and d using these alpha, beta
and

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d, we want to determine an independent value of theta 3 which is independent of
theta 1

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and theta 2.

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Well, what is the procedure for that?

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The procedure for that is first of all, we
will get an approximate of theta 3 which is

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as usual we will find by 180 minus theta 1
plus theta 2.

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This is the first approximate value of theta
3.

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Once we have determined this theta 3, this
is the first approximate value using the triangle

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A, B and C and as well as this known length
AB.

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Length AB is known to us.

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What I can do?
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We can compute lengths AC and BC.

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This is by using the sin rule.

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Now, I can compute the length AC and BC.

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Well, once the length AC and BC has been computed,
the next step we are going to the triangle

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let us say AS and C. In triangle ASC, I know
SC because this is measured, this is equal

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to d and I know AC.

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Well, this is computed.

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Having known these two as well as the angle
ASC, this angle is alpha plus beta.

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Having known all these, I can apply the sin
rule again and I can compute the angle SAC.

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The angle SAC if I show it by different color
here, this angle.

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So, I to write this angle for example, let
us say gamma 1.

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So, I can compute angle gamma 1.

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So, in computing this angle gamma 1, what
I am doing?
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I am making use of alpha and beta and d which
are kind of independent measurements, and

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then theta 1 and theta 2.

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Similarly, we should go to the triangle SBC.

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You can also compute the angle SBC.

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So, the SBC angle is here.

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You can also compute this angle.

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Similarly, this is let us say, gamma 2, fine.

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We have determined this angle.

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Once we have determined this angle, I can
now easily find the angle over here and this

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point is H. So, working in the triangle SA
and H, I can find this angle.

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So, I know the value of the angle here.

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So, I can write this angle H.

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If I go to the second slide B, angle BHC that
is equal to 180 minus alpha plus gamma 1.

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You can check it those whether we are writing
the correct thing or not because this angle

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H AHS is 180 minus alpha plus gamma 1.

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So, similarly this angle also.

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Well, if you know this angle BHC, I can now
compute the value of angle ACB or theta 3

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directly now.

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So, the theta 3 can be now computed.

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So, theta 3 will
be 180 minus alpha plus gamma 1 plus gamma

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2.

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So, this entire thing can be reduced to alpha
minus gamma 1 minus gamma 2.

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Well, what we have found here?

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If you can check,

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just solve it. You will find.

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It should be plus.

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We found a value of theta 3, which has some influence of our first approximation,
but

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at the same time, this theta 3 has also influence of alpha, beta and d.

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So, this is how we can determine an independent value of theta 3 which we will then
treat

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as an independent measurement hence on.

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Now, in this case, our S was located towards left of C, but there are many more
possibilities.

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Our S could be here, S could be here, or S
could be here and depending where the S is,

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whether the direction accordingly the computations can be done.

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Now, we will see one important thing of the
triangulation and that is intersection.

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Now, what is the meaning of this?

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The meaning is in triangulation, for example, here we establish the stations in the
field.

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These stations are for example, A, B and C.
After we have done the triangulation, we know

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the coordinates of these stations.

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The meaning of intersection is if we are moving
somewhere in the field, for example let us

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say I am somewhere here.

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And I am moving here or let us say at this
point, there is a temple and we want to determine

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the coordinate of the temple, but because
you can see the temple, you cannot occupy

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it or may be for some reason.

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If this is a water body, you cannot go to
this area, but you can see this particular

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tower there.

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So, it is possible for you to intersect this,
but not stand on this.

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So, in that case our aim is to determine XP
YP.

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What are the coordinates of this point P?

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So, what we will do?

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We will make use of intersection in order
to compute those coordinates.

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The meaning is I will stand at A and from
A, I will measure let us say the angle alpha.

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This is possible triangle.

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The triangulation station A is our station.

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We can measure angle alpha.

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Similarly, I will go to let us say B and from
B also, I will measure the angle beta.

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Once I have done it, now using the coordinate of A XA YA and the angle alpha, I can
write

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the equation of line AP.

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Similarly, for B, I can write the equation
of line BP.

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Now, solving these equations for their intersection where these two lines
intersect, I can compute

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the coordinate of P. So, what we are doing?

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This way we are computing the coordinates of a point which we cannot occupy.

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Well, right now what we have done?

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We have measured only alpha and beta, these two angles.

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If there is some error in measurement of alpha is there, any check yes we can go
for a check.

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Let us say I also occupy C and from this C,
I measure the angle gamma by bisecting B and

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P. So, what I can do?

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I can repeat the same set of calculation in
this triangle also, or may be I can solve

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the problem now about the BC square.

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So, I will have the coordinates of point P.
So, this is called the method of intersection.

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Next which is similar to it, but slightly
different, we will see a method called resection.

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This is called method of resection.

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Now, what is this resection?

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The resection is slightly different.

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The same set of A, B and C are our triangulation
stations.

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We know their coordinates.

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So, if we know their coordinates, that means,
we have a coordinate system and in that coordinate

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system, I know their coordinates.

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Let us say C is there.

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In this coordinate system, I know these coordinates.

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Let us say you are wandering there in the
field somewhere, you are just wandering in
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the field somewhere here, and by standing
at a point, you are standing somewhere, for

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example, let us say over here and by standing at this point and taking observations
to A,

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B and C, you want to determine where you are.

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This point is P. So, XP YP, this is what you
want to compute.

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So, now the situation is different.

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You are not taking observation from A, B or
C rather you are taking observation where

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you are standing on some field.

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You want to know what the coordinate of this
point is.

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So, how to do that?

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Again in this case, you will be measuring
the angles.

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For example, I can measure the angle APB.

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Let us say, this angle is alpha.

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Then, I can also measure the angle BPC.
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This angle is beta.

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When I am saying the angles, I mean you are measuring the angles in the horizontal.

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Well, having known these two angles, can we
determine the coordinates of XP and YP?

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Now, this is a very simple problem.

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One solution of this could be though you can
solve it by many methods, one solution of

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this could be if this angle is let us say,
theta.

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So, within this figure A, B, C and P, I can
write this angle as S minus theta.

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Now, what is S?

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Here S is sum of you know 360 minus alpha
minus beta minus the angle here that is S.

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So, I can write this angle as S minus theta.

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So, S is the constant.

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You can find the value of S.
Well, having done this, what I can do?

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I can write now in triangle ABP for length
BP by using the sin rule, I can write for
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BP as because I know the length AB.

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AB length is known to me because I know the
coordinates of A and B. So, I can compute

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this length.

227
00:19:16,490 --> 00:19:29,059
So, AB by sin of alpha, the alpha is been
measured multiplied by for BP, BP by sin into

228
00:19:29,059 --> 00:19:34,160
and over here it will be sin of theta.

229
00:19:34,160 --> 00:19:46,840
So, if I write it again, it will be BP is
AB sin of theta by sin of alpha.

230
00:19:46,840 --> 00:19:55,990
Similarly, in triangle BCP, I can now again
write for BP.

231
00:19:55,990 --> 00:20:08,690
Again by using the sin rule, I can write here
BP is BC sin of S minus theta.

232
00:20:08,690 --> 00:20:13,280
This divided by sin of beta.

233
00:20:13,280 --> 00:20:21,340
Well, in this equation number 1 and number
2, BP is same.

234
00:20:21,340 --> 00:20:24,379
The left hand side is same.

235
00:20:24,380 --> 00:20:26,010
So, I can equate these two.

236
00:20:26,010 --> 00:20:33,720
If I equate these two, the only unknown because
we know AB, we know BC, we know S, we know
237
00:20:33,720 --> 00:20:34,759
alpha, we know beta.

238
00:20:34,759 --> 00:20:41,860
The only unknown will be theta which you can
compute.

239
00:20:41,860 --> 00:20:48,280
So, once you know the value of theta, having
known this you can compute these coordinates

240
00:20:48,280 --> 00:20:50,549
of XP, YP.

241
00:20:50,549 --> 00:20:52,590
Well, now what we will do?

242
00:20:52,590 --> 00:20:54,149
We have seen the triangulation so far.

243
00:20:54,150 --> 00:20:58,630
We have seen the application of the triangle, triangulation also or may be some
more things

244
00:20:58,630 --> 00:21:03,320
like what do we do by the resection there,
what do we do by the intersection there, all

245
00:21:03,320 --> 00:21:04,600
those things we have seen.

246
00:21:05,360 --> 00:21:11,620
Now, we are going to talk about one more aspect of establishing the controls that
is called

247
00:21:11,620 --> 00:21:13,489
the trilateration.

248
00:21:13,490 --> 00:21:19,370
As in the case of the triangulation, we understood that triangulation is done in
order to establish

249
00:21:19,370 --> 00:21:21,370
a control network in the field.

250
00:21:21,660 --> 00:21:24,640
Now, why we did the triangulation, what are
the basic aim for that?

251
00:21:24,640 --> 00:21:29,010
It is because we have to measure only single
length.

252
00:21:29,300 --> 00:21:34,080
While we can measure all the angles and the computations can be done, the
coordinates

253
00:21:34,080 --> 00:21:35,360
can be generated.

254
00:21:35,650 --> 00:21:40,919
We also discussed this thing that measuring length was difficult in earlier times
when

255
00:21:40,919 --> 00:21:42,519
the EDMI was not there.

256
00:21:43,200 --> 00:21:47,620
That is why we will only measure a single
length, but measuring angle is easier.

257
00:21:47,620 --> 00:21:50,300
You do not have to go and traverse the length.

258
00:21:50,300 --> 00:21:54,500
You have to just stand on a point, bisect
the targets and the angle is known to you.

259
00:21:54,940 --> 00:22:00,740
So, because of this reason, the triangulation was very much in practice, but now
because

260
00:22:00,750 --> 00:22:07,010
of the EDMIs are available and with the EDMI, the electronic distance measuring
instrument,

261
00:22:07,010 --> 00:22:11,530
what you can do is, you can measure the lengths very accurately and very fast.

262
00:22:12,740 --> 00:22:15,240
So, something comes to the mind.
263
00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:23,850
Cannot we use EDMI to establish control network
again by using the same chain of triangles?

264
00:22:24,180 --> 00:22:30,559
So, what we will do here in this case, instead of measuring in case of triangles,
we are

265
00:22:30,559 --> 00:22:32,999
measuring one length and three angles.

266
00:22:34,020 --> 00:22:38,940
Cannot we do one more thing that we measure all three lengths.

267
00:22:40,160 --> 00:22:42,220
Well, my triangle is solved.

268
00:22:42,230 --> 00:22:48,080
I know all three lengths because ultimately
in triangulation also in order to compute

269
00:22:48,080 --> 00:22:49,800
the coordinates, what you did?

270
00:22:50,740 --> 00:22:53,840
We made use of these angles for computing the lengths.

271
00:22:54,180 --> 00:22:56,760
Finally, we are computing these lengths there.

272
00:22:57,220 --> 00:23:05,940
So, this kind of triangulation figure, where
all lengths are measured, the figure could

273
00:23:05,950 --> 00:23:06,950
be anything.

274
00:23:06,950 --> 00:23:10,290
We will talk about that in a moment, but all
the lengths are measured here.

275
00:23:12,120 --> 00:23:14,320
This is called trilateration.

276
00:23:15,740 --> 00:23:25,220
So, this is another method of establishing
control in surveying.

277
00:23:25,760 --> 00:23:26,980
Now, what we will do?

278
00:23:27,220 --> 00:23:34,960
We will compare our trilateration with triangulation where these tend together
because measuring

279
00:23:34,970 --> 00:23:40,270
distance with EDMI is very easy.

280
00:23:40,270 --> 00:23:42,530
You can measure these distances very fast.

281
00:23:44,640 --> 00:23:50,420
The number of the observations which you have to take is less than in case of the
angle

282
00:23:50,780 --> 00:23:56,120
because in case of the angle, you have to
measure this angle alpha, you have to bisect

283
00:23:56,130 --> 00:23:59,600
here, you have to bisect here and then, you
have to measure.

284
00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:05,080
Then, you will know the angle, but in this
case, also you have to take the reading, this

285
00:24:05,090 --> 00:24:11,418
reading and this reading, but in the case
of the EDMI as we understand so far what you

286
00:24:11,419 --> 00:24:16,341
have to do in order to know this length, you
have to just bisect the target here, and the

287
00:24:16,341 --> 00:24:17,620
length will be known.

288
00:24:18,020 --> 00:24:21,920
Similarly, in order to know this length, you
have to bisect the target here, and then length
289
00:24:21,920 --> 00:24:22,840
will be known.

290
00:24:24,140 --> 00:24:30,820
So, it was considered earlier that this trilateration because the distances will be
measured very

291
00:24:30,820 --> 00:24:35,918
fast and it can be a better method of establishing the control.

292
00:24:36,580 --> 00:24:42,159
So, now we should try to see whether it is
really or not whether this triangulation is

293
00:24:42,160 --> 00:24:48,940
really a better method or triangulation is
the better method, or can we go for figure

294
00:24:48,940 --> 00:24:55,330
where both angles as in this case three angles as well as three lengths are
measured.

295
00:24:55,330 --> 00:24:56,330
Which one is better?

296
00:24:56,330 --> 00:24:58,860
So, we will try to see these things now.

297
00:24:59,540 --> 00:25:00,800
So, what we will do?

298
00:25:00,800 --> 00:25:10,860
We will start with advantages of trilateration.

299
00:25:19,260 --> 00:25:25,379
Number one advantage that we can site is:
it is rapid

300
00:25:25,380 --> 00:25:28,100
because straight away you are measuring the distances.

301
00:25:28,840 --> 00:25:35,080
In the case of triangulation, we would compute those, but here we are measuring
them directly.

302
00:25:35,080 --> 00:25:37,919
So, it may be considered to be the rapid method.

303
00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:47,080
Number two, a very important thing is it can control scale error.

304
00:25:47,360 --> 00:25:49,320
Now, what is scale error?

305
00:25:49,330 --> 00:25:50,570
Let us see this first.

306
00:25:51,120 --> 00:26:06,549
The scale error is as we know in any network
of triangles; we start from a measured length

307
00:26:06,549 --> 00:26:07,820
which is called the base length.

308
00:26:07,820 --> 00:26:10,379
Let us say it is AB. Then,

309
00:26:11,300 --> 00:26:22,860
we have all these angles measured and
knowing this length and all the angles, we

310
00:26:22,870 --> 00:26:24,550
would compute the other lengths.

311
00:26:26,060 --> 00:26:36,600
We have also seen that error in angles because all the angles, which we are
measuring here

312
00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:44,820
with this, or this or this has some error
and this error propagates.

313
00:26:45,560 --> 00:26:49,760
Propagate means when we are computing the length here, let us say this is length
finally

314
00:26:49,770 --> 00:26:52,070
XY.

315
00:26:52,820 --> 00:27:02,060
So, in computing this length XY, we will have some error which is a result of the
error

316
00:27:02,070 --> 00:27:11,399
in our initial AB as well as the important
thing as well as my angles are how much is

317
00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:12,700
the error in the angle.

318
00:27:12,700 --> 00:27:20,710
We know now in computing XY will have some
error, and this error is because of the error

319
00:27:20,710 --> 00:27:28,000
in AB as well as the errors in all these angles,
all these angles here.

320
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:34,549
Not only the errors in the angles, it also
depends upon what the size of the angle is

321
00:27:34,549 --> 00:27:36,960
because we are making use of sin rule.

322
00:27:36,960 --> 00:27:38,580
We have seen that all.

323
00:27:38,580 --> 00:27:43,990
Already we have seen how the error propagates,
how it depends upon the size of the angle,

324
00:27:43,990 --> 00:27:51,549
but whatever the case we know in case of triangulation,
there will be some error finally in computing

325
00:27:51,549 --> 00:27:53,100
our length.

326
00:27:53,100 --> 00:27:57,639
So, this error we say the scale error.

327
00:28:01,140 --> 00:28:05,000
Now, in the case of the triangulation for
a trilateration, what we are doing?

328
00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:07,279
We are measuring these lengths directly.

329
00:28:07,279 --> 00:28:09,110
We are not computing these.

330
00:28:09,110 --> 00:28:14,370
So, there is no question as such of scale
error.

331
00:28:14,370 --> 00:28:16,989
So, this scale error is controlled.

332
00:28:18,160 --> 00:28:19,340
What we will see?

333
00:28:19,340 --> 00:28:23,000
After seeing these advantages, we will see
now some disadvantages.

334
00:28:29,900 --> 00:28:41,900
Disadvantages of trilateration we are starting with number one: In case of
trilateration,

335
00:28:42,460 --> 00:28:46,680
you are measuring these three sides.

336
00:28:47,680 --> 00:28:52,660
In case of the triangulation, we measure these three angles.

337
00:28:53,900 --> 00:29:02,120
Now, in case of this triangulation, we can
say this theta 1, theta 2 and theta 3.

338
00:29:02,120 --> 00:29:07,530
So, sigma theta should be equal to 180 degrees.

339
00:29:08,580 --> 00:29:13,159
Our observations in the triangulation should satisfy this condition there.

340
00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:18,460
Is there any similar condition, geometric
condition for the length also?

341
00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:20,420
Can I say something?
342
00:29:20,420 --> 00:29:22,520
Will you know any kind of relationship?

343
00:29:22,520 --> 00:29:25,580
We say a function of these lengths.

344
00:29:25,590 --> 00:29:29,030
Can I say it that they should follow some
relationships?

345
00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:37,779
We cannot whatever the lengths we have measured l 1 l 2 and l 3, whatever they will
always

346
00:29:37,779 --> 00:29:39,219
form a triangle.

347
00:29:39,420 --> 00:29:46,620
Always the resulting angles will sum to 180
degrees, but this is not.

348
00:29:46,620 --> 00:29:55,120
So, here in case of triangulation, this sum
of three angles theta 1, theta 2, theta 3

349
00:29:55,120 --> 00:30:01,129
will not be equal to 180 degrees because my theta 1, theta 2 and theta 3 has some
errors

350
00:30:01,130 --> 00:30:02,130
in them.

351
00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:08,280
So, in case of the triangulation, we have
a way out of adjusting these errors because

352
00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:14,539
we know there is an error, but in case of
trilateration even if error is there, we do

353
00:30:14,539 --> 00:30:15,539
not know.

354
00:30:15,539 --> 00:30:22,890
So, in order to reach conditions like this,
the trilateration figure becomes very complex.
355
00:30:22,890 --> 00:30:27,179
A simple triangle like this has one geometric condition.

356
00:30:27,560 --> 00:30:33,158
The sum of these three angles should be 180 degrees, but this is not so in a simple
figure

357
00:30:33,159 --> 00:30:34,159
like this.

358
00:30:34,860 --> 00:30:40,100
In order to have a similar geometric condition in trilateration, also our figure
will become

359
00:30:40,110 --> 00:30:41,110
complex.

360
00:30:42,020 --> 00:30:49,420
So, this is one disadvantage of trilateration
that our figures will become more complex,

361
00:30:49,429 --> 00:30:59,741
or rather we can say our internal condition;
internal angle conditions are not there.

362
00:30:59,741 --> 00:31:05,919
These are not there as in case of the triangulation.

363
00:31:05,919 --> 00:31:14,870
Well, the second disadvantage is as we know
in trilateration we measure the distances.

364
00:31:14,870 --> 00:31:24,129
If we have a hill like this, and we are interested
in knowing the horizontal distance between

365
00:31:24,130 --> 00:31:31,409
these two points B and A. In triangulation,
we do measure the horizontal angles, we do

366
00:31:31,409 --> 00:31:36,090
not measure the angles in a sloping plane
rather we measure the angles always in a horizontal

367
00:31:36,090 --> 00:31:38,970
plane, and this is how the theodolite is made.

368
00:31:39,880 --> 00:31:45,960
So, directly there by the computations, we
compute the horizontal length, but in the

369
00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:51,300
case of trilateration, we are measuring the
sloping distances.

370
00:31:52,860 --> 00:31:58,479
So, this sloping distance which has been measured needs to be finally reduced to
its horizontal

371
00:31:59,180 --> 00:32:00,180
component.

372
00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:02,299
How can we do it?

373
00:32:02,299 --> 00:32:11,370
Either we should know the RL, the reduced
level of these two points or I should know

374
00:32:11,370 --> 00:32:13,729
the vertical angle, Vt.

375
00:32:14,480 --> 00:32:19,600
So, in order to do it, again we end up taking
some extra measurements, either the vertical

376
00:32:19,610 --> 00:32:26,350
angle or the heights of these two points,
and then only this job can be done.

377
00:32:27,760 --> 00:32:28,900
So, this is another problem.

378
00:32:28,909 --> 00:32:39,049
Then the third problem with the trilateration
is because we are using here EDMI

379
00:32:40,220 --> 00:32:41,800
for the measurement.

380
00:32:43,160 --> 00:32:51,860
In case of a triangle, our length of this
side could be of order of 2 kilometers, 3

381
00:32:51,870 --> 00:32:56,810
kilometers, 5 kilometers, 10 kilometers, we
know it in case of triangulation. We have seen that.

382
00:32:58,090 --> 00:33:07,908
Now, in case of triangulation, what we did
if we are at A, we put our theodolite at A

383
00:33:08,580 --> 00:33:19,179
and then, we bisect the target at B and target at C, and we know the angle CAB, but
in case

384
00:33:19,190 --> 00:33:22,930
of EDMI, I am measuring the distance AC.

385
00:33:23,720 --> 00:33:25,260
How we are measuring the distance?

386
00:33:25,260 --> 00:33:33,240
We are putting our EDMI here, and our reflector here, and the electromagnetic waves
are sent

387
00:33:33,240 --> 00:33:37,920
to the target, and then it will be reflected
back and reaching here.

388
00:33:37,920 --> 00:33:40,960
So, by measuring the time of travel, we know the distance.

389
00:33:42,180 --> 00:33:48,760
So, we have seen this principle of EDMI before in one of our lectures, and we know
the accuracy

390
00:33:48,770 --> 00:33:58,470
of EDMI will depend upon how accurately we can represent the atmosphere in between
this

391
00:33:58,470 --> 00:34:02,191
column here in the instrument.

392
00:34:02,191 --> 00:34:07,799
Because once the instrument is actually making
the computations, we should input the actual
393
00:34:07,799 --> 00:34:16,330
atmospheric conditions because this is what
on which the C will depend the speed of light.

394
00:34:16,330 --> 00:34:20,149
So, we should not use the C for vacuum.

395
00:34:20,149 --> 00:34:22,100
No we cannot.

396
00:34:22,100 --> 00:34:25,819
We have to use it for the actual atmospheric
conditions.

397
00:34:25,820 --> 00:34:33,419
Now, measuring those actual atmospheric conditions
across this length of 2 meters is not a possible

398
00:34:33,418 --> 00:34:34,418
task.

399
00:34:34,418 --> 00:34:35,418
We cannot do it.

400
00:34:35,418 --> 00:34:43,279
So, because of that reason, there will be
some error again in these length measurements.

401
00:34:43,280 --> 00:34:50,540
Another disadvantage of trilateration, while
in the case of the triangulation, we are measuring

402
00:34:50,540 --> 00:34:52,429
only one single length.

403
00:34:52,429 --> 00:34:55,240
We can take all the precautions.

404
00:34:55,239 --> 00:35:03,060
We can try to measure that length you know
in small parts, or may be 100 times and or

405
00:35:03,060 --> 00:35:07,570
maybe we can also sample our atmosphere in
between, so that we know this length to the
406
00:35:07,570 --> 00:35:09,050
best possible accuracy.

407
00:35:09,050 --> 00:35:14,470
So, this is not possible in case of trilateration
because you cannot do this thing for all the

408
00:35:14,470 --> 00:35:16,459
lengths of the network.

409
00:35:16,460 --> 00:35:22,380
Now, we will see that what all field work
is involved in trilateration.

410
00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:27,440
You can guess it also now very well because you have seen the field work, which is
required

411
00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:31,349
in case of triangulation, and generally the
field work is nearly same.

412
00:35:31,349 --> 00:35:40,280
So, the very first step in trilateration will
be Reconnaissance survey.

413
00:35:40,280 --> 00:35:50,099
The meaning of this is the most important
part of any survey because your proper planning

414
00:35:50,099 --> 00:35:53,599
will govern the work later on.

415
00:35:53,599 --> 00:35:57,500
In the reconnaissance survey, what you do?

416
00:35:57,500 --> 00:36:04,950
You observe your area through may be using
some previous maps or by visiting the area

417
00:36:04,950 --> 00:36:10,868
by talking to people, and then you establish
your trilateration stations.

418
00:36:10,869 --> 00:36:18,190
When you are establishing these, and if your
triangles are very large, intervisibilty is

419
00:36:18,190 --> 00:36:25,970
the problem, then again over here you would
like to go for some kind of towers, so that

420
00:36:25,970 --> 00:36:27,970
you can measure the distances.

421
00:36:28,140 --> 00:36:29,680
So, you will observe the stations.

422
00:36:30,320 --> 00:36:35,840
Well, in observing these stations, in establishing these, again some of the things,
which should

423
00:36:35,850 --> 00:36:43,500
be made clear or rather we should ensure these now that I will select these two
stations

424
00:36:43,500 --> 00:36:52,520
for trilateration taking care that in between,
there are not any kind of hot spot in the

425
00:36:52,520 --> 00:36:58,421
atmosphere or maybe there is no industry here because if there is an industry, the
atmospheric

426
00:36:58,421 --> 00:37:00,480
condition over here in between will be different.

427
00:37:00,800 --> 00:37:02,260
We cannot sample it.

428
00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:10,100
Also, we should ensure that the line of site
or the laser pulse which we fire from the

429
00:37:10,100 --> 00:37:17,130
here which goes to the other target, it should be away from the ground.

430
00:37:17,130 --> 00:37:18,610
It should not graze the ground.

431
00:37:19,040 --> 00:37:24,800
So, these are the things which we should keep in mind in establishing our stations.
432
00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:30,180
At the same time, we know that we have to
go for a figure.

433
00:37:31,360 --> 00:37:37,460
As in the case of triangulation here, also
we have to make a triangulation figure in the field.

434
00:37:37,960 --> 00:37:41,900
So, what kinds of triangulation figures are
possible here?

435
00:37:41,902 --> 00:37:53,750
Now, here the figures which are generally
adopted are the Braced quadrilateral, where

436
00:37:53,750 --> 00:37:57,730
you are measuring all these lengths.

437
00:37:59,700 --> 00:38:09,220
Then, also the corresponding figure, one more figure could be and this is an
important observation.

438
00:38:09,230 --> 00:38:17,450
Important in the sense as we discussed earlier also that triangulation by measuring
the angles

439
00:38:17,450 --> 00:38:24,180
provides better geometric condition for our
checks for adjusting the angles which is not

440
00:38:24,180 --> 00:38:25,759
so in trilateration.

441
00:38:26,599 --> 00:38:34,920
In order to have the same kind of internal
checks or geometric conditions in our observation,

442
00:38:34,920 --> 00:38:37,390
our figure will become more complex.

443
00:38:37,390 --> 00:38:45,259
One example here is in triangulation if we
have a figure of this quadrilateral where

444
00:38:45,260 --> 00:38:54,800
you observe only these eight angles, and we
have here four conditions, the condition means

445
00:38:54,800 --> 00:38:59,050
we will talk about these conditions later
on, but condition mean as the condition here

446
00:38:59,050 --> 00:39:00,970
in case of triangle is sigma.

447
00:39:00,970 --> 00:39:03,629
Theta should be 180 degree in a simple triangle.

448
00:39:03,630 --> 00:39:05,880
There is one condition.

449
00:39:05,880 --> 00:39:10,980
So, here we have four conditions in a base
quadrilateral.

450
00:39:10,980 --> 00:39:24,270
If we do trilateration, we will have to make
a pentagon and in this pentagon also, we will

451
00:39:24,270 --> 00:39:32,849
have to observe all 10 lengths.

452
00:39:32,849 --> 00:39:44,400
If you observe all these 10 lengths, you have
taken the measurements, 10 measurements here

453
00:39:44,400 --> 00:39:50,960
then these two will have near same number
of internal conditions.

454
00:39:50,960 --> 00:39:56,430
So, what we see here our figure becomes more
complex in order to have the same number of

455
00:39:56,430 --> 00:40:00,879
internal conditions, and we will see this
when we will be talking about the adjustment.

456
00:40:00,880 --> 00:40:04,230
Why these internal conditions are important?
457
00:40:04,230 --> 00:40:09,010
We have looked into it also a little bit so
far in our lectures.

458
00:40:09,010 --> 00:40:17,150
So, we can go for figure like this that many
researchers, they have suggested that the

459
00:40:17,150 --> 00:40:19,420
best figure.

460
00:40:19,420 --> 00:40:33,230
In trilateration is a hexagon with all the
sides measured, all possible sides, whatever

461
00:40:33,230 --> 00:40:37,550
you can think of, all these are measured here.

462
00:40:37,550 --> 00:40:38,550
That is the best figure.

463
00:40:38,550 --> 00:40:46,880
This is what is there and it has 10 conditions
and 20 observations.

464
00:40:46,880 --> 00:40:57,940
So, we will need to go for this kind of figure
in order to have good geometric conditions

465
00:40:57,940 --> 00:41:00,440
in our trilateration figures.

466
00:41:00,440 --> 00:41:05,589
Well, having selected whatever the figure
we are going for, these are the ideal cases.

467
00:41:05,589 --> 00:41:07,160
Not always this is possible.

468
00:41:07,160 --> 00:41:12,710
So, whatever the figure we have chosen, the
next step will be of course measuring the

469
00:41:12,710 --> 00:41:16,740
lengths or distances.
470
00:41:16,740 --> 00:41:21,450
We are measuring the distances, the sloping
distances and the vertical angles, and we

471
00:41:21,450 --> 00:41:28,230
are reducing these vertical or the sloping
distances to the horizontal equivalent or

472
00:41:28,230 --> 00:41:29,710
the horizontal component.

473
00:41:29,710 --> 00:41:37,460
So, this is actually the field work.

474
00:41:37,460 --> 00:41:44,261
One more thing that we do again as in the
case of triangulation, we will also observe

475
00:41:44,261 --> 00:41:54,210
bearing of one line that is theta because
we will have to observe this bearing in order

476
00:41:54,210 --> 00:41:57,180
to compute these coordinates.

477
00:41:57,180 --> 00:42:04,169
So, all these things will be involved in doing
the triangulation in field.

478
00:42:04,170 --> 00:42:05,170
Next what we will see?

479
00:42:05,170 --> 00:42:20,220
We will see how we can go for
computation and adjustment.

480
00:42:20,220 --> 00:42:28,779
So, right now we will only see the concept
of adjustment.

481
00:42:28,780 --> 00:42:31,520
First this is important.

482
00:42:31,520 --> 00:42:32,590
What is it?
483
00:42:32,590 --> 00:42:37,160
What do we do in this, and the actual methods
of adjustments, we will see later on.

484
00:42:37,160 --> 00:42:45,190
Well, for a simple case if there is a triangle
for which we have observed theta 1, theta

485
00:42:45,190 --> 00:42:48,920
2, theta 3, all these three have been observed.

486
00:42:48,920 --> 00:42:54,040
Obviously, sigma theta will not be equal to
180.

487
00:42:54,040 --> 00:43:00,180
We know it because all these observations
will have some error, but the condition in

488
00:43:00,180 --> 00:43:04,089
the field says that sigma theta should be
180.

489
00:43:04,089 --> 00:43:05,680
So, what we try to do?

490
00:43:05,680 --> 00:43:07,640
We try to adjust these errors.

491
00:43:07,640 --> 00:43:16,270
We try to find what is the amount of corrections
is which is required to this angle.

492
00:43:16,270 --> 00:43:20,320
What is the correction which is required to
this angle?

493
00:43:20,320 --> 00:43:31,970
If we know in our angles we have some systematic
error, we know already about the systematic

494
00:43:31,970 --> 00:43:32,970
error.

495
00:43:32,970 --> 00:43:39,209
If there is some systematic error in our angles,
we will eliminate it by writing the physical

496
00:43:39,210 --> 00:43:45,490
model, so from theta 1, theta 2, theta 3,
if the systematic error is there, we will

497
00:43:45,490 --> 00:43:49,729
first eliminate that, even after eliminating
systematic error.

498
00:43:51,620 --> 00:43:56,680
Let us say, I write it as theta 1 dash theta
2 dash theta 3 dash.

499
00:43:56,680 --> 00:44:09,759
Still sigma theta dash will not be 180 because
we have in our angles, the random errors which

500
00:44:09,760 --> 00:44:16,290
cannot be eliminated by writing a physical
model because we do not know where these were.

501
00:44:16,290 --> 00:44:22,390
So, what we do is the adjustment procedure.

502
00:44:22,390 --> 00:44:29,040
What we are talking about is done for these
random error, we adjust it, so that our condition

503
00:44:29,040 --> 00:44:30,680
sigma theta 180 is satisfied.

504
00:44:30,680 --> 00:44:36,089
Because this is what is there in the ground.

505
00:44:36,089 --> 00:44:44,049
Well, that was a simple case of a triangle,
but we may have let us say a figure like this.

506
00:44:44,050 --> 00:44:50,099
We have all these angles are measured.

507
00:44:51,220 --> 00:44:53,640
Now, there will be many more conditions here.

508
00:44:53,640 --> 00:44:54,640
There could be a condition.

509
00:44:54,640 --> 00:45:03,420
The sum of all if I highlight it sum of all
the angles within this triangle should be

510
00:45:03,420 --> 00:45:10,630
180 as well as sum of all the angles within
this triangle should be 180.

511
00:45:10,630 --> 00:45:15,540
If I first adjust my red triangle, I adjust
this one.

512
00:45:15,540 --> 00:45:22,240
I change this angle, this angle, this angle,
this angle and then, I do it for the blue

513
00:45:22,240 --> 00:45:23,540
one.

514
00:45:23,540 --> 00:45:25,310
I again change this angle, this angle.

515
00:45:25,310 --> 00:45:28,490
Now, again this angle has been changed.

516
00:45:28,490 --> 00:45:31,680
If I change, adjust it for blue, the red will
not be adjusted.

517
00:45:31,680 --> 00:45:34,390
If I adjust it for red, the blue will not
be adjusted.

518
00:45:34,390 --> 00:45:36,348
Similarly, there are many more triangles here.

519
00:45:36,349 --> 00:45:37,570
So, what we do?

520
00:45:37,570 --> 00:45:43,800
We go for a method in which we take all these
observations together.

521
00:45:43,800 --> 00:45:49,000
We keep this everything as one system and
by least square; we adjust all these angles,

522
00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:52,660
so that all the conditions within this figure
are satisfied.

523
00:45:52,660 --> 00:45:55,359
So, this is adjustment.

524
00:45:55,359 --> 00:46:01,470
Now, in our computational adjustment first
of all, let us say in case of triangulation,

525
00:46:01,470 --> 00:46:07,160
we have done a triangulation where this length
is known.

526
00:46:07,160 --> 00:46:11,190
First of all, all these angles are adjusted.

527
00:46:11,190 --> 00:46:13,320
Now, the figure could be anything.

528
00:46:13,320 --> 00:46:15,410
We may have some base quadrilaterals also
there.

529
00:46:15,800 --> 00:46:24,560
So, first of all, all the angles are adjusted,
angle adjustment.

530
00:46:25,980 --> 00:46:34,280
Number 2 step in the computation is starting
from the bearing of an unknown line.

531
00:46:34,280 --> 00:46:37,100
Now, the angles have been adjusted.

532
00:46:37,100 --> 00:46:40,190
We have measured the bearing of unknown line.

533
00:46:40,190 --> 00:46:41,190
What we will do?

534
00:46:41,190 --> 00:46:46,800
We will compute the bearing of all lines.

535
00:46:46,800 --> 00:46:52,609
Once the bearings of all the lines in the
triangulation figure has been computed, our

536
00:46:52,609 --> 00:47:04,080
next step will be, we will start from a known
line and will start computing these lengths.

537
00:47:04,080 --> 00:47:10,270
Having computed all the lengths again by the best possible route, what we will do
is the strongest route.

538
00:47:10,800 --> 00:47:13,220
What we will do? We will compute the coordinates.

539
00:47:15,820 --> 00:47:21,280
So, if I know the coordinates of my initial
station which we can assume, or we can take

540
00:47:21,290 --> 00:47:29,250
from some national reference or national system, I know now the coordinates of all
other stations

541
00:47:29,250 --> 00:47:36,309
here and this is where the computation of
triangulation is over.

542
00:47:36,309 --> 00:47:45,869
Our end product at this stage, a map where
all these points are the triangulation stations

543
00:47:45,869 --> 00:47:48,579
and we know their coordinates.

544
00:47:48,579 --> 00:47:50,160
This we can use later on.

545
00:47:50,160 --> 00:47:54,319
Now, this procedure how we do it in case of
trilateration?

546
00:48:00,780 --> 00:48:08,140
In case of trilateration, number one because trilateration means we have these
complex figures.
547
00:48:11,180 --> 00:48:16,620
May be let us say simple chain like this,
where all these lengths are observed.

548
00:48:22,460 --> 00:48:23,460
What we do?

549
00:48:23,460 --> 00:48:26,360
We start because we have to go for the adjustment.

550
00:48:26,700 --> 00:48:31,980
So, the procedure generally which is followed is using these lengths.

551
00:48:32,600 --> 00:48:35,560
You know whatever the length we have observed, what we do?

552
00:48:35,569 --> 00:48:38,430
We compute the internal angles.

553
00:48:41,540 --> 00:48:45,500
First of all, we compute the internal angles
using the cosine rule.

554
00:48:45,510 --> 00:48:52,089
So, in any triangle using these three sides,
I can compute the angles.

555
00:48:52,089 --> 00:48:56,400
After computing the angles, we put those angles
here inside.

556
00:48:56,400 --> 00:48:59,260
So, all the angles are computed.

557
00:48:59,900 --> 00:49:07,220
So, we know these angles which are computed
angles and then, later on for these computed

558
00:49:07,230 --> 00:49:16,220
angles, we go for the adjustment as in the
case of the triangulation.

559
00:49:16,220 --> 00:49:21,720
So, after computing these internal angles,
using the lengths, the procedure is nearly
560
00:49:21,720 --> 00:49:24,419
same as in case of the triangulation.

561
00:49:24,420 --> 00:49:32,960
We adjust those angles and then, we again
after adjusting our lengths, sorry the angles,

562
00:49:32,960 --> 00:49:38,130
we compute the corrected lengths and then,
we compute the coordinates.

563
00:49:38,130 --> 00:49:45,590
Now, we will try to see one more aspect of
establishing control network and that is called

564
00:49:45,590 --> 00:49:49,490
triangulateration.

565
00:49:49,490 --> 00:50:00,618
Now, as the name is there in this case the
idea is, we will be measuring all the lengths

566
00:50:00,620 --> 00:50:02,160
as well as all the angles.

567
00:50:04,280 --> 00:50:08,640
Now, we have an instrument, which is called total station.

568
00:50:09,440 --> 00:50:14,520
We have seen this instrument also, and it
is possible with the total station that you

569
00:50:14,530 --> 00:50:19,790
can simultaneously measure the angles as well as the lengths.

570
00:50:20,540 --> 00:50:26,800
For example, if you are standing here, you
can measure the sloping distance to this point

571
00:50:26,800 --> 00:50:29,580
as well as you can measure the sloping distance to this point.

572
00:50:29,980 --> 00:50:35,600
At the same time, your total station is giving you a horizontal angle; a total
station is
573
00:50:35,600 --> 00:50:37,540
also giving you the vertical angle.

574
00:50:38,500 --> 00:50:46,940
So, making use of this, we will say of course if in a figure we have all the angles
measured

575
00:50:46,940 --> 00:50:50,790
as well as all the lengths measured, our figure is very strong figure.

576
00:50:51,600 --> 00:50:53,819
There is a lot of redundancy in the figure.

577
00:50:54,920 --> 00:51:03,280
So, now, with the availability of the total
station, if we are going for very precise

578
00:51:03,290 --> 00:51:09,310
survey, we are going to establish a very precise, very accurate control network.

579
00:51:09,860 --> 00:51:13,040
We would like to go for triangulateration.

580
00:51:13,600 --> 00:51:20,900
Now, at this stage we have gone through almost all the steps of triangulation and
trilateration.

581
00:51:20,900 --> 00:51:28,450
I will not say you know in a very comprehensive way, but something, which is
limited within

582
00:51:28,450 --> 00:51:30,770
the scope of this video lecture series.

583
00:51:31,490 --> 00:51:38,790
What we saw here starting from triangulation, then trilateration,
triangulateration, all

584
00:51:38,790 --> 00:51:45,670
these are the methods of establishing control,
whether it is vertical control or horizontal

585
00:51:45,670 --> 00:51:46,670
control.

586
00:51:46,670 --> 00:51:50,700
More importantly it is the horizontal control.

587
00:51:50,700 --> 00:51:56,460
In case of the triangulation, we are measuring
the angles, all the angles in the triangulation

588
00:51:56,460 --> 00:52:02,089
figure and only one or two lengths, but in
the case of the trilateration, as we saw today

589
00:52:02,089 --> 00:52:09,630
we are measuring all the lengths in a network
and by using these observation which we are

590
00:52:09,630 --> 00:52:16,420
doing in the field by taking you know eliminating
the errors which are possible in the field,

591
00:52:16,420 --> 00:52:23,180
what we do, we do computation and at the end
of the computation, what we get is the coordinates

592
00:52:23,720 --> 00:52:27,980
of all our control points or stations.

593
00:52:29,100 --> 00:52:38,239
Now, these coordinates or the control points
can be used later on for varieties of purposes

594
00:52:38,239 --> 00:52:41,550
as we will see later on when we talk about
the plane tabling.

595
00:52:41,550 --> 00:52:48,099
How we can make use of these coordinates in
plane tabling.

596
00:52:48,099 --> 00:52:51,330
Because in plane tabling, we will make use
of this network.

597
00:52:51,330 --> 00:53:00,460
Let us say there is a big network here, and
these distances are of the order of 1 kilometer.

598
00:53:00,460 --> 00:53:04,970
Now, I want to make the map here.

599
00:53:04,970 --> 00:53:09,819
I want to fill the details in my map because
so far in my map in drawing sheet, I have

600
00:53:09,819 --> 00:53:12,480
only these stations plotted and nothing else.

601
00:53:12,900 --> 00:53:17,780
Now, I want to plot the other things, where
the roads are, where the houses are there.

602
00:53:17,790 --> 00:53:19,290
I want to plot everything.

603
00:53:19,290 --> 00:53:24,520
So, for this plotting, we will go for one
more method which is called plane tabling

604
00:53:24,520 --> 00:53:28,030
and then, we will make use of these control
points or control networks.

605
00:53:28,030 --> 00:53:33,880
Otherwise, also when we began talking about
this triangulation, we saw some application

606
00:53:33,880 --> 00:53:35,780
of the triangulation.

607
00:53:36,600 --> 00:53:40,100
So, we finish this triangulation here. Thank you.