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Welcome again to this video lecture series
on basic surveying.

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Today, we are talking about the module number 5, which is on theodolites and total
stations.

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We have already started this module in our
last lecture.

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So, today our lecture is lecture number 2
of this module.

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Now, this is the structure of all our video
lectures, where we are talking at this place.

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Now, what we have done so far, as first the
theodolites and total station all this module

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is concerned.

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Today, we are going in the other part of it,
we will start with the telescope, how it is

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constructed you know, what is there inside,
what kind of telescope it is.

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So, we will look into this telescope, which
is used in the theodolites.

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Then we will see some more definitions, which we need to know in order to go
further, while

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we are teach reading about theodolite.

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Then we will see some temporary adjustments of a theodolite, these are setting,
levelling,

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centring and focusing.

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And then finally, we will see how we can make use of these in order to measure one
horizontal

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angle.

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So, this is all we are going to cover today.

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Now, to start with the telescope, what is
the telescope is this?

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This telescope is Kepler's type telescope.

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You must have done in your physics classes that there are different types of
telescope.

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This Kepler's type telescope and as you can see here, now we have seen in our last
lecture

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also, this is the objective, objective lens,
thus the eye piece here.

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Now, how it functions?

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The object is somewhere here on this side.

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The rays from the object are passing through the objective; they are creating an
image

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somewhere inside.

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Now, this image is brought into the within
the focal length of this eye piece or this

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lens here.

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And this is how the image is generated, the
final image which you observe.

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Now, we will see the line diagram of this.

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So, to see the line diagram here in this slide,
you will see that AB is an object, from this

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AB that is our telescope.

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And the telescope means this is the objective
lens, and this is the eye piece.

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The rays from the object, they will form the
image of the object somewhere here.

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So, this is the image of the object, a dash,
b dash for the object A and B, is a simple

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line diagram which you know from your basic
optics.

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Now, this a dash, b dash is placed inside
this telescope in such a way, that it is within

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the focal length of eye piece.
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Now, why is it done?

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It is done, if this is the focal length, this
distance is the focal length of eye piece.

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It is done in order to ensure, now what will
happen?

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If it is within the focal length, how the
image will be generated.

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Now, these rays will go similarly, they will
meet at the focus, now the rays from here

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passing through the optical centre will go
like this, and will go like this.

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Now, these rays they do not meet on this side, rather they converge, appear to be
converging

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on this side.

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So finally, we will have the image formed
here and this is how the image is formed,

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and this how the image will look like.

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So, for the observer, if the observer is here
is looking through the eye piece, what he

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sees is, he looks at a dash, a double dash
and b double dash, which is not the real image,

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is not the real image.

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So, this is actually the line diagram of Kepler's telescope, which is mostly used
in our theodolites.

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There may be some extra lens, additional lens which will invert this image.

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At this moment, the image which you are seeing for a ranging rod, you are seeing a
ranging

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rod inverted.

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Though it does not matter for an experienced surveyor, it is all right, but he
knows that

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how the image is generated, and he knows how to take the observations.

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But, in order to expedite the survey, in order
to avoid this kind of confusion, the modern

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instruments are fitted with some extra optics in between extra lenses.

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And they will further turn it, and the image
will look erected, it will look erected.

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Now, some definitions here about this Kepler's
telescope.

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Now, from that terms over here where our inversely images being formed, this place
we have one

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additional assembly, which we said a diaphragm.

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Now, what is this diaphragm?

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A diaphragm, if I draw.

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It is a glass sheet, circular in shape and
it will have

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some wires.

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Sometimes, they are these are the wires or
sometimes these are the on a glass plate some

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marks hatch on it.

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So, for example, this is the one example of
the glass sheet or glass plate on which some

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marks are hatched.

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Now, this assembly is a diaphragm or cross
wire, there may be various kinds of these

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depending the instrument

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or may be depending the instrument.

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All these facilitate proper bisection, all
these facilitate proper taking of some observations.

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So, when we look through the telescope what
we see, when you look through the telescope

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for example, if I have focussed this telescope
on a tree, let us say.

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So, what I see?

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I see the tree and my telescope is focussed
on this tree over here that is the field of

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view.

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I cannot see beyond this, I can see only this
part that is the field of view of the telescope.

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Now, in this field of view, I will see my
cross wires depending what kind of arrangement

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is there of the cross wires, let us say this
is the arrangement.

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So, this is how, when we look through the
telescope, it is looks like this.

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Now, here in this case, this particular point,
if I this centre of here, this particular

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point is the centre of cross wire, where this
is cross wire, and this is centre of the cross

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wire.

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Whenever we sight through the telescope, our line of sight is defined by this cross
wire.

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Because, we are bisecting anything with the
cross wire, you see the cross wire, you see
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the object and you ensure yes, now this is
my line of sight.

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So, the line of sight in the telescope is
defined as, as you go here, somewhere here

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as I was telling you that we have the cross
wire or diaphragm, this cross wire is fitted

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here over here.

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So, the point centre of the cross wire and
the centre of the objective, joining these

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two, the line form is called the line of sight.

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Now, another definition that is of line of
collimation, now what is this?

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This is something of the telescope, this is
also called axis of

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telescope. Now, what it is?

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Here a line joining the centre of the eye
piece and the centre of the objective, if

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I join these two, then the line which I get
is the line of collimation or axis of the

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telescope.

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Ideally these two lines, the line of sight
and line of collimation should be same; this

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is how the instruments are made.

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But, there may be slightly in error also,
they might be not consistent, so that is the

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line of collimation.

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So, we have seen the cross wire, the line
of collimation, the line of sight.

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Well, we go further now.

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Two more definitions, in those definitions
we may have an external focussing telescope

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or internal focussing telescope.

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Now, what this is, here in this case when
I focus the object, what I do, I use the focussing

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screw here.

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And I see, when I sight through the eye piece
I see the things are focussed.

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Now, what is happening, basically in the case of the focusing, if you look at the
line diagram again,

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we have the eye piece, we have the
objective.

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Now, the focussing means some where here is the cross wire.

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Now, this cross wire is clearly seen by this
eye piece, this eye piece is placed at such

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a distance from the cross wire, but we can
see the cross wire very distinctly will talk

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about that in a moment.

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Well, what you want, because this cross wire
is our frame of measurement, reference of

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the measurement, you want to bring the image
which is formed from here on the plane of

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the cross wire.

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So, we want to bring the image here, this
a dash and b dash.

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And then once this image is magnified, the
cross wire is also magnified accordingly.

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So but images, image and the cross wire both
are magnified by the same amount.

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So, focussing this objective means bringing
the image, which is formed by the objective

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they are at the plane of the cross wire, now
how can we do it.

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Let us say, this very first image which is
being formed is somewhere here, a dash and
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b dash.

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Now, you want to bring this image over here.

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So, we want to shift this image by this much
distance.

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So, what we need to do, we need to shift this
lens by equal amount.

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So, this lens needs to move, the objective
lens needs to move in order to focus this

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image on the cross wire plane.

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Now, how it is ensured, this could be ensured
let us say in one case.

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We have a telescope where we have two tubes
and that is the objective, and somewhere here

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is the eyepiece.

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We have a gear, a gear mechanism and using
this gear mechanism, this tube moves inside

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or outside.

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So, what is happening?

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Now, we are changing the location of the image, inside the tube as desired by
moving this
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tube inside or outside.

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So, this kind of focussing is called external
focussing.

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Now, in the case of the internal focussing,
because there are some problems with external

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focussing, what the problems are?

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Problem is well, if the centre of instrument
is here, now this tube is starts moving here

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and there, so the balance of the instrument
will change.

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Then there is a moving part more chances of
the errors, you know more chances of this

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getting this oriented.

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It is all aligned initially, but this might
come down, because of it is weight after sometime.

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Then this part which is coming out of the
tube is exposed to the dust.

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So, they will be lot of dust in the telescope.

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So, because of these resonances, this external
focussing telescope is not used anymore.

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Most of the instruments which you find, now
will find of internal focussing type, what

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happens in the case of the internal focussing.

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Now, our eyepiece is somewhere here, and that
is our body of the telescope, and at the end

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of this body is the objective.

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Now, here in this case these two, the objective
and the eye piece, they are fixed, they are

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fixed here.

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Now, if it is fixed how to obtain the desirable
thing, moving this image, if there is an image

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formed by objective, a dash and b dash, and
you want to move this image here and there,

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how to reach at that.

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For that, there is an extra lens, and extra
lens is fitted inside.

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And now, there is a gear mechanism, and this gear mechanism will move only this
lens here

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and there.

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So, because of the movement of this lens now,
our image will move here and there.

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So, now what is happening?

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There is no tube coming out of the telescope,
so the balance of the telescope is maintained.

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So, as we say in this case, in this case of
the theodolite here, if I focus the objective

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there is no change in the length of the telescope.

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So, you can now, very well guess, what kind
of telescope it is, there is no change nothing

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is coming out of the telescope.

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So, this is internal focussing telescope.

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Okay, having done this,, now, we will go for
more important thing.

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Now, that is called we want to measure an
angle, angle measurement using a theodolite,

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what are the steps, what all we need to when we want to measure the angle using a
theodolite.

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There are various you know it looks very simple, but there are so many steps
involved, and

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that would control the accuracy of the angle that will measure, what are those
steps?

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These steps generally we write as temporary adjustments of a theodolite, what these
temporary
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adjustments are...

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Well, I will give you a problem for example
let us say, you want to do a traverse.

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And in this traverse, you want to you have
an EDMI, you are using the EDMI to measure

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all these lens, you want to measure all these
angles now using the theodolite.

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Now, in order to measure these angles if it
is A, B, C, D and E, we have already know

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why we do the traverse, what kind of uses
a traverse can be put to we know that already.

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Let us say our telescope, our theodolite is
at point B over here and we want to measure

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the angle A, B and C, this angle is required.

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So, what all should we do, and once we have measured the angle at B, we move our
instrument to C

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in order to measure the angle B C D. So, again what all we need to do

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before we start measuring the angle,

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is it not that we can straight away carry the instrument put it somewhere near the
B and we start measuring

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the angle, no. We need to do some steps before we can take actually the angle
measurement.

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And though the steps which we repeat at each station B, C, D, A, E all the
stations,

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these are called the temporary adjustments.

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Now, what these temporary adjustments are, we will start with number 1 setting,

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number 2 will be levelling, and number 3 will be centring, and number 4 focussing.

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So, what all these are, we will now look into these one by one. Though, some of
these are dependent

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on each other. So, if you do levelling, we
have to do a centring after that again after

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doing centring we have to check our levelling, again after doing our levelling we
have to

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check our centring, because they are dependent. Now, what all these are and how we
proceed

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with this, this one we are going to see now. And the problem is we want to measure
an angle,

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let us say A, B, and C this is the angle, which we want to measure the horizontal
angle

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A, B and C. Naturally, first what we will do, we will come near to this station B.
Now when I say B,

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you can see the B here in the drawing, but please think of the ground outside your
room,
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where you are seeing this video lecture, think of that ground, think of the point
at that ground,

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how that point will be identified. Well, what you have done, because the traverse

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stations, when you say traverse stations or the survey stations, what do we do
mostly?

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There in the ground we have decided, we are going to take a particular point as a
traverse station.

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Generally we will put either a concrete
block,

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and in this concrete block there is

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an iron nail, which marks the centre of the
station. So, in the plant, it might look like

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this might concrete block, there is the concrete
block and there is a nail, and the centre

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of that nail is a station.
So, you can look at that centre physically

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there all these points. The traverse stations
are marked like that on the ground or may

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00:19:48,610 --> 00:19:53,100
be, if you are doing a temporary work, what
you can do, you can take some paint. And using

215
00:19:53,100 --> 00:20:00,179
the paint, you can draw some lines there on
the ground, my stations. So, these are the
216
00:20:00,180 --> 00:20:08,720
lines, which mark the point. And basically
now the job is when you are occupying here,

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00:20:08,720 --> 00:20:15,919
you want to put your instrument over these
points. And this is how you can measure these

218
00:20:15,919 --> 00:20:21,090
angles and this is why, we need to do all
these temporary adjustments.

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00:20:21,090 --> 00:20:30,639
Now, in these temporary adjustments, we will
start with 1 about the tripod, what we need

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00:20:30,640 --> 00:20:32,300
to do with a tripod.

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00:20:32,300 --> 00:20:38,330
So, here we are maybe we are in the field
now, and we are over that point B at which

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00:20:38,330 --> 00:20:43,820
we have to measure the angle. So, the B point
is somewhere here in the ground, and you know

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how that B point is marked, that B point is
marked like this may be you know, but paint

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00:20:49,370 --> 00:20:54,340
or may be on top of that iron nail that we
are talking about. So, the point is marked

225
00:20:54,340 --> 00:20:59,939
there in the ground. Now, what my job is,
because I need to measure the angle A, B and

226
00:20:59,940 --> 00:21:02,640
C.
So, I want to put my theodolite, in such a

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00:21:02,640 --> 00:21:08,510
way, that the vertical centre or the vertical
axis of the theodolite passes through the
228
00:21:08,510 --> 00:21:16,980
point in the ground. Because, the centre of
the theodolite means where, when I rotate

229
00:21:16,980 --> 00:21:21,710
the theodolite in horizontal, when I rotate
it, it is rotating about an axis, thus the

230
00:21:21,710 --> 00:21:28,130
point which is the origin about with your
measuring all the angles. So, I need to bring

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00:21:28,130 --> 00:21:34,700
that vertical axis of the theodolite over
that point, and our theodolite has to be vertical

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and at the same time, the horizontal plate
of the theodolite has to be horizontal, so

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well I occupy this point.
Now, when you occupy with this point, you

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00:21:44,500 --> 00:21:50,570
start with a tripod. A tripod as you know
as you can see here. Now, in this case we

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00:21:50,570 --> 00:21:54,750
can change the length of the legs, we all
have the arrangements and by this, you can

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00:21:54,750 --> 00:21:59,980
change the length of the legs. The idea is
you want to keep the length of the legs or

237
00:21:59,980 --> 00:22:06,570
the height of the theodolite, tripod. In such
a way, that after keeping the theodolite on

238
00:22:06,570 --> 00:22:12,070
this, the eyepiece should be at my eye level.
So, we know approximately well, that is the

239
00:22:12,070 --> 00:22:18,279
height of my theodolite and that is where
the eye piece will be. So, this is how I decide
240
00:22:18,279 --> 00:22:25,409
about this particular height.
The next what we do, first of all we centre

241
00:22:25,409 --> 00:22:31,881
this tripod, how do we centre it? We can make
use of if you do not have a plum bob, you

242
00:22:31,881 --> 00:22:36,320
know the plum bob, if you do not have the
plum bob I can make use of even stone, I can

243
00:22:36,320 --> 00:22:41,740
drop that stone from the centre of the theodolite,
whether it drops nearly around that point

244
00:22:41,740 --> 00:22:46,779
in the ground or not. If you have the plum
bob, I can suspend this plum bob like this,

245
00:22:46,779 --> 00:22:52,190
and it will tell me whether this particular
point is exactly over that point or not. So,

246
00:22:52,190 --> 00:22:56,260
all these things can be ensured, now having
done this.

247
00:22:56,260 --> 00:23:00,940
Next I want to, because this is approximate
centring, it is not exact centring as yet.

248
00:23:00,940 --> 00:23:10,679
Now, to do the exact levelling and centring,
what we are going to do. Then I observe the

249
00:23:10,679 --> 00:23:15,700
head of the tripod that is the tripod head,
I want to ensure that this tripod head is

250
00:23:15,700 --> 00:23:21,899
level, because this is required. I will put
my instrument on top of this; I will need

251
00:23:21,899 --> 00:23:27,219
to make my instrument horizontal, what the
horizontal plate of the instrument should

252
00:23:27,220 --> 00:23:34,250
be horizontal. So, before I do it in the instrument
I should ensure that my tripod head is horizontal.

253
00:23:34,250 --> 00:23:39,950
So, how do I ensure it, it is by visual examination.
Now, there are two more movements of the tripod

254
00:23:39,950 --> 00:23:47,950
legs. One, I can move the tripod leg circumferentially.
Basically, when I move it circumferentially

255
00:23:47,950 --> 00:23:55,299
what happens, it will change the levelling,
it will not change the centring, so if I move

256
00:23:55,299 --> 00:24:01,129
it circumferentially like this. Generally,
the centring of the tripod will not change

257
00:24:01,130 --> 00:24:06,362
so much, while the tripod head will change
its levelling. So, I can do it for any of

258
00:24:06,362 --> 00:24:14,399
the three legs depending their requirement
or maybe I can shift the tripod leg a radially

259
00:24:14,399 --> 00:24:17,820
outward.
Now, when I shifted radially outward, what

260
00:24:17,820 --> 00:24:23,960
happens in that case? In this case, the levelling
of the instrument will not change much or

261
00:24:23,960 --> 00:24:28,940
the levelling of the tripod head will not
change much, while the centring will change.

262
00:24:28,940 --> 00:24:36,440
So, what is our aim, when you are working
with this tripod our aim is we want to approximately

263
00:24:36,440 --> 00:24:41,140
centre it, approximately level it. And by
using these legs, the movement of the legs,

264
00:24:41,540 --> 00:24:47,379
I gave you two movements, radial and this
radial movement, and the circumferentially

265
00:24:47,380 --> 00:24:54,130
movement. By doing these, also may be at times
by changing the length, you want to change

266
00:24:54,130 --> 00:24:59,000
the length of this leg a little bit instead
of giving it a radial movement, so you can

267
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:02,070
do that.
So, our finally what we will achieve, we will

268
00:25:02,070 --> 00:25:09,039
achieve our tripod is approximately levelled, it’s an eye adjustment, just by
adjustment

269
00:25:09,039 --> 00:25:15,700
you can ensure it or and as well as, it is
also approximately centred over that point.

270
00:25:16,540 --> 00:25:23,360
You know at that stage, we will bring our
theodolite and put it on top of this. So,

271
00:25:23,360 --> 00:25:31,120
one more thing here in the tripod head that
important is if I show you like this, we have

272
00:25:31,120 --> 00:25:37,989
a move an assembly which can move. So, once I bring my theodolite, I can put my
theodolite

273
00:25:37,990 --> 00:25:45,220
in such a way that it goes into this bolt.
So, this is the bolt for the theodolite. Now,

274
00:25:45,220 --> 00:25:51,910
I can bolt it into the theodolite bottom.
Now, having done that to do some fine centring

275
00:25:51,910 --> 00:25:58,860
of the theodolite, we use this and this assembly
is called centring head. So, I can move it

276
00:25:58,860 --> 00:26:06,340
like this and just relax it, and move it like
this, and that will do my centring very accurately.

277
00:26:06,340 --> 00:26:12,220
So, this is the centring head. So, we make
use of this centring head, the theodolite

278
00:26:12,220 --> 00:26:17,289
is put just rotation of this and fine centring
is achieved. So, we will talk about this again

279
00:26:17,289 --> 00:26:23,549
later on. Now, our theodolite is on top of
the tripod, we fit it.

280
00:26:24,300 --> 00:26:30,820
Now what is next, next step is levelling,
levelling of theodolite, because so far our

281
00:26:30,830 --> 00:26:37,750
tripod head is levelled and centred. Well
how to do that, we will follow levelling of

282
00:26:37,750 --> 00:26:46,159
the tripod we have three levelling screws,
as you can see here 1, 2 or 3, and these are

283
00:26:46,159 --> 00:26:51,390
also called foot screws. Now how do we level
it, and what is the purpose of it, purpose

284
00:26:51,390 --> 00:26:55,430
of the levelling.
The purpose of levelling is we have the horizontal

285
00:26:55,430 --> 00:27:00,250
plate here, you know the horizontal plate,
and on this horizontal plate using the index

286
00:27:00,250 --> 00:27:05,429
we are measuring the angles as we have seen,
you want to make this horizontal plate truly
287
00:27:05,429 --> 00:27:12,240
horizontal, why you want to do it as we have
seen. If there are two objects, we want to

288
00:27:12,240 --> 00:27:16,330
measure the angle between these two objects,
what the meaning of the angle is, the meaning

289
00:27:16,330 --> 00:27:22,189
of the angle is we want to measure that angle
on the horizontal plane not on the inclined

290
00:27:22,190 --> 00:27:26,890
plane.
So, if there are two objects here, for this

291
00:27:26,890 --> 00:27:30,870
here one here, one here. The theodolite may
bisect like this and bisect like this, we

292
00:27:30,870 --> 00:27:35,360
are interested in the corresponding angle
at the horizontal plane, the projected angle

293
00:27:35,360 --> 00:27:41,100
on the horizontal plane. So, our measurement
or the graduated ring has to be horizontal

294
00:27:41,100 --> 00:27:47,928
for this purpose, now how to ensure it. In
order to do that, we have a bubble tube here,

295
00:27:47,929 --> 00:27:53,340
and we have seen what the bubble tube is,
what you want to you know achieve using the

296
00:27:53,340 --> 00:27:57,260
bubble tube.
Now, in this bubble tube there is a bubble

297
00:27:57,260 --> 00:28:03,120
as we have seen in the diagram also, if I
look at that from the top, it may look like

298
00:28:03,120 --> 00:28:13,139
that’s the bubble that there are some graduations
also. Basically, this bubble needs to come
299
00:28:13,140 --> 00:28:18,600
to the centre, centre means it should be if
it is levelled, it should be here in the centre

300
00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:27,699
this way. So, the bubble needs to be moved
on this side, in order to make this bubble

301
00:28:27,700 --> 00:28:33,529
tube levelled. And we have seen this thing
already, that the bubble is a part of a large

302
00:28:33,529 --> 00:28:41,620
circular tube and why it is, so because then
only the bubble will be formed, and then only

303
00:28:41,620 --> 00:28:45,510
with the movement of the bubble tube here
and there, the bubble will move here and there.

304
00:28:45,510 --> 00:28:51,240
And at the and the time when the bubble is
in centre for example, that is my tube here,

305
00:28:51,240 --> 00:28:58,019
the bubble is in centre at that time, if the
bubble is in centre here at that time this

306
00:28:58,019 --> 00:29:03,860
axis of the bubble tube will be horizontal,
this line will be horizontal. Well, you can

307
00:29:03,860 --> 00:29:10,080
think of the axis of bubble tube an imaginary
line somewhere here that is the line. So,

308
00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:15,129
this bubble tube is fitted to the instrument
in such a way, that this line is parallel

309
00:29:15,130 --> 00:29:21,900
to the horizontal plate. So, in order to make
my horizontal plate horizontal or this lower

310
00:29:21,900 --> 00:29:26,029
plate horizontal, what I need to do, I need
to make this line horizontal.

311
00:29:26,029 --> 00:29:35,299
Now, there may be a case for example, just
think here in this case, if this black pen

312
00:29:35,299 --> 00:29:40,379
is the bubble tube right now the bubble tube
is horizontal, but how about this plane, this

313
00:29:40,380 --> 00:29:46,049
plane is not horizontal, this plane will be
horizontal only in this case. So, there may

314
00:29:46,049 --> 00:29:52,370
be cases when the bubble tube is in centre
that if I see the bubble is in centre, but

315
00:29:52,370 --> 00:29:57,860
we are not sure, whether the plate is horizontal
or not. So, we have to follow a particular

316
00:29:57,860 --> 00:30:02,760
step you know particular strategy in order
to ensure that this is horizontal, what that

317
00:30:02,760 --> 00:30:09,350
strategy is, first of all we put this bubble
tube along two foot screws. So, this is the

318
00:30:09,350 --> 00:30:14,269
bubble tube, the axis of bubble tube, and
these are the two foot screws.

319
00:30:14,269 --> 00:30:20,610
Now, I give the rotation to these two foot
screws either inward or out ward together.

320
00:30:20,610 --> 00:30:30,889
Either inward or out ward together means these
are the foot screws, number 1, number 2 and

321
00:30:30,889 --> 00:30:40,949
number 3. And the bubble tube is kept right
now, this way parallel to these two foot screws

322
00:30:40,950 --> 00:30:46,120
that is the axis of bubble tube. So, then
these two bubble tubes are given either inward

323
00:30:46,120 --> 00:30:55,289
rotation or outward rotation together. The
rotation should be same either inward or outward,

324
00:30:55,289 --> 00:31:00,139
why is it done, if I give one outward one
inward, then they nullify each you know effect

325
00:31:00,139 --> 00:31:03,709
of each other.
And, this is how what is happening, either

326
00:31:03,710 --> 00:31:10,159
this bubble tube is going up or going down,
because this, what we need to do. Thus the

327
00:31:10,159 --> 00:31:15,409
bubble tube I need to either raise it or lower
it in order to ensure that this comes to the

328
00:31:15,409 --> 00:31:21,480
centre, by doing it the bubble tube comes
to the centre. Next, thus this is the case

329
00:31:21,480 --> 00:31:26,360
what we have achieved; we have achieved a
case like this. A plane there may be plane

330
00:31:26,360 --> 00:31:30,830
for example, let us say we start with a horizontal
plane, this is the horizontal plane.

331
00:31:30,830 --> 00:31:36,769
Now, for this horizontal plane I can give
it two rotations, one in this plane it is

332
00:31:36,769 --> 00:31:41,621
inclined, but again this all, this lines are
horizontal. Then second rotation what I can

333
00:31:41,621 --> 00:31:47,309
give, I can give in this way. So, these two
rotations combine together will form one rotation,

334
00:31:47,309 --> 00:31:52,799
second rotation. So, initially our horizontal
plate may be like this. So, what I need to

335
00:31:52,799 --> 00:32:00,231
do, I need to make it horizontal first this
way then this way. So, in order do this, what

336
00:32:00,231 --> 00:32:08,659
I am doing now, I keep my bubble tube in this
direction, direction of the third one, what

337
00:32:08,659 --> 00:32:14,929
is the meaning of this, I rotate it, the bubble
tube is rotating now by hundred, by ninety

338
00:32:14,929 --> 00:32:21,100
degrees and is along this third screw, thus
the bubble tube, thus the third screw.

339
00:32:21,100 --> 00:32:26,100
Now, I rotate the third screw only the third
one. Now, what is happening, the bubble tube

340
00:32:26,100 --> 00:32:32,149
is either going this way or that way, so that
it is in the centre. Now, once it is in centre

341
00:32:32,149 --> 00:32:37,120
what we have achieved, it is starting from
a plane like this, we first made this line

342
00:32:37,120 --> 00:32:43,500
horizontal, this line is horizontal now. Then
what we ensure, we ensured we made it horizontal

343
00:32:43,500 --> 00:32:47,950
this way. So, if this is horizontal, this
is horizontal, the entire plate is horizontal.

344
00:32:47,950 --> 00:32:53,309
So, this is what we achieved, by putting this
level bubble tube in these two perpendicular

345
00:32:53,309 --> 00:32:59,418
directions and using these three foot screws.
This is how the instrument is made levelled.
346
00:32:59,419 --> 00:33:05,320
Now, after the levelling, because the levelling
will change the centring a little bit, again

347
00:33:05,320 --> 00:33:11,330
we need to ensure using the plum bob whether the centring has changed or not, and
we again

348
00:33:11,330 --> 00:33:17,559
need to centre it correctly. So, we will make
use of the centring head, as we saw in the

349
00:33:17,559 --> 00:33:23,899
tripod. After doing this levelling as we are
saying that we will centre it again.

350
00:33:24,920 --> 00:33:30,539
Now, this process of centring and levelling,
we will need to be repeated time and again,

351
00:33:30,539 --> 00:33:37,009
till we achieve where both of them they converse.
The centring is not changing with the levelling

352
00:33:37,009 --> 00:33:41,340
or centring as has been achieved, as well
as levelling has been achieved, because they

353
00:33:41,340 --> 00:33:44,559
are dependent operations, so we need to repeat
the each.

354
00:33:44,559 --> 00:33:51,960
Now, this centering can be by plum bob as
we saw. Now, one thing in the case of the

355
00:33:51,960 --> 00:34:00,549
compass, do we need centring or not, yes we
need to do the centring. Because, in the compass

356
00:34:00,549 --> 00:34:05,539
also you wanted to put it at a point, you
wanted to observe the bearings of the lines

357
00:34:05,539 --> 00:34:10,929
at this particular point, yes we need centring. But, in the case of the compass,
because the
358
00:34:10,929 --> 00:34:14,520
least count of the instrument is very poor,
it is not very accurate instrument. So, generally

359
00:34:14,520 --> 00:34:21,639
we go for the centring just by using a stone, we drop a stone from the centre of
this compass

360
00:34:21,639 --> 00:34:26,078
just to ensure, whether we are on the top
of that or not. If you want to be accurate,

361
00:34:26,079 --> 00:34:30,840
we can go for the plum bob. So, the centring can be done in very, very

362
00:34:30,840 --> 00:34:37,520
rough cases, using a stone you drop it and
it will fall over that point. Using plum bob,

363
00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:43,040
this gives you accurate centring, there is
one more method optical plummet, because in

364
00:34:43,040 --> 00:34:48,899
the case of the plum bob there is a problem. If there is lot of wind movement, it
is very

365
00:34:48,899 --> 00:34:52,469
windy weather and you are doing the surveying in the windy weather. Because,
surveying means

366
00:34:52,469 --> 00:34:57,169
you are working in the field you have to work on those conditions of the field. So,
it is

367
00:34:57,170 --> 00:35:02,710
very much windy your plum bob cannot be centred
very easily, so you have trouble.

368
00:35:02,710 --> 00:35:08,490
So, in that case we go for a instrument which
is called optical plummet, what is this optical

369
00:35:08,490 --> 00:35:16,799
plummet, if I draw the line diagram of that
it is a very, very simple instrument, it may
370
00:35:16,800 --> 00:35:28,089
look like this. Now, here we have a prism
and this prism whole is whatever the rays

371
00:35:28,089 --> 00:35:38,369
are coming from here, coming from here like
this it will transfer them, and here is our

372
00:35:38,369 --> 00:35:46,940
eye, now this is the point in the ground.
Now, this instrument here in the case of the

373
00:35:46,940 --> 00:35:52,319
theodolite for example, if it is fitted with
an optical plummet. So, what we will do in

374
00:35:52,319 --> 00:35:59,790
the case of the theodolite with an optical
plummet, this end here in the diagram is looking

375
00:35:59,790 --> 00:36:03,290
towards the ground.
So, this end is looking towards the ground,

376
00:36:03,290 --> 00:36:10,040
and there in the ground we have a mark which
is for the station. So, if I look through

377
00:36:10,040 --> 00:36:16,980
this eye piece here, eye piece of the optical
plummet what should I see? I should see this

378
00:36:16,980 --> 00:36:24,390
mark. Now, here in the eye piece of the optical
plummet, again we have the cross wire. So,

379
00:36:24,390 --> 00:36:33,520
the cross wire of the optical plummet which
may look like this, and the mark there in

380
00:36:33,520 --> 00:36:39,910
the ground. Let us say that red line indicates
the station there in the ground, there is

381
00:36:39,910 --> 00:36:48,040
a station, what we what our job is we want
to align these two points, point A and point

382
00:36:48,040 --> 00:36:52,810
B.
Point A is the centre of the cross wires here,

383
00:36:52,810 --> 00:36:59,920
point B is the centre of the mark there at
the station, and we want to align these two.

384
00:36:59,920 --> 00:37:06,869
Of course, the condition here in this cases
it should be vertical. So, if it is vertical

385
00:37:06,869 --> 00:37:13,950
along the gravity and if it is horizontal,
because this optical plummet is fitted to

386
00:37:13,950 --> 00:37:19,740
the instrument in such a way it is horizontal.
So, this is vertical and if it is just exactly

387
00:37:19,740 --> 00:37:27,040
over this point and we see these two A and
B aligned. So, our instrument will be centred,

388
00:37:27,040 --> 00:37:33,040
also this vertical axis of the optical plummet
is also the vertical axis of the theodolite.

389
00:37:33,040 --> 00:37:38,690
Because, now you can see the vertical axis,
the axis about which I am rotating my theodolite

390
00:37:38,690 --> 00:37:44,450
is the vertical axis of the theodolite, which
you can think of as you passing like this,

391
00:37:44,450 --> 00:37:49,960
somewhere here a line can be thought about.
Thus the vertical axis about which it is rotating,

392
00:37:49,960 --> 00:37:55,770
so we want to ensure it is there. So, this
optical plummet will help us to centre the

393
00:37:55,770 --> 00:38:00,380
instrument even if it is windy condition,
it does not matter, because it’s making

394
00:38:00,380 --> 00:38:05,680
use of the just line of sight or the electromagnetic
radiations.

395
00:38:05,680 --> 00:38:21,540
Now, having seen this, our next some more
adjustments, which are related to the focussing.

396
00:38:21,540 --> 00:38:30,910
What we have achieved so far? Well, our problem
was we wanted to measure angle A, B and C

397
00:38:30,910 --> 00:38:38,120
and we arrived at this B, we kept our tripod.
And after keeping our tripod we centred it,

398
00:38:38,120 --> 00:38:45,080
we levelled it approximately then we put our theodolite on the tripod, we clamped
the theodolite

399
00:38:45,089 --> 00:38:52,759
with the tripod. And then we levelled the
theodolite and then we centred the theodolite

400
00:38:52,760 --> 00:38:58,180
also using precise centring using centring
head of the tripod.

401
00:38:58,180 --> 00:39:04,870
And then once it is finally centred and as
well as levelled, we are ready to take the

402
00:39:04,870 --> 00:39:10,400
observations, because we have made our horizontal
plate to be horizontal or this lower plate,

403
00:39:10,400 --> 00:39:14,260
where the graduated ring is it is horizontal
now. Now, we can take the observations for

404
00:39:14,260 --> 00:39:19,920
the angles. Well, what will be next step,
next step will be well that for example, let

405
00:39:19,920 --> 00:39:29,829
us say this B point is where, where I am standing,
A is somewhere in this room on that side and

406
00:39:29,829 --> 00:39:37,740
the C is somewhere in this room on this side.
So, if it so what I will do, at A, there is

407
00:39:37,740 --> 00:39:43,180
something either a tree or a ranging rod some
object is there which I need to bisect.

408
00:39:43,180 --> 00:39:50,649
So, I am bisecting now the ranging rod at
A. So, in order to bisect what we will do

409
00:39:50,650 --> 00:39:54,640
as we have seen. First, we will make use of
the target sight, because the field of view

410
00:39:54,640 --> 00:40:01,970
of the telescope is very small. So, making
use of the target sight, I bisect it. Well,

411
00:40:01,970 --> 00:40:10,339
that is bisected using the target sight, I
clamp the lower clamp, the upper one is already

412
00:40:10,339 --> 00:40:17,240
clamped, I clamped now it cannot move. Now,
I look through the telescope. Now, when I

413
00:40:17,240 --> 00:40:23,240
look through the telescope, I need to see
the object very, very clearly. Also I need

414
00:40:23,240 --> 00:40:29,979
to see the cross wire very, very clearly.
The cross wire, because cross wire is the

415
00:40:29,980 --> 00:40:34,170
frame, we have seen the cross wire we know
the utility of that, because the cross wire

416
00:40:34,170 --> 00:40:38,869
as such is somewhere here, the diaphragm is
fitted here, the cross wire is fitted here,
417
00:40:38,869 --> 00:40:45,450
somewhere here. Now, what I need to do, I
need to see this cross wire very, very distinctly.

418
00:40:45,450 --> 00:40:51,230
Why, because the image of the objective, we
frame we form it on the plane of the cross

419
00:40:51,230 --> 00:40:57,580
wire. If I can see the cross wires very distinctly
our see the image very distinctly. And we

420
00:40:57,580 --> 00:41:03,279
need to bisect the object, whether ranging
rod or the pole very, very you know with accuracy,

421
00:41:03,280 --> 00:41:08,609
so I need to see distinctly.
So, the very first step in the focussing is,

422
00:41:08,609 --> 00:41:18,509
we need to focus for cross wire, and that
we also say focussing eye piece. Now, how

423
00:41:18,510 --> 00:41:23,260
do you focus the eye piece, well to focus
the eyepiece what we can do, we can make use

424
00:41:23,260 --> 00:41:35,010
of a white sheet, I put it in front of the
telescope or you can turn this telescope towards

425
00:41:35,010 --> 00:41:40,970
the sky or any white background, where we
can see the cross wires very distinctly.

426
00:41:40,970 --> 00:41:48,770
Well once it is, so I now focus the eyepiece
and this eye piece needs to be focussed, because

427
00:41:48,770 --> 00:41:53,740
it will depend upon my eye. So, if someone
else is working will again needs to focus

428
00:41:53,740 --> 00:41:59,580
it so that we can see the cross wire very
distinctly, once I have focussed this eye
429
00:41:59,580 --> 00:42:04,981
piece for my eyes. So, I can see the cross
wire very, very distinctly, what will be the

430
00:42:04,981 --> 00:42:16,180
next job. The next job will be focussing
the objective.

431
00:42:16,180 --> 00:42:22,828
Now, focussing the objective lens, the meaning
is in this case is, well we are looking through

432
00:42:22,829 --> 00:42:29,540
the telescope, now the object is somewhere
in my field of view, what I will need to do,

433
00:42:29,540 --> 00:42:34,910
because so far I had bisected only using the
rifle sight, I will need to bisect it more

434
00:42:34,910 --> 00:42:40,089
accurately, and before that bisection I need
to focus it. So, I will focus using the objective

435
00:42:40,090 --> 00:42:45,640
focussing screw. So, when I am using it what
is happening? There inside the telescope and

436
00:42:45,640 --> 00:42:52,578
extra lens is moving here inside.
So that, it is ensuring the image which is

437
00:42:52,579 --> 00:42:58,840
being formed inside this telescope of the
object will finally form on the plane of the

438
00:42:58,840 --> 00:43:04,200
cross wire, because I can see the cross wire
distinctly, I will also see the image of the

439
00:43:04,200 --> 00:43:10,330
object distinctly now. So, this is what is
achieved by focussing the objective. That

440
00:43:10,330 --> 00:43:15,310
image is formed here in the plane of the cross
wire. So, I will start seeing now the image

441
00:43:15,310 --> 00:43:21,369
very, very distinctly no fuzziness in that.
And at that moment now, I will rotate my tangent

442
00:43:21,369 --> 00:43:28,440
screw of the horizontal plate here, as per
the requirement to bisect that particular

443
00:43:28,440 --> 00:43:33,329
ranging rod exactly.
So, these are the steps, all these steps we

444
00:43:33,329 --> 00:43:40,030
need to do focussing the eye piece, focussing
the objective and then final bisection. So,

445
00:43:40,030 --> 00:43:44,780
once I have finally bisected that particular
point, I can see the readings here, what all

446
00:43:44,780 --> 00:43:51,260
these readings are? Then I change the upper
plate, lower this clamp, we will talk about

447
00:43:51,260 --> 00:43:57,900
that in a moment, lower this clamp I change
the upper one, same procedure we need to do

448
00:43:57,900 --> 00:44:04,980
for this also. I do not need to focus the
eye piece anymore, because is the same user

449
00:44:04,980 --> 00:44:10,010
who is working with the instrument, but I
will need to focus for the object, because

450
00:44:10,010 --> 00:44:15,350
the object distance may be different, shorter
or longer then the object at A.

451
00:44:15,350 --> 00:44:24,910
So, again I focus for this particular object
up, and then after focussing it I bisect it

452
00:44:24,910 --> 00:44:29,890
very correct you know precisely using the
tangent screws. And now, I am ready to take

453
00:44:29,890 --> 00:44:35,890
the readings in these two verniers again,
reading in one these two verniers. So, what

454
00:44:35,890 --> 00:44:41,779
it will give me, it will give me the angle
value here in the horizontal. So, this is

455
00:44:41,780 --> 00:44:48,119
how you know we carry out all these temporary
adjustments of the instrument. Now, we will

456
00:44:48,119 --> 00:44:53,960
see how we actually measure the angle, what
are the methods of measuring the angles.

457
00:44:53,960 --> 00:44:59,589
There is one method, which is called method
of repetition. First, we will see how to measure

458
00:44:59,589 --> 00:45:08,180
one angle using this particular method. Basically
well the job is, as we are building always

459
00:45:08,180 --> 00:45:19,029
we have A, B and C, there is a ranging rod
or some object at B and C. And there at B,

460
00:45:19,030 --> 00:45:24,920
we have our survey station, A and C are the
ranging rods. And we want to measure the angle

461
00:45:24,920 --> 00:45:35,400
A, B and C. We saw just now, this is simple
procedure of taking the observation for this

462
00:45:35,400 --> 00:45:42,089
angle A, B, C by observing the you know readings
on the verniers and taking their difference.

463
00:45:42,089 --> 00:45:47,308
Well, what is special about the method of
repetition? So, we will talk about that now.

464
00:45:48,360 --> 00:45:55,280
In method of repetition, we try to achieve
some extra things. Number 1 we increase the

465
00:45:55,290 --> 00:46:06,160
precision, what is
the meaning of this? The meaning is if our

466
00:46:06,160 --> 00:46:11,649
theodolite is 20 second theodolite, the least
count is twenty second. We improve the precision,

467
00:46:11,650 --> 00:46:17,780
we try to increase this further down you know
may be 10 second, 5 second that kind of you

468
00:46:17,780 --> 00:46:25,660
know we increase the precision by this particular
method. Number 2, we also eliminate some errors

469
00:46:25,660 --> 00:46:29,410
which are in the theodolite.
We will talk about these errors in detail

470
00:46:29,410 --> 00:46:39,129
later on, but one error for example let us
say, if this is our graduated circle, if you

471
00:46:39,130 --> 00:46:45,200
are talking of the horizontal one, the lower
one that is the lower one and the graduated

472
00:46:45,200 --> 00:46:51,569
circle of this. Now, ideally speaking the
graduated circle should be graduated in a

473
00:46:51,570 --> 00:46:58,079
very uniform way, uniform means all these
graduation should be equally apart that means,

474
00:46:58,079 --> 00:47:06,380
if it is 90, 0, this is 90, this 180, and
this is 270 and so on.

475
00:47:06,380 --> 00:47:13,440
And also the graduations between should be
uniform, but if it is not the case which might
476
00:47:13,440 --> 00:47:18,329
be sore, because this plate is manufactured
somewhere, there in the manufacturing process

477
00:47:18,329 --> 00:47:23,330
there were some defects. And because of that
what has happened now, this 90 instead of

478
00:47:23,330 --> 00:47:32,279
being here the 0 is here, the 90 is somewhere
here, I am just exaggerating it. But, let

479
00:47:32,280 --> 00:47:38,080
us say if this is the case, this 180 is here
itself there is no change in the 180.

480
00:47:38,080 --> 00:47:45,500
So, the meaning is that the graduations from
0 to ninety are far apart they are larger,

481
00:47:45,500 --> 00:47:52,339
while the graduations from 90 to 180 they
are nearer to each other. So, if you are measuring

482
00:47:52,339 --> 00:48:01,520
only once as we did the process here. We bisected
our ranging rod A, I took the reading, then

483
00:48:01,521 --> 00:48:10,310
I bisected the ranging rod B or at C, I took
the reading. Now, if in between, we are only

484
00:48:10,310 --> 00:48:19,009
observing from 0 to 90 here what will happen?
Let us say the angle which was measured was

485
00:48:19,010 --> 00:48:28,530
this. So, the actual angle value is if 21
degrees, what will measure it. We will observe

486
00:48:28,530 --> 00:48:36,240
it in the theodolite slightly less than that.
Let us say 20, which is less than 21 why,

487
00:48:36,240 --> 00:48:43,040
because these graduations are far apart. Similarly,
in this part if you are observing, we will
488
00:48:43,040 --> 00:48:49,290
be observing a smaller angle to the larger,
so this might happen. So, we will try to also

489
00:48:49,290 --> 00:48:54,349
you know besides increasing the precision
in the method of repetition, we can also eliminate

490
00:48:54,349 --> 00:48:58,820
a problem like this, while we are going for
method of repetition.

491
00:48:58,820 --> 00:49:05,510
Now, how we do it and how we write the readings
are what we do in that particular process,

492
00:49:05,510 --> 00:49:09,980
we will do it using this particular table
here. And before the table, I would like to

493
00:49:09,980 --> 00:49:12,230
give you two more definitions.

494
00:49:12,230 --> 00:49:29,190
The definition one, number 1 is face left
observations, and the second is face right,

495
00:49:29,190 --> 00:49:36,420
what these terms are? For me I am here right
now, that is the vertical circle we know this

496
00:49:36,420 --> 00:49:43,589
is the vertical circle. And if this vertical
circle is on my left, and now observations,

497
00:49:43,589 --> 00:49:49,020
all the observations which I am taking are
called face left observations, how to turn

498
00:49:49,020 --> 00:49:56,210
it into face right, I can transit my theodolite.
Now, for me to take the observations, I will

499
00:49:56,210 --> 00:50:01,589
have to bring the eye piece towards me, so
the eye piece is towards me. Now, this face
500
00:50:01,589 --> 00:50:07,140
has turned towards my right hand side. So,
all the angle observations which I will take

501
00:50:07,140 --> 00:50:13,308
now are called face right observations.
Now, it is very clear why we need to do it,

502
00:50:13,309 --> 00:50:18,000
we will see later on. There in the theodolite
there are many sources of the errors, if you

503
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:23,190
are taking the face right observations I am
measuring couple of angles, then I change

504
00:50:23,190 --> 00:50:28,880
it, I change the face to face right, then
I face left. And now I observe the same angles

505
00:50:28,880 --> 00:50:33,820
again, and by taking the mean of those two
angles we can eliminate several errors, which

506
00:50:33,820 --> 00:50:38,589
are there in the theodolite. So, this will
see later on when we are taking about the

507
00:50:38,589 --> 00:50:43,000
errors in the theodolite. So, right now we
will take it like this, face left observations

508
00:50:43,000 --> 00:50:45,890
and face right observations.

509
00:50:45,890 --> 00:50:52,970
So, the table which I have made here is for
face left right now, as you can see here face

510
00:50:52,970 --> 00:50:58,009
left observations. Now, what we do in the
method of repetition, we will follow it here

511
00:50:58,010 --> 00:51:02,910
in the table, as well as with the instrument.
And please, follow each and every step what
512
00:51:02,910 --> 00:51:12,680
I am doing. Well, as we have seen we have
to measure the angle A, B and C, and we are

513
00:51:12,680 --> 00:51:21,720
at point B, A is there and C is there. So,
very first step, right now you have to follow

514
00:51:21,720 --> 00:51:25,450
with me, what I am doing you have to imagine
that what is happening in the instrument,

515
00:51:25,450 --> 00:51:30,649
because we have already discussed the construction
of the instrument.

516
00:51:30,650 --> 00:51:37,710
I clamp the lower one, lower one is clamped,
I unclamp the upper one. Now, I can rotate

517
00:51:37,710 --> 00:51:43,150
my instrument what do you think, the readings
are changing or not, if I look through it,

518
00:51:43,150 --> 00:51:47,180
they are changing. Because, what is happening
there now, the lower one is clamped, upper

519
00:51:47,180 --> 00:51:53,669
one is free to rotate, and if I am rotating
my telescope, it rotates like this. So, the

520
00:51:53,670 --> 00:51:59,890
readings, what the readings are? These in
verniers they are moving on the graduated

521
00:51:59,890 --> 00:52:05,589
circle, and we will take the reading, we are
observing, we read the angles against these

522
00:52:05,589 --> 00:52:09,250
verniers, because they are moving, so the
angle values are changing there.

523
00:52:09,250 --> 00:52:15,510
So, right now this is lower is clamped, upper
is free to rotate. So, the readings are changing,

524
00:52:15,510 --> 00:52:22,130
what I do, I change the readings, looking
through the window here, I bring it nearly

525
00:52:22,130 --> 00:52:28,880
to the 0, 0, 0 what is the meaning? The 0
of vernier and the 0 of main plate, they meet

526
00:52:28,890 --> 00:52:34,450
each other. So, now at this stage they nearly met each other and I clamp the lower
one,

527
00:52:34,920 --> 00:52:38,940
we clamp the upper one, lower one is already clamped, I have clamped the upper one.

528
00:52:39,560 --> 00:52:45,340
Now, I look through the eye piece at will see a magnified view of the scales here,
then I

529
00:52:45,340 --> 00:52:51,599
use the upper tangent, and by using the upper tangent over here.

530
00:52:51,599 --> 00:52:58,460
I am using the upper tangent what I am doing, I am giving very slight movement to
the index

531
00:52:58,460 --> 00:53:05,280
arm on this verniers in order to ensure that
the reading in the reading is exactly 0, 0,

532
00:53:05,280 --> 00:53:12,500
0. Well, the reading is here is 0, 0, 0 this
is vernier A, and this is vernier B, because

533
00:53:12,500 --> 00:53:19,740
there are two verniers, 1, 2. So, the reading
at A is 0, 0, 0 over here the reading will

534
00:53:19,740 --> 00:53:26,419
be 180, so that here at the reading is 180,
0, 0, 0. So, what I do, my reading now is

535
00:53:26,420 --> 00:53:34,869
180, so 0, 0, 0, when I say 0, 0, 0, I mean
0 degree, 0 minutes and 0 seconds.
536
00:53:34,869 --> 00:53:42,400
Now, what I am doing, I am releasing the lower
one, and I take it to my point A. Now, point

537
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:47,619
A is bisected, let us say I have bisected
roughly using the refer sight. I clamp the

538
00:53:47,619 --> 00:53:52,940
lower one, the lower one is clamped, I will
use the tangent screw of the lower one in

539
00:53:52,940 --> 00:53:59,540
order to bisect A correctly that is now bisected.
Now, in this process, because the upper one

540
00:53:59,540 --> 00:54:05,050
was already clamped, so these two plates they
move together. So, there is no change in the

541
00:54:05,050 --> 00:54:08,460
reading, A is bisected still the reading is
0, 0, 0.

542
00:54:08,460 --> 00:54:14,360
So, what I do, instrument at the very first
thing here is instrument at we know we have

543
00:54:14,360 --> 00:54:23,230
kept the instrument at B. We have sighted
A sight to A, and the readings at that point

544
00:54:23,230 --> 00:54:32,440
were 0, 0, 0 and here, this for vernier A,
and this for vernier B, in vernier A and Vernier

545
00:54:32,440 --> 00:54:40,960
B. In vernier B, we write only in minutes
and second, so it is 0 and 0. If it is not

546
00:54:40,960 --> 00:54:44,260
0, 0 whatever the reading will be we will
write that, because there might be some case

547
00:54:44,260 --> 00:54:48,890
where it will be so. Why we do not write in
degrees. Because, generally they will not

548
00:54:48,890 --> 00:54:52,750
differ in degrees, if it is 0 it will be 180
generally speaking.

549
00:54:52,750 --> 00:54:56,020
So, only difference will be in minutes and
seconds, so that is why we need to write it

550
00:54:56,020 --> 00:55:05,509
this way. And then we can compute the average,
which will be 0 0 0. Next, now my B is somewhere

551
00:55:05,510 --> 00:55:13,000
here, so what I do, I release the upper one,
upper clamp is released. And I rotate it to

552
00:55:13,000 --> 00:55:19,760
B what is happening now, in this case if the
upper clamp is released only the vernier will

553
00:55:19,760 --> 00:55:24,690
rotate, while I am rotating this telescope
only the vernier will rotate and the angle

554
00:55:24,690 --> 00:55:29,550
value will change.
So, if this angle is theta, it has moved by

555
00:55:29,550 --> 00:55:37,520
theta I clamp the upper one. Then I sighting
through the eye piece, I sight these C that

556
00:55:37,520 --> 00:55:42,288
the C is there, and I use the tangent screw
to sight it or bisect it accurately. Now,

557
00:55:42,289 --> 00:55:50,410
there will be some reading. So, this reading
will be equal to theta. So, I have sighted

558
00:55:50,410 --> 00:55:57,930
C, and I can write the observations here,
but we are doing the repetition, so we will

559
00:55:57,930 --> 00:56:01,770
not write the observations, you can record
it of course, there is no problem. So, the

560
00:56:01,770 --> 00:56:06,119
reading here in the scale at the moment is
equal to the angle here.

561
00:56:06,119 --> 00:56:13,119
Now, what next we do, we release the lower
plate, see upper one is clamped I am releasing

562
00:56:13,119 --> 00:56:21,700
the lower one. Releasing the lower one means
if I rotate now, what these plates will rotate

563
00:56:21,700 --> 00:56:26,439
together, and what is the angle value, the
angle value is theta. The reading which is

564
00:56:26,440 --> 00:56:31,549
being seen here is the theta, because it is
not changing any more. Well, I rotate it,

565
00:56:31,549 --> 00:56:38,470
take it back again to the A, clamp the lower
one. So, the lower one is clamped, bisect

566
00:56:38,470 --> 00:56:47,660
the A using the tangent of the lower one accurately
bisected. Still, I am bisecting A, the reading

567
00:56:47,660 --> 00:56:55,009
in my instrument is only theta.
Well, next what I do, I release the upper

568
00:56:55,010 --> 00:57:05,200
one then I rotate the upper one, again bring
it to C. Now, when I am rotating it, the reading

569
00:57:05,200 --> 00:57:12,359
value is changing, and once I have bisected
C accurately using clamp and the tangent.

570
00:57:12,360 --> 00:57:18,130
the reading there in the instrument should
be 2 theta. Similarly, if I keep doing it

571
00:57:18,130 --> 00:57:26,060
release the lower one, bisect A clamp it the
reading is still 2 theta. Then I clamp the

572
00:57:26,060 --> 00:57:33,109
lower one, release the upper one, bisect C
the reading will become 3 theta.

573
00:57:33,109 --> 00:57:38,400
So finally, depending how many repetitions
I have done, I write the final value of the

574
00:57:38,400 --> 00:57:49,760
angle here. Let us say, the final value is
210, 20 and 40 that means, 210 degrees, 20

575
00:57:49,760 --> 00:57:57,670
minutes and 40 second. And similarly for the
other one here, other one may be 19 and 20.

576
00:57:57,670 --> 00:58:02,039
And then I take the average of these two.
So, the average of these two will reach here,

577
00:58:02,039 --> 00:58:07,650
and what about the average value I will write
that average value here, how many repetitions,

578
00:58:07,650 --> 00:58:14,220
let us say I have done 5 repetitions. So,
what is the value of the angle? Well, whatever

579
00:58:14,220 --> 00:58:22,899
is this total value over here divided by 5
will give me the horizontal angle.

580
00:58:22,900 --> 00:58:28,870
And throughout this process as you will observe,
the face of the instrument is towards my left,

581
00:58:28,870 --> 00:58:35,880
we can do the same thing by keeping this face
towards my right. Well, what I do now, I change

582
00:58:35,880 --> 00:58:41,700
the face, the face is towards my right and
I repeat the same procedure. I make the readings
583
00:58:41,700 --> 00:58:48,240
0, 0, 0 then releasing the lower one, I take
it to the A, clamp it, release the upper one,

584
00:58:48,240 --> 00:58:52,990
take it to C and theta, 2 theta and all these
process will be repeated.

585
00:58:52,990 --> 00:58:57,839
So, what I am doing mechanically I am adding
the angles here, mechanically just by using

586
00:58:57,839 --> 00:59:04,130
it theta, 2 theta, 3 theta, 4 theta, 5 theta
I am just doing it and mechanically I am adding

587
00:59:04,130 --> 00:59:12,850
the readings, and that final reading divided
by number of the observations. The final reading

588
00:59:12,850 --> 00:59:19,691
value divided how many observations were there
gives me the angle value theta. So, we have

589
00:59:19,691 --> 00:59:28,439
now from our pervious table the angle for
face left, and as well as from this table

590
00:59:28,440 --> 00:59:31,069
angle value for face right.

591
00:59:31,069 --> 00:59:40,940
So, finally what we do, we take again we have
the angle for face left, face right, and we

592
00:59:40,940 --> 00:59:45,319
take the average of these two. We will talk
about this later on, why we need to take the

593
00:59:45,319 --> 00:59:50,070
average of face left and face right, so this
is the method of repetition. Now, it should

594
00:59:50,070 --> 00:59:56,440
be obvious to you how we increase the precision,
because we are mechanically adding the observation
595
00:59:56,440 --> 01:00:03,900
and dividing by number 5 or number of repetitions.
So, we are in fact increasing the precision

596
01:00:03,900 --> 01:00:07,430
number 1, number 2 the same angle.

597
01:00:07,430 --> 01:00:15,220
Now, here in this case what we are doing,
you are observing the same angle in different

598
01:00:15,220 --> 01:00:17,120
parts of the graduated circle.