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Welcome again!

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This is the video series on basic surveying
and right now we are doing module three and

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in module three we have already done lecture number one.

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Today we will be talking about lecture two
and this lecture two will be from linear measurements.

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What all we have done so far in our lecture
one of module three?

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We talked about the meaning of distance in
surveying, we said whenever we mean distance,

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whenever we mean the horizontal distance,
unless it is specified.

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We do measure sloping distances, but ultimately for our purpose we convert these
sloping distances

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to the horizontal equivalent or if not horizontal then on the geoid depending on
what kind of

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surveying we are doing: plain surveying or
geodetic surveying.

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Then we saw some instruments, we went to the field also and we saw some of the
instruments,

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for example the chain and tape, we saw how the chain was made; was very flexible,
how

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to fold it, how to unfold it, how to measure
the lands with the chain.

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Also we saw various types of the tapes, what
are their purpose why do we use the tapes

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then we saw the operation of taping and chaining.

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How can we measure very accurately with these instruments, particularly the tape?

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Tape is very precise; we can measure very
precisely and very accurate distances using

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the tape.

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There are certain procedures, which we need
to follow so this is about we have seen.

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We also saw one more important point that
was the ranging.

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The meaning of ranging was if we have a length,
which is longer than the length of a single

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tape or chain in that case we cannot spread
our chain or tape in that entire length.

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So what we have to do?

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In that total length we have to put our chain
or tape multiple times so when we are putting

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it multiple times.
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We need some intermediate points in between
those two points between which we are measuring

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the distance.

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So putting these intermediate points in between
this operation is called the ranging.

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We saw some methods, how can we do it directly
is a simple case.

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In case of the indirect if these two points
are not inter visible because of certain reasons,

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you can still establish some intermediate
points by indirect ranging method.

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Then very important thing was the corrections
in your tape or in your chain.

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There is a length written.

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Okay.

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Thirty meter is the designated length.

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Now we are going to the field.

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When you are working in the field is that
tape really thirty meter?

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There should be question mark?
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The tape says it is thirty meter, it is written
their but while we are working in the field

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in actual field conditions is it really thirty
meters?

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It might change because of various reasons: the temperature in the field is more
than

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the temperature at which this tape is a standard.

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The pull which we are applying is more than
the pull at which this tape is a standard.

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So because of these reasons, what will happen
is the actual length of the tape, while we

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are working in the field, is different than
the designated length.

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Now because of this we need to apply corrections
whatever measurement we are taking in the

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field if we don’t apply the corrections
for this difference in designated and actual

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length our observations will be wrong.

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Now what we will do today, we will see a very
important thing that is mapping.

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Mapping using chain and tape.

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We will try to make use of chain and tape
and we will do a little exercise here itself

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about how we can a make a map.

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Then we will see what are all the common problems
in chaining and taping, how do we set out

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perpendiculars.

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Will need to set out perpendiculars, we will
see it in course of the lecture.

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We will see also how to drop the perpendiculars.

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This is also required; whenever we are working
in the field we chain and tape we are taking

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observations.

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We need to set out perpendiculars or erect
the perpendiculars.

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We need to drop the perpendiculars also.

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Then we will also see some methods of establishing
parallel lines and some obstacles in chaining

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and ranging.

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So this is what we will do today.

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So to begin with we will see how we can make
a map with chain or tape.

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So we will write it is as mapping with chain,
I can say or and tape.

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Now in order to solve this problems first
let us see what is the meaning of a map.

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We already know we have already discussed
what is the meaning of a map.

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A map is the representation of ground or terrain
in our sheet or we can say otherwise the map

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is representation not only on sheet but also
on a computer screen.

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We are bringing the terrain some way into
our computer so can we can do various kinds

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of works on that terrain.

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So a map is the representation of the ground
or terrain on a sheet or on the computer.

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Now how to make that map.

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We will see now with the help of chain and
tape.

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What I will do for that I will start with
a diagram here.

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Now this diagram shows for example let us
say, there is a garden and this is the boundary
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of the garden and this ground is around forty
meter in width and let us say hundred meter

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in length approximately now you can visualize
this kind of garden a kind of a strip in a

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neighborhood somewhere.

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Now in this garden there are varieties of
things.

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For example let us say there is a road.

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Well, in addition, there are some houses:
one, two some little huts or some houses are

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their also in addition to this there are some
trees.

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Here is a tree, there is another tree.

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Also may be there is a telephone line a telephone
line passes through this garden.

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This is pole number one, pole number two,
pole number three and so on.

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This is my ground.

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Okay? Any ground could be like this.

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Now we want to make a map of this and we want
to make use of chain and tape for this purpose.

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So, we will see what should be the procedure,
what are all the various steps in order to

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make a map of this.

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So, I will do, I will start step by step.

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Number one, as you know, is reconnaissance.

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What is the meaning of reconnaissance?

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We go to our area, we observe our area, we
make a rough sketch of area and we decide

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what strategy we are going to make use of
in order to make the map.

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So we do the reconnaissance and then the principle
number two that is about working from whole

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to part.

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We have discussed that and we will see how
we are going to implement this principle when

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we are making this map.

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Now in working from whole to part, how do
we implement it here?

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First of all we decide about some two locations
because we are making use of chain it will

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become very clear to you very soon.

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Let us say I decide, well in my area if you
see here, I select a point somewhere.

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For example let us say here this, I say, a
point A. I put a ranging rod at this point.

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This is my control point or survey station.

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Then I choose another control point somewhere here, which I say as B. I put another
ranging

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rod here.

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So these two are the ranging rods.

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Now there could be an imaginary line between these two points.

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Let me draw the line in red colour.

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There is no physical line in the ground but
this line is marked with the presence of these

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two ranging rods.

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So job number one, when we are going to the
field, is the connections locating these two

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points A and B, where these points could be.
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Once we have located these two points job
number two in working to whole to part is

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we want to measure the distance between point A and point B. Using chain or tape.

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We already know how to measure the distance as you can see over here.

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This distance A and B is of order of hundred meter.

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So you will need to do the ranging, so we
do ranging and by doing the ranging we measure

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the distance between A and B. So one step
here is important step: distance or the length

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AB measurement.

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You can measure it using tape or using chain.

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Another principle which we are going to make use here we measure the distance not
only

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once, we measure it we start from B towards A. We take couple of measurements.

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We start from A, go towards B. Again we take
couple of measurements.

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So for the same length AB you end up having five measurements, ten measurements and
so.

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So having all these measurements together
what you are doing is you are following one
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principle that is maintaining redundancy in
the observation.

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Well by doing this redundancy your final AB
the length of AB is actually the mean of all

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these: AB is measured divided by the number
of times it was measured.

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So this is the mean length.

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This is the mean length means you are more
sure about the correctness, the accuracy of

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this. Mean length well we know.

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Thus AB measured, now what is the next step?

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The next step will be, the step number four
that is about taking offsets.

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Now what are these offsets?

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Before going to the offsets I would like to
give you one more term and this term is called

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field book.

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Whatever we are doing in the ground, we will take all those observations and record
them

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in the field book.
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The field book is nothing but a small book
and you can work in the field you use your

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pencil to write on the field book and you
can write on that field book.

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A typical page of the field book may look
like this.

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This is the single page of the field book.

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Okay.

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It is of around this size and it will have
two very faint lines in between by red colour.

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Now we will very soon will see what is the
purpose of this.

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Why we are going to have a field book like
this?

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We go to the field with this field book and
we can hold it in our hand and we can start

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writing on that with the pencil.

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Well in this field book if you look at the
ground we have measured the distance between

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A and B. A and B are our survey stations.

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So in the field book, what we do, first of
all we mark a point here as A and we mark

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another point as B. So one page of the field
book is nearly equivalent to the length AB.

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So we will maintain this ratio.

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Whatever we are doing, in the field book henceforth,
we will maintain this ratio.

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Well going to the offsets.

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Offset measurement.

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What it is, how do we do it and why do we
do it?

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There in the field, if you look at the drawing,
there in the field, once this length is established

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I can walk along this line everywhere.

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I can walk along this line.

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Now how do we take the offset?

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Okay.

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I walk along this line let us say a length
ten meter, then over here is one telephone

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pole and from this telephone pole I drop a
perpendicular on my length and this perpendicular
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length is five meter.

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I take this measurement because I am walking
along the chain.

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The chain is spread here for example.

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So I know this length, which is ten meter.

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I have dropped perpendicular from the telephone
pole on this line on this chain and it measures

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five meters.

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Now how do I record it to record this this
ten meter?

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I am measuring along the chain.

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We say this as chain is this five meters because
we are making use of five meter in order to

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locate the position of a telephone pole.

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So all these measurements, which we use in order to plot the details whether we are
talking

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about the tree or the house or the tree or
road or anything.

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All the measurements which we take with respect
to the chain line to plot these details are
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called the offsets.

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So this is offset.

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Now how do we record it? to record it in the
field book, if you see in the map, you start

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walking from A to B.

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This offset at a chainage of ten is towards
our left hand side because you are walking

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from A to B. So on your left at five meter
you have a an offset of five meter.

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So starting from A, I told you this is the
length, here is approximately hundred meter

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so we will try to maintain that ratio.

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So whenever you are working in the field with
the field book and you are sure that ratio

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is maintained so at around ten meter; ten
meter will be somewhere here at ten meter

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of chainage, you have an offset which is five
meter towards left so five meter towards left

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is a telephone pole well so this is the record
of telephone pole in my field book.

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I write it down five here.

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I go back to the map in order to plot this
entire telephone line let us say.

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This telephone pole is again, if I drop a
perpendicular a perpendicular, will be somewhere

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here and this length is, let us say sixty
meter.

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It starting from A to the foot of the perpendicular
is sixty meter.

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So what I can do in my field book at sixty
meter chainage, as you can see here we have

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a perpendicular length, which is twenty meter.

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Okay, length of the perpendicular is twenty
meter.

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So at sixty meter on my left hand, twenty
meter.

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So this sixty is the chainage that is why
it is being written along the chain line.

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This twenty is the offse.t it is being written
on the side and I make another symbol for

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the telephone line.

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This is not the exact symbol but I am just
using so that you can understand it right
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now.

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In our field book we also join these because
there in the field we can observe our telephone

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line is a straight line.

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So I can joint these like this again.

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In the field you can see that the poles along
the telephone line are equidistant.

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We can measure one of these distances, let
us say, the distance between these two poles.

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If we have measured these distances I can
establish well my other poles should be here

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and so on.

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So all these poles are located in my field
book.

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Field book is just a rough representation
of the field but it has all the observations.

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Twenty offset, sixty chainage; five offset,
ten at chainage.

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Well we go for some other objects.

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Let us say a house.
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I take the red colour now this house again
is at certain distance so for the house I

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again drop a perpendicular here on the chain
line once the perpendicular has been drop

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I measure the distance from A to the perpendicular
to the foot of the perpendicular let us say

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this distance is fourteen meter and perpendicular
is seven meter.

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00:19:13,559 --> 00:19:17,920
What is the meaning of that?

224
00:19:17,920 --> 00:19:25,380
In my field book at fourteen chainage we said
it is.

225
00:19:25,380 --> 00:19:29,680
Again if I am walking from A to B, it is on
my left.

226
00:19:29,680 --> 00:19:39,030
This is on my left so from walking from A
to B on my left at seven meter.

227
00:19:39,030 --> 00:19:40,780
So I am writing seven here.

228
00:19:40,780 --> 00:19:45,260
So what is the meaning of this the: fourteen
is the chainage, seven is the offset and there

229
00:19:45,260 --> 00:19:51,600
is a house, this is symbol for the house,
so I am writing it in my field book.

230
00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:54,090
Similarly you can do it for the road.

231
00:19:54,090 --> 00:19:58,360
As you can see in the case of the road, how
many offsets you need to take.

232
00:19:58,360 --> 00:20:05,790
In case of the straight telephone line, for
example, here starting from here if I highlight

233
00:20:05,790 --> 00:20:14,940
it, thus my telephone line which is straight
so, because if is straight I just need to

234
00:20:14,940 --> 00:20:20,770
plot two points and rest of the intermediate
points of the telephone line can be plotted

235
00:20:20,770 --> 00:20:22,290
automatically.

236
00:20:22,290 --> 00:20:30,570
But here in case of the road as you can see
it is curvilinear; is not in straight.

237
00:20:30,570 --> 00:20:33,309
So how many offsets should I take?

238
00:20:33,309 --> 00:20:39,050
Well the number of offsets that I should take
will depend upon how accurately we want to

239
00:20:39,050 --> 00:20:40,230
plot it.

240
00:20:40,230 --> 00:20:47,540
Just for this length here, for example let
us say I measure the width of the road.

241
00:20:47,540 --> 00:20:49,610
The width of the road is measured in the field
you say.

242
00:20:49,610 --> 00:20:50,610
Okay?

243
00:20:50,610 --> 00:21:00,530
The width of the road is seven meters, then
you start taking number of offsets.
244
00:21:00,530 --> 00:21:04,010
Number of offsets means: all these perpendiculars.

245
00:21:04,010 --> 00:21:19,320
Now at certain chainages - x1 this is y1,
at x2 it is y2, at x3 it is y3 and so on.

246
00:21:19,320 --> 00:21:22,928
So what do we see in the field book?

247
00:21:22,929 --> 00:21:26,390
We will write it like this at all the chainages.

248
00:21:26,390 --> 00:21:35,309
We have certain values of the offsets and
the road goes like this because we have done

249
00:21:35,309 --> 00:21:37,590
all these measurements.

250
00:21:37,590 --> 00:21:39,100
We also know the width of the road.

251
00:21:39,100 --> 00:21:44,610
We had measured the width of the road, so
I can show this width also here.

252
00:21:44,610 --> 00:21:49,669
So my rest of the road will be like this because
we have taken the offsets.

253
00:21:49,670 --> 00:21:52,860
So by doing this, my field book is ready.

254
00:21:52,860 --> 00:21:58,649
As you can see here in the field book all
these details are shown as well as the observations

255
00:21:58,650 --> 00:22:01,580
the chainages and offsets are given.

256
00:22:01,580 --> 00:22:03,340
Next, what can I do?

257
00:22:03,340 --> 00:22:12,129
I can go for the plot.

258
00:22:12,130 --> 00:22:23,380
I can plot my survey now from the field book
because this is what you bring to the office.

259
00:22:23,380 --> 00:22:27,330
After bringing the field book to the office
you do the plotting.

260
00:22:27,330 --> 00:22:30,460
So how to make use of field book?

261
00:22:30,460 --> 00:22:42,179
Well, we start with again, in my field book
there are two stations - A and B, which are

262
00:22:42,179 --> 00:22:43,360
at certain distance.

263
00:22:43,360 --> 00:22:47,830
We have already measured the distance between
A and B which was some value.

264
00:22:47,830 --> 00:22:53,379
So, in my plot, this is the drawing sheet.

265
00:22:53,380 --> 00:23:01,100
Drawing sheet will have certain dimensions:
some length, some width.

266
00:23:01,100 --> 00:23:10,830
Let us say it is sixty centimeter and this
is forty five centimeters.

267
00:23:10,830 --> 00:23:16,639
First of all my ground was hundred meter and
forty meter wide while my drawing sheet is

268
00:23:16,640 --> 00:23:21,090
small so definitely we have to decide a scale.

269
00:23:21,090 --> 00:23:28,740
So that the entire ground can be fit to this
drawing sheet once that the scale has been
270
00:23:28,740 --> 00:23:34,050
decided what we will do our AB length which
was measured in the field.

271
00:23:34,050 --> 00:23:41,110
I will convert it to the scale and then I
will plot this A and B here.

272
00:23:41,110 --> 00:23:54,030
Let us say I plot A and B. That is my A and
this is my B. I can again draw a line between

273
00:23:54,030 --> 00:23:57,710
these two.

274
00:23:57,710 --> 00:23:59,900
Then I go back to my field book.

275
00:23:59,900 --> 00:24:11,060
I observe in my field book well moving from
A to B at a distance of ten chainage, there

276
00:24:11,060 --> 00:24:16,669
is an offset of five meter, which is for a
telephone pole.

277
00:24:16,670 --> 00:24:23,620
So I do plot this going from my chain from
A to B at a distance of ten meter.

278
00:24:23,620 --> 00:24:24,659
I can measure ten meter.

279
00:24:24,660 --> 00:24:31,500
Here we have a perpendicular offset at five
meter and that is for a telephone pole.

280
00:24:33,100 --> 00:24:37,959
Similarly, I can also plot the another telephone
pole because I know it’s chainage, I know

281
00:24:37,960 --> 00:24:39,010
it’s offset.

282
00:24:39,010 --> 00:24:41,820
So another pole will be plotted.
283
00:24:41,820 --> 00:24:46,470
I know my telephone line is straight, I can
join it.

284
00:24:46,470 --> 00:24:51,970
I know the telephone poles were at certain
interval, I can plot the rest of them.

285
00:24:51,970 --> 00:24:56,170
Similarly, I can plot the houses, okay.

286
00:24:56,170 --> 00:25:04,770
Because I knew the perpendicular offset as
well as the chainage for the house so what

287
00:25:04,770 --> 00:25:06,670
our map will look like.

288
00:25:06,670 --> 00:25:16,250
The map finally will look like will have the
road will have the telephone line will have

289
00:25:16,250 --> 00:25:26,309
the trees will have the houses and as well
as we like to put these two control points

290
00:25:26,309 --> 00:25:32,340
A and B because we can make use of these control points later on for some other
purpose.

291
00:25:32,340 --> 00:25:34,120
So this is how my map will look like.

292
00:25:35,460 --> 00:25:36,280
So what we have seen?

293
00:25:36,280 --> 00:25:41,620
We have seen the entire process of making
a map using chain and tape.

294
00:25:41,620 --> 00:25:44,639
There are many things which we need to look
into.

295
00:25:44,640 --> 00:25:51,570
Number one was we have not seen in detail
this offset measurement.

296
00:25:51,570 --> 00:25:54,840
Depending the ground the offset measurement
could be different.

297
00:25:54,840 --> 00:26:01,240
So far what I was saying we have the chain
line any tree or any object.

298
00:26:01,240 --> 00:26:08,020
In order to plot it on the chain line I will
drop a perpendicular, I will measure the chainage

299
00:26:08,020 --> 00:26:12,220
x and the perpendicular offset y and I can
plot it.

300
00:26:12,220 --> 00:26:19,460
I can write it on the field book but dropping
this perpendicular may not always be possible.

301
00:26:19,460 --> 00:26:23,880
If that is the case, let us say there is a
tree or there is a water pond.

302
00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:27,970
We cannot drop the perpendicular, we cannot
find the perpendicular height.

303
00:26:27,970 --> 00:26:29,050
What to do in that case?

304
00:26:29,050 --> 00:26:37,330
Well if that is the case there could be, we
can drop; we can have two lines like this

305
00:26:37,330 --> 00:26:46,659
I know the chain is for this point x1, I know
the chain is for this point x2 and I know

306
00:26:46,660 --> 00:26:50,720
this length as y1 and this length as y2.

307
00:26:50,720 --> 00:26:55,840
So this kind of offsets the first one, which
is perpendicular are called perpendicular

308
00:26:55,840 --> 00:26:56,840
offsets.

309
00:26:56,840 --> 00:27:04,199
The second one in which we have the oblique
lines it is called oblique offsets.

310
00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:13,520
So this is how we can take the measurements.

311
00:27:13,520 --> 00:27:16,960
Well, something more about taking the offsets.

312
00:27:16,960 --> 00:27:25,080
If this is my chain line, we have seen there
is a feature, which is variable.

313
00:27:25,080 --> 00:27:26,080
How to take the offsets?

314
00:27:26,080 --> 00:27:33,720
We can take the offsets wherever the feature
changes its direction.

315
00:27:33,720 --> 00:27:36,540
We can consider all these points for taking
the offsets.

316
00:27:36,540 --> 00:27:40,629
We need not to take the offset at each and
every point because it is a straight line.

317
00:27:40,630 --> 00:27:48,740
Here for example there is a certain variation
in my feature.

318
00:27:48,740 --> 00:27:57,050
If it is a hedge, this hedge does change its
direction a little bit over this area.

319
00:27:57,050 --> 00:28:01,159
Over here I should take offset.

320
00:28:01,160 --> 00:28:03,120
Also here that is a question mark?

321
00:28:03,120 --> 00:28:10,850
Should I take my offsets also here to represent
this variation?

322
00:28:10,850 --> 00:28:17,370
This depends upon how accurately you want
to represent the ground onto the sheet if

323
00:28:17,370 --> 00:28:23,479
you are concerning you want to represent each
and every variation of the hedge yes we should

324
00:28:23,480 --> 00:28:24,700
take an offset.

325
00:28:24,700 --> 00:28:31,420
It also depends upon the scale, what is your
scale, because you will remember we are talking

326
00:28:31,420 --> 00:28:34,480
about the plotting accuracy.

327
00:28:34,480 --> 00:28:44,260
Can this little variation be significant,
can it appear in the map at a particular scale?

328
00:28:44,260 --> 00:28:46,410
That is the question?

329
00:28:46,410 --> 00:28:54,809
If this little variation here, which is highlighted,
it if it will not appear in the map at this

330
00:28:54,809 --> 00:28:59,629
map scale there is no use of talking offsets
over here.

331
00:29:00,920 --> 00:29:04,780
So this is, you know, basically a decision,
which should take in the field.

332
00:29:04,790 --> 00:29:08,850
So whenever you are working in the field and
whatever we are talking here, we are not talking
333
00:29:08,850 --> 00:29:10,439
complete things.

334
00:29:10,440 --> 00:29:13,860
That is the beauty of the surveying.

335
00:29:13,860 --> 00:29:16,049
You know why I said like this?

336
00:29:16,049 --> 00:29:20,610
Because in the field when you are working
the field conditions are always different.

337
00:29:20,610 --> 00:29:25,350
You have to innovate then and there in the
field by observing the feature.

338
00:29:25,350 --> 00:29:26,350
Okay?

339
00:29:26,350 --> 00:29:31,250
What my feature is like, how is it varying,
what is the scale of plot, what kind of accuracy

340
00:29:31,250 --> 00:29:32,510
is required?

341
00:29:32,510 --> 00:29:35,910
Now on the basis for this you take a decision.

342
00:29:35,910 --> 00:29:40,160
What kind of offsets should I take, what kind
of accuracy should be maintained in taking

343
00:29:40,160 --> 00:29:41,570
the offset?

344
00:29:41,570 --> 00:29:44,559
So you take a decision about that.

345
00:29:44,559 --> 00:29:46,790
So this is how we take the offsets.

346
00:29:46,790 --> 00:29:47,790
Okay.
347
00:29:47,790 --> 00:29:53,070
Besides this we will see one more principle
of surveying, which we should follow here

348
00:29:53,070 --> 00:29:59,020
and that is about, if you remember the check,
always we should have some provision for a

349
00:29:59,020 --> 00:30:00,020
check in our survey.

350
00:30:00,020 --> 00:30:05,460
Now how we are going to establish the provision
of check in the present survey, in the present

351
00:30:05,460 --> 00:30:06,460
mapping?

352
00:30:06,460 --> 00:30:10,570
Well looking at the ground if you, look at
the ground, the ground was looking like this

353
00:30:10,570 --> 00:30:14,409
and we have made a map of the ground.

354
00:30:14,410 --> 00:30:16,350
Map is a representation on a sheet.

355
00:30:16,350 --> 00:30:19,719
Now how to check the accuracy of this map?

356
00:30:20,520 --> 00:30:23,480
So in order to do that we make some provisions.

357
00:30:23,490 --> 00:30:30,350
For example, there in the ground I take some
observations which are independent of the

358
00:30:30,350 --> 00:30:36,309
survey, which we are not using in the survey,
which you are not using in the plotting.

359
00:30:36,309 --> 00:30:43,049
For example what I can do, I can also measure
the distance between this tree and the building
360
00:30:43,049 --> 00:30:44,540
here.

361
00:30:44,540 --> 00:30:53,110
I can measure the distance between the telephone
pole and a building here.

362
00:30:53,110 --> 00:31:00,360
Well these two distances are measured independently
there on the ground.

363
00:31:00,360 --> 00:31:01,770
Then I go to the map.

364
00:31:01,770 --> 00:31:06,180
Here in the map we have the building, we have
the tree.

365
00:31:06,180 --> 00:31:09,270
I can measure the distance also on the map.

366
00:31:09,270 --> 00:31:19,570
So we have a distance AB let us say I write
it as AB measured on the map we have the same

367
00:31:19,570 --> 00:31:26,809
distance let us say I am writing it as AB
don’t confuse with this capital AB it is

368
00:31:26,809 --> 00:31:34,220
distance between those two objects in the
ground I multiply this small AB with the scale

369
00:31:34,220 --> 00:31:37,050
ideally these two should be same.

370
00:31:37,050 --> 00:31:46,178
A distance measured in field should be same
as the scale multiplied by the distance measured

371
00:31:46,179 --> 00:31:48,929
between corresponding points on the map.

372
00:31:48,929 --> 00:31:56,410
Similarly, because I had measured the distance
between this house and a telephone pole here,

373
00:31:56,410 --> 00:32:02,410
let us say d and the capital D. So capital
D was the distance in the ground.

374
00:32:02,410 --> 00:32:06,910
This small d is the distance here in the map,
so ideally this should be shown.

375
00:32:08,760 --> 00:32:13,420
But obviously there might be some error and it will not be equal.

376
00:32:14,540 --> 00:32:21,500
If they are not equal then we see what is
the difference delta D is.

377
00:32:21,510 --> 00:32:29,500
Let us say D divided by D minus d and then
this difference in these two measurements

378
00:32:29,500 --> 00:32:35,600
is an indication of the error in the map and
there can be various ways by which this

379
00:32:36,120 --> 00:32:37,739
errorcan be represented.

380
00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:45,800
A very simple method could be you write this delta D by capital D in terms of the
relative

381
00:32:45,809 --> 00:32:51,120
error and you can say well, my map has got
this kind of relative error; I have shown.

382
00:32:51,120 --> 00:32:56,570
Here we took two distances number one and number two.

383
00:32:56,570 --> 00:33:01,360
For the checking in a large map, we take many
distances.

384
00:33:01,360 --> 00:33:07,199
Hundred distances, thirty distances in order
to find the accuracy of the map.
385
00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:11,750
So this is very important whenever we make
a map, whenever we do the survey we should

386
00:33:11,750 --> 00:33:17,120
have a provision to find its accuracy, to
check whether the map has been made as per

387
00:33:17,120 --> 00:33:23,620
the accuracy or not because you take a decision
based on this relative accuracy.

388
00:33:23,620 --> 00:33:27,959
You take a decision whether this map is acceptable
or not.

389
00:33:27,960 --> 00:33:33,700
Well next we will go to another discussion,
which is very important and is related with

390
00:33:33,700 --> 00:33:39,080
the map making and we say that because in
the case of the map making you will remember

391
00:33:39,080 --> 00:33:40,549
very often we were doing.

392
00:33:40,549 --> 00:33:47,330
We have a chain line, which you are writing
as AB any object, which we need to plot for

393
00:33:47,330 --> 00:34:05,250
example a tree we want to drop a perpendicular
here and the question is how to drop the perpendicular.

394
00:34:05,250 --> 00:34:08,899
This is important because we want to measure
this perpendicular we want to determine this.

395
00:34:08,899 --> 00:34:13,690
Now if we will think of that ground think
of, you know, the garden in which we are working

396
00:34:13,690 --> 00:34:18,700
last time or in your neighborhood anywhere
just outside the out in your room where you
397
00:34:18,699 --> 00:34:21,489
are seeing this video lecture.

398
00:34:21,489 --> 00:34:28,509
If you have spread this chain along about
two points and you want to plot a third point

399
00:34:28,510 --> 00:34:34,619
which may be anything: a tree, corner of the
house, or a pole you want to drop the perpendicular.

400
00:34:34,619 --> 00:34:36,159
What will you do?

401
00:34:36,159 --> 00:34:39,050
There on the ground the chain is spread here.

402
00:34:39,639 --> 00:34:43,900
Okay, a certain length of chain is spread
here.

403
00:34:43,909 --> 00:34:48,160
You are standing here at this tree and you
want to drop the perpendicular you want to

404
00:34:48,159 --> 00:34:56,370
measure it how will you do that so we need
to find some methods and methods means those,

405
00:34:56,370 --> 00:34:59,759
which we can apply in the field.

406
00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:03,740
The feasible methods, the practical methods,
we need to locate those methods.

407
00:35:03,740 --> 00:35:07,779
We need to know about these methods then only
we can drop these perpendiculars.

408
00:35:07,780 --> 00:35:12,800
So this is problem number one: dropping perpendiculars.

409
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:23,450
Problem number two is setting out perpendicular;
setting out perpendicular means if you have
410
00:35:23,450 --> 00:35:30,879
a chain line at this point, you want to set
out a perpendicular, you want to drop or make

411
00:35:30,880 --> 00:35:33,830
a perpendicular at this point at a given point.

412
00:35:33,830 --> 00:35:43,210
This is A and B, at C you want to set out
a perpendicular so how to do this?

413
00:35:43,210 --> 00:35:51,840
Now what we will do is try to see some instruments
first, which will help us in doing this.

414
00:35:51,840 --> 00:36:01,599
So instrument number one is here and this
is called cross-staff.

415
00:36:01,599 --> 00:36:05,450
As you can see in this instrument, it is a
very simple instrument.

416
00:36:05,450 --> 00:36:12,790
There are two wings one you can see here,
I will highlight this.

417
00:36:12,790 --> 00:36:13,820
Okay?

418
00:36:13,820 --> 00:36:23,110
One goes like this and the other one is like
this and these two offset at ninety degree

419
00:36:23,110 --> 00:36:24,110
angles to each other.

420
00:36:24,110 --> 00:36:25,110
It is something like this.

421
00:36:25,110 --> 00:36:29,730
If I show you by hand this is wing number
one, wing number two at ninety degrees to

422
00:36:29,730 --> 00:36:34,120
each other and then these two have got some,
you know, wings.

423
00:36:34,120 --> 00:36:39,410
Here so this is standing and over there, we
have a little slit.

424
00:36:39,410 --> 00:36:41,430
So over here we have a little slit.

425
00:36:41,430 --> 00:36:43,859
This slit is shown in the diagram here.

426
00:36:43,860 --> 00:36:50,150
So this is the slit and the corresponding
slit here.

427
00:36:50,150 --> 00:36:54,570
So if you can visualize this instrument, it
is a very simple instrument.

428
00:36:54,570 --> 00:37:01,349
You can make if you visualize this instrument
and I am standing at any point with this instrument.

429
00:37:01,349 --> 00:37:03,280
I am looking through one slit.

430
00:37:03,280 --> 00:37:15,859
Let us say I give the slits name, this slit
A, slit B, C and D. I am looking through slit

431
00:37:15,859 --> 00:37:28,009
A. So through slit A, I am looking through
the slit at B. So what, my line of site is

432
00:37:28,010 --> 00:37:30,670
now AB.

433
00:37:30,670 --> 00:37:40,710
Now if a second person looks through slit
C and slit D his line of site is CD.

434
00:37:40,710 --> 00:37:49,600
So the line of sites CD and AB will obviously
intersect at ninety degrees.
435
00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:53,270
This is how the instrument is made.

436
00:37:53,270 --> 00:37:55,349
Now how do you make use of this?

437
00:37:55,349 --> 00:38:06,710
If you have so we have a line and the line
is A and B. A and B are the survey stations

438
00:38:06,710 --> 00:38:10,320
and B have let us say a chain spread along
this line.

439
00:38:10,320 --> 00:38:17,650
Off course this line is let us say hundred
meter approximately so chain will be smaller

440
00:38:17,650 --> 00:38:23,690
than that thirty meters . So chain is spread
in thirty meters.

441
00:38:23,690 --> 00:38:30,619
Now using the cross staff the instrument we
want to set out of first let us say we want

442
00:38:30,619 --> 00:38:32,100
to drop a perpendicular.

443
00:38:32,100 --> 00:38:40,680
Here is a tree, we want to drop a perpendicular
from this tree on this line.

444
00:38:40,680 --> 00:38:41,799
How should we do?

445
00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:44,680
How should we go about now?

446
00:38:44,680 --> 00:38:48,430
Think of the cross staff it is an instrument
like this.

447
00:38:48,430 --> 00:38:54,009
We can see along two lines which are at ninety
degree angle.
448
00:38:54,010 --> 00:39:04,410
Now, in order to do this we will walk along
this line using the cross staff.

449
00:39:04,410 --> 00:39:13,089
I am showing now the cross staff as a width
is small instrument here in respect to this

450
00:39:13,090 --> 00:39:14,090
line.

451
00:39:14,090 --> 00:39:20,240
So here is the cross staff I am moving along
this A and B and this A and B they are marked

452
00:39:20,240 --> 00:39:24,720
by two ranging rods because in the survey
stations we have put two ranging rods.

453
00:39:25,900 --> 00:39:28,920
Now we are moving along this and as well as we are seeing through this.

454
00:39:29,880 --> 00:39:34,020
So while we are seeing through this we can
ensure that we are moving along this.

455
00:39:34,020 --> 00:39:36,320
Somewhere here, when we are somewhere here.

456
00:39:36,320 --> 00:39:40,850
For example, let us say somewhere here.

457
00:39:40,850 --> 00:39:46,640
We can ensure that we are whether in line
AB or not because we can see through this.

458
00:39:46,640 --> 00:39:52,680
We can see through this and it could be ensured
whether the base of the cross staff is on

459
00:39:52,680 --> 00:39:55,000
the line AB or not.

460
00:39:55,000 --> 00:40:02,000
So once you have ensured it now we can move
slowly along this line and as well as we will

461
00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:14,730
see through if our AB are along the slit A
and slit B if they are along line AB over

462
00:40:14,730 --> 00:40:17,010
here.

463
00:40:17,010 --> 00:40:24,270
In order to ensure the perpendicular we need
to see through C and D. So by a trial and

464
00:40:24,270 --> 00:40:29,810
error method you are moving along this line
AB and seeing through C and D. You ensure

465
00:40:29,810 --> 00:40:43,540
that this object is visible once this object
is visible clearly through CD then your base

466
00:40:43,540 --> 00:40:45,700
of the cross staff is on line AB.

467
00:40:46,480 --> 00:40:53,940
So this is how you know you can establish
several points on the chain line, which are

468
00:40:53,950 --> 00:40:56,600
the perpendicular from various objects.

469
00:40:56,600 --> 00:41:02,020
If there is a building for example here, in
order to plot this kind of building you need

470
00:41:02,030 --> 00:41:06,040
to drop perpendiculars from various corners.

471
00:41:06,040 --> 00:41:12,300
All these perpendiculars you need to drop
on the line you need to find their length.

472
00:41:12,300 --> 00:41:20,480
You will move along the line AB, keep finding
these points one two three four five once

473
00:41:20,480 --> 00:41:25,010
you have located the base of the perpendicular
the foot of the perpendicular from these points

474
00:41:25,010 --> 00:41:35,400
you will measure these offsets by measuring
these offsets the entire building can be plotted.

475
00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:38,970
The another job this was dropping a perpendicular.

476
00:41:38,970 --> 00:41:43,100
The another job, which can be done by the
cross staff is erecting a perpendicular.

477
00:41:43,100 --> 00:41:49,940
For example let us say, there is a point here
D and you want to erect a perpendicular from

478
00:41:49,940 --> 00:41:52,300
D. What will you do?

479
00:41:52,300 --> 00:41:58,320
Again as the similar way you are moving along
this line AB the base of your instrument base

480
00:41:58,320 --> 00:41:59,140
of a staff.

481
00:42:00,180 --> 00:42:08,600
You keep at D, you keep the base at D. Once
you kept at D then you are looking through

482
00:42:09,790 --> 00:42:16,380
A to B ensuring that your cross staff is align in such way that you are looking
through A

483
00:42:16,380 --> 00:42:20,790
and B it is aligned along line AB.

484
00:42:20,790 --> 00:42:30,119
Once it is so you move across now see through
C and D. So in your cross staff once it is

485
00:42:30,119 --> 00:42:36,310
aligned now you are seeing through C and D.
So again you have setting out the perpendicular
486
00:42:36,310 --> 00:42:37,770
so is a very simple instrument.

487
00:42:37,770 --> 00:42:40,359
Nothing very special about it.

488
00:42:40,359 --> 00:42:48,440
You can set out the perpendicular that way
at a point D. Now whatever is the length of

489
00:42:48,440 --> 00:42:52,280
the perpendicular required you will mark that
length later on with the tape.

490
00:42:54,140 --> 00:42:58,200
Similarly this was one instrument which is
cross staff you can make it as very simple instrument.

491
00:42:58,340 --> 00:43:01,640
Another instrument is optical square.

492
00:43:07,680 --> 00:43:13,359
Now what this instrument looks like this instrument is nothing but a cylinder kind
of thing, is

493
00:43:13,359 --> 00:43:21,560
a cylinder okay, may be made of brass and
it has couple of slits and inside the cylinder

494
00:43:21,560 --> 00:43:27,160
they are two mirrors fitted at forty-five
degree angle.

495
00:43:27,160 --> 00:43:37,629
Now if you draw the line diagram of this so
it is a cylinder and it is fitted with again

496
00:43:37,630 --> 00:43:41,660
may be a little base and we can suspend a
plumb bob.

497
00:43:41,660 --> 00:43:50,660
Also from here in order to see where is the
center of this optical square there on the

498
00:43:50,660 --> 00:43:55,509
ground because I can hold it like this and
wherever the plumb bob is mark in the ground

499
00:43:55,510 --> 00:43:59,440
that’s the point where is the center of
the optical square.

500
00:43:59,440 --> 00:44:03,640
Now what this instrument is the semantic of
this inside?

501
00:44:03,640 --> 00:44:11,810
Inside this instrument as you can see here
we have two mirrors, mirror A and mirror B.

502
00:44:11,810 --> 00:44:20,000
Now these two mirrors are fitted in such a
way that they are at forty five degrees angle.

503
00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:23,099
Well again the problem is same.

504
00:44:23,099 --> 00:44:37,040
Here also, we have a line marked by two stations
A and B. The job is same, I want to drop a

505
00:44:37,040 --> 00:44:42,410
perpendicular from a point see on this line
AB.

506
00:44:42,410 --> 00:44:47,420
Second time I want to erect a perpendicular
at D in line AB.

507
00:44:47,420 --> 00:44:52,609
So it is you know dropping perpendicular and erecting perpendicular we want to do
it using

508
00:44:52,609 --> 00:44:53,749
the optical square.

509
00:44:54,900 --> 00:45:02,860
Now how to do this here? Now in the case of the optical square regarding these two
mirrors let us say the

510
00:45:02,860 --> 00:45:10,720
mirror at B I am showing the mirror at B here in this diagram this mirror at B is
made in

511
00:45:10,720 --> 00:45:19,120
such a way if I show you here if this is the
mirror B half of it it’s polished. Polished

512
00:45:19,120 --> 00:45:25,460
means half of it is mirror and half of it
is transparent. Just keep in mind this is

513
00:45:25,460 --> 00:45:30,580
polished this is the mirror part and this
is transparent part. Now if it is so

514
00:45:31,560 --> 00:45:40,259
your eye is at E that’s your eye you are looking through E and if you look through
E what you

515
00:45:40,260 --> 00:45:45,800
will see. You will see a ranging rod which
is Q. So this ranging rod

516
00:45:47,080 --> 00:45:56,120
will be seen in this mirror somewhat like this. So this is my ranging rod Q

517
00:45:57,940 --> 00:46:05,680
also if there is another ranging rod at ninety degrees from this line EQ at R.

518
00:46:06,520 --> 00:46:12,640
What will happen? The rays from this R they travel trough this slit

519
00:46:13,580 --> 00:46:20,779
far and reflect from this mirror A. So they travel like this they reflect

520
00:46:21,160 --> 00:46:25,279
and again they reflect from the bottom part, which is the mirror polished part

521
00:46:26,020 --> 00:46:32,060
so it is reflecting from the bottom part
and then they go to my eyes again. So, here in this

522
00:46:33,960 --> 00:46:41,200
mirror when I am seeing through this
E what I see? I see Q and as well as another image.

523
00:46:44,020 --> 00:46:49,700
So here in this mirror in this polished part
what I am seeing? I am seeing the image of R.

524
00:46:52,240 --> 00:46:59,399
Now with this line diagram it is very clear
if this point D is the point at the intersection

525
00:46:59,400 --> 00:47:09,700
of these two perpendiculars DQ and DR then in that case these two Q and R should
form

526
00:47:09,700 --> 00:47:18,100
one line. Then Q and R should be like this.
They should form one line, they will become one.

527
00:47:18,440 --> 00:47:22,340
So the procedure of working with this
is the line diagram should be clear to you.

528
00:47:22,620 --> 00:47:28,799
We move with the optical square and you move till you see these two images.

529
00:47:28,800 --> 00:47:35,620
One is the direct image of Q which is coming from the task front part. The bottom
image is the one,

530
00:47:35,620 --> 00:47:40,819
which is the reflected image of R and these two images will be slightly moving like
this.

531
00:47:41,040 --> 00:47:46,540
Once these two images come together so at that point this center of the optical
square

532
00:47:46,840 --> 00:47:57,160
on the line EQ is in such a way that this
DQ and DR they form ninety degrees angle.

533
00:47:58,220 --> 00:48:02,939
So this principle is very clear you do not
have this optical square or cross staff with you.

534
00:48:03,460 --> 00:48:06,320
You can make them easily of course. They are not very costly instrument, they are
very

535
00:48:06,320 --> 00:48:10,400
cheap but it still there might be situation
when these instruments are not with you

536
00:48:11,040 --> 00:48:20,259
so what will you do in that case. A simple thing. That’s our chain line. A tree is
here. You want to plot this tree,

537
00:48:20,620 --> 00:48:30,880
so you want to drop a perpendicular from this tree on my survey line, which is AB.
What will you do? On this

538
00:48:30,880 --> 00:48:40,380
survey line let us say, my chain is spread.
Okay? This is thirty meter length chain is spread.

539
00:48:40,800 --> 00:48:46,240
What do I do? I take my tape now,
I keep one hand of the tape here,

540
00:48:48,460 --> 00:48:50,540
stretch it and swing it.

541
00:48:53,860 --> 00:48:58,160
So while you are swinging the tape is basically, you are swinging the tape like
this

542
00:48:59,480 --> 00:49:07,600
you look for the reading here.
When the reading on the tape is minimum obviously

543
00:49:07,600 --> 00:49:14,200
that’s the foot of the perpendicular. So
that way once this reading is the offset value

544
00:49:14,200 --> 00:49:19,580
and the corresponding reading here is the
chainage for this particular offset.

545
00:49:20,800 --> 00:49:26,680
So this is very simple method but always not always it is possible that you can
swing your tape

546
00:49:27,680 --> 00:49:34,379
for example let us say there are some trees here. Can you swing that tape? You
cannot

547
00:49:34,660 --> 00:49:39,580
because there are some obstructions. You cannot swing that tape. If that is the
case then

548
00:49:39,580 --> 00:49:42,580
how to drop the perpendicular?

549
00:49:44,120 --> 00:49:50,859
This is basically dropping the perpendicular. So, another method for dropping the
perpendicular could be:

550
00:49:53,020 --> 00:50:02,000
We have A and B. You want to drop a perpendicular from here. A method could be, you
measure

551
00:50:02,000 --> 00:50:11,680
a distance let us say Y. You can swing your tape and you measure the same distance
Y here.

552
00:50:11,980 --> 00:50:16,940
Whatever we want to do it you are measuring equal distances on both the sides. Once
you

553
00:50:16,940 --> 00:50:22,020
have located these two points on the tape
along the chain here you can find the middle point.

554
00:50:22,840 --> 00:50:27,860
So middle point will be the foot of
the perpendicular. Similarly,

555
00:50:28,180 --> 00:50:29,859
there could be one more method.

556
00:50:30,720 --> 00:50:36,379
The point, which you want to plot C; A and
B are the survey lines.

557
00:50:37,280 --> 00:50:45,400
Well what we do in order to drop a perpendicular from C on this line, take any
distance as is convenient to you,

558
00:50:45,600 --> 00:50:52,400
find the middle point. So these two are
equal. Now from this middle point here whatever

559
00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:59,420
is this value, lets say five meter, take an
arc of five meter here also.

560
00:51:00,280 --> 00:51:09,000
So these two are at same distance well you know this length or this line will be
perpendicular.

561
00:51:09,500 --> 00:51:15,180
So from this point a perpendicular has been dropped on line AB and we can measure
this offset

562
00:51:15,180 --> 00:51:21,339
value whatever is the length of this and then chainage. So this is about dropping
perpendiculars.

563
00:51:21,340 --> 00:51:23,920
Another thing, which is important is setting out.

564
00:51:27,360 --> 00:51:33,820
Setting out the perpendicular. Setting out
means as we have set only chain line is there

565
00:51:34,620 --> 00:51:41,120
or survey line and at any point we want to
set out a perpendicular. Now how to do this?

566
00:51:41,860 --> 00:51:46,940
There could be many methods. You know you can start with a simple method could be

567
00:51:49,440 --> 00:51:59,060
at this point C, where you want to erect a perpendicular, you take equal distances
on both the sides

568
00:51:59,900 --> 00:52:09,100
let us say this is also X and this is also
X. Once you have done it you a take a distance

569
00:52:09,100 --> 00:52:16,069
of two Y on your tape let us say that this
is a tape and I keep the tape like this this

570
00:52:16,070 --> 00:52:28,010
is the distance of two Y the ends of a tape
E end and F end. I keep the E end of the tape

571
00:52:28,010 --> 00:52:34,780
here and the F end of the tape here and that’s
my tape here I am just showing it by a different

572
00:52:34,780 --> 00:52:44,980
colour and you know that length of the tape
is now two Y. I hold the tape from its middle

573
00:52:44,980 --> 00:52:53,910
distance lets say at Y and then you stretch
it. Once you stress this tape, the tape will

574
00:52:53,910 --> 00:53:02,310
be stressed in such a way and we ensure we
ensure that this, the pull or the tension

575
00:53:02,310 --> 00:53:09,730
in these two parts of the tape is same. Once
it is so this will be also Y this will be

576
00:53:09,730 --> 00:53:19,960
also Y so from this point C that’s the perpendicular.
There could be another method.

577
00:53:19,960 --> 00:53:32,790
Three four five method. Again here chain line
AB we have the survey stations. A point C

578
00:53:32,790 --> 00:53:39,119
in the case of three four five method. Let
us say I take a distance of four meters or

579
00:53:39,119 --> 00:53:47,470
three meters here let us say it is three meters
doesn't matter I take three meter then a distance

580
00:53:47,470 --> 00:53:56,799
of four plus five that is nine I take my tape
and in my tape I take a distance of nine meters.

581
00:53:56,800 --> 00:54:08,100
Let us say if they are two ends again E and
F. I keep the E end here and the F end of

582
00:54:08,100 --> 00:54:14,410
the tape here at this point and this point.
These two points are three meter apart. Then

583
00:54:14,410 --> 00:54:25,160
in my tape I hold it from a point which is
five meter from F and four meter from E. Well,

584
00:54:25,160 --> 00:54:33,850
after holding it here I pull my tape, the
tape is initially cap like this and I am holding

585
00:54:33,850 --> 00:54:40,080
it here so that this distance is five meter
and this distance is four meter. Once you

586
00:54:40,080 --> 00:54:48,480
pull it you pull your tape it will be pulled
in such a way that if this is five this is

587
00:54:48,480 --> 00:54:52,839
four you know by Pythagoras that this should
be ninety degrees angle.

588
00:54:52,839 --> 00:54:57,430
So what we have done just by using the tape
we have been able to erect a perpendicular

589
00:54:57,430 --> 00:55:05,140
at point C. Not on the three four five but
any set of these values which you should be

590
00:55:05,140 --> 00:55:11,089
aware. What kind of values, which will satisfy
the Pythagoras theorem? Here you can make

591
00:55:11,089 --> 00:55:19,569
use of those values. So this was about perpendiculars there may be some other
problems. These problems are

592
00:55:25,700 --> 00:55:28,040
marking parallel lines.

593
00:55:30,140 --> 00:55:43,900
Marking the parallel lines. If there is a
line AB, we want to set out a line parallel

594
00:55:43,900 --> 00:55:51,820
to this AB from a point C. How to do that?
Well the method could be a very simple method.

595
00:55:51,820 --> 00:55:59,450
You drop perpendicular number one to measure it’s distance from a point here. This
is

596
00:55:59,450 --> 00:56:07,290
lets say D. You go to the point E. Again erect a perpendicular on this of the same
length.

597
00:56:07,290 --> 00:56:16,310
If this length is Y keep it same as Y. Now
joining these two points will ensure that

598
00:56:16,310 --> 00:56:21,680
this line is parallel to this line. There
could be many other methods.

599
00:56:21,680 --> 00:56:30,960
Now your line is AB. That is the point C.
Take any line. If you cannot drop the perpendiculars,

600
00:56:30,960 --> 00:56:34,980
take any other line, for example let us say
I am showing this construction by blue lines.

601
00:56:34,980 --> 00:56:42,089
Any line, find it’s middle point. So these
two are equal. Now from this middle point

602
00:56:42,089 --> 00:56:50,509
join any point here now whatever is this amount
extend this line by the same amount. So these

603
00:56:50,510 --> 00:56:56,690
two are equal. This part and this part are
equal. If that is so then the line joining

604
00:56:56,690 --> 00:57:05,810
these two points will be parallel to our line
AB. So there could be varieties of cases like

605
00:57:05,810 --> 00:57:11,000
this what I am showing you. I am showing you
only a little glance and what you can observe

606
00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:16,950
you can observe that we are making use of
our simple geometry. You know characteristics

607
00:57:16,950 --> 00:57:21,799
or principles what we know in your high school
just looking use of those principles of simple

608
00:57:21,800 --> 00:57:25,550
geometry we are able to do some good jobs.

609
00:57:25,550 --> 00:57:32,320
So what we saw today? We saw how to make a
map using chain and tape and we followed all

610
00:57:32,320 --> 00:57:37,700
the principles, you know, what came from whole
to part check, redundancy reconnaissance,

611
00:57:37,700 --> 00:57:42,410
all those things, we followed. When we are
doing that and in doing that we came to know

612
00:57:42,410 --> 00:57:47,819
that there we need to measure the offsets.
We saw how to record these things in the field

613
00:57:47,820 --> 00:57:54,240
book, how to make a plot of those things then
in drawing, the offsets we can drop, the offsets

614
00:57:54,240 --> 00:57:59,910
we can plot, the offsets by various methods
this all depends upon the field conditions,

615
00:57:59,910 --> 00:58:04,560
what is there in the field so accordingly
you have to find a solution. There might be

616
00:58:04,560 --> 00:58:08,340
various problems in the field so you have
to come out with the solutions for that particular

617
00:58:08,340 --> 00:58:14,960
problem what we saw we saw some of the examples of some problems. Thank you.