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okay, Welcome again to this series of video lecture on basic surveying, and today,
we are on module

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4, which is on compass surveying.

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We started it in our previous lecture, so
this is the lecture number 2 in compass surveying.

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Now here, in compass surveying, what we have
done so far?

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In our last lecture, we talked about the concept
of traverse because if we need to know about

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compass surveying, we need to know where we
are going to use it.

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So, we need to know about the traverse, because
traverse is a thing where we need to measure

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the angles, and we measure these angles making
use of the bearing, and bearings are determined

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using the compass.

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So, we talked about why we need the traverse,
then we talked about the types of the traverse

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- it is open or closed - what they are, what
are the advantages when we can work with these

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kinds of traverses.

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Then, we discussed the meridian.

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The meridians could be true meridian, magnetic meridian and arbitrary, because we
make use

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of these in order to measure the bearings,
and the bearings can be represented in two systems:

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WCB - stands for whole circle bearing - and quadrantal bearing.

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We know how we can convert these two bearings also, from one system to other
system; we

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can determine them.

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And then, finally, we saw one kind of compass, which is the prismatic compass.

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We saw the specifications of the instrument: how it is made, what are the various
parts

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of it, how we make use of this in the field.

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Today, before we talk about the other things, we will briefly discuss about another
compass,

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which is the surveyors compass, because when you are in the field, you might need
to use

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it sometimes.

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So, we should know that what the surveyors
compass is.

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Then, after that, we will see about the local
attraction - what is it, why it is important

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when we are doing the compass surveying.

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Then, we will run a traverse; how we can do
a map with the help of compass surveying.

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Then, we will talk about some corrections,
and of course, how we can plot our compass

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traverse.

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There are a couple of methods - we will look into this Bowditch method - it is a
graphical

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method for finding the error or error adjustment.

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Then, this is very important and very interesting:
we can locate oneself -ourselves on a map

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or maybe we can locate a point which is marked
on the map onto the ground.

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So, these are the things which we will try
to see today.

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So, we will begin with surveyors compass - we
will look into some important things of this

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surveyors compass.

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We are not looking at the instrument directly;
the prismatic compass is the one which is
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mostly used in the field - mostly, we will
find in the field operations, being used - but

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still, we should know about the surveyors
compass.

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Well, the job is, again, we want to measure
a bearing here, and what we will do with the

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surveyors compass, we will occupy the point
A, and we want to measure the bearing of line

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AB, and there at B we have a ranging rod.

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What is there in the surveyors compass?

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How it is different than the prismatic compass?

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Now, in this case, all these black lines - this
is the body of the compass.

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The interesting thing here is, along with
the body, we have also the graduations, so

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these graduations are, unlike prismatic compass,
in the body of the compass.

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In the case of the prismatic compass these
were along with the needle, so there was a

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ring of the graduations, and the middle was
fixed to that, while here, in this case, the

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needle is separate.

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What I mean?

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If I rotate this prismatic compass, for example,
here, if you see, if I rotate this prismatic

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compass here, this particular body, the needle
will stay where it is, because needle is pointing

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in the north direction - that is the direction
of the north - it will not change its position;

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only the compass will rotate, only the graduations
will rotate.

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Now, how the graduations are?

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They are written zero north, zero south, 90
degrees east, 90 degrees west.

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Now, you will notice here that east and west, they have exchanged their place from
a usual

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way - why it is so?

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Otherwise, the west should have been here,
the east should have been here . It is in

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order to facilitate reading the observations.

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Well, what we do now, in order to measure
our bearing to point B, what we do, we rotate

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our instrument -rotating means, this is one
vein - this black box here is one vein - which

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we say the ‘eye vein’.

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You keep your eye here, and this is the object vein - it has got a slit - so a wire
here

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- a wire is here and a slit, so now, using
this slit and the wire, we look in the direction

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of the object for which we want to measure
the bearing.

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So, in order to bisect B, we will have to
rotate our instrument this way while the needle

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will stay where it is; so needle maintains
its position.

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Now, what we do, we read the observations
in the case of the surveyors compass, against

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north end of the needle - north end - and
that is the north end here, N.

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So, we will read the observations here or
the graduations here.

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As you can see over here, the graduation which
we will read is from north, towards east - some

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particular value.

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So, I can write it as from north, let us say
60 degrees towards east - this is what my

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compass is showing me.

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What is there in the area?

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In the area - well, yes, it is so - over here,
this is north, south, east and west, and in

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the QB system, in the quadrantal bearing system,
the bearing is north to east, whatever is

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the bearing value, and this is what we are
observing here using our instrument.

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So now, you will understand that why the graduations
are written in a different way.

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Well, the next thing which we are going to
look at is local attraction.

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What it is?

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Because we are talking about - when we are
talking about the compass, we should know

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about the errors also.

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What are the errors which could be there in
the compass?

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As we saw in our last lecture, the errors
could be: number one, because of the observer.
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Now, in the case of the compass, the errors
could be, I hold the compass inclined, so

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the needle is not free to rotate - I did the
observations wrong, so again, because of the

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observer.

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There could be errors which are because of
the instrument; after wear and tear of the

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instrument, the needle is not free to rotate
anymore, or rather, it takes lot of time to

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adjust.

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So, what is there now?

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The error is because of the compass now, or
maybe the circle in which the graduations

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are written, the graduating circle - this
graduated circle - may have the graduations

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which are not uniform.

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So, there may be a case because of the instrument
also, when the errors may come.

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Finally, because of some external factors
which are beyond the control of either instrument

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or the observer, which is the natural sources.
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Local attraction is one such source.

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We are not looking in other errors, but we
will look at local attraction in detail.

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What the local attraction is?

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At any point, if this is the direction of
north - when I say north here now, I mean

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the magnetic north, because we are talking
about the compass; compass makes use of magnetic

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meridian, so we are only talking of the magnetic
north - if I hang a needle here, the needle

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should be aligned along this direction - this
blue line is the needle; magnetic needle.

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The meaning of the local attraction is, there
are some other forces, magnetic forces, which

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are influencing the magnetic field in this
area where we are working.

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In this particular area, there are some other
magnetic forces.

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What will happen because of that?

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The earth’s magnetic field is working; some
external magnetic fields, some other - maybe

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a transformer or something - that is also
working.

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So, what we will end up with?

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We will end up with, our needle will not point
in the north direction; rather, it will point

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in some resultant direction - so, this is
now the direction.

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My needle will not hang in the north direction;
rather, it will hang in some other direction;

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it will achieve of the equilibrium in this
direction because of the resultant forces.

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Now, if that is the case, we are using a needle
like this, or maybe we are working in an area

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like this, this particular error here - we
say, let us I write it as ‘e’, error - as

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local attraction.

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Now, this local attraction may be also because
of some magnetic items which are in my pocket.

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So, we do not consider those things as the
local attraction because this is something

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because of the observer; observer is not the careful person - we should take all
these

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objects away.

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So, local attractions are basically only for
those reasons which are beyond the control

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of observer.

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Well, if the local attractions are there,
how to take care of that?

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Can we determine them?

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Can we determine local attraction; how do
we find it that our observations are being

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affected by?

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Well, let us take a case: there is a line
AB - the survey line.

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We have observed the bearing at A, as well
as, we have taken the bearing at B, and these

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two bearings, as usual, we say fore-bearing
and back-bearing, because we are moving from

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A to B. And you know it that the fore-bearing
minus back-bearing should be 180.

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Well, if it not so, then you start suspecting
there are errors.

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As we discussed, there are many more sources
of the errors - error because of the observer,
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error because of the instrument - many more
sources of the errors are there.

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So, this ‘not equal to’ - this could be
because of many more reasons; many reasons,

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but the most prominent one is the local attraction.

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Or, if we consider the observer is very careful;
the instrument is correct - there is no problem

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with the instrument, it has been checked;
observer is also very careful, then these

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errors because of the instrument, because
of the observer, will be very small or negligible

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within the scope of the work.

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So, if at all in that case, if this is so,
whatever is the error now, it is because of

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the local attraction.

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Well, how to determine this, whether the local
attraction is there or not, and where it is?

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So this gives an indication that yes, there
is local attraction in either of these two

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points.

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How to find it?
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Let us say we have these three lines - we
have taken the bearings in all the places,

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so we have the fore-bearing and back-bearing
- fore-bearing and the back-bearing - we find

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that the fore-bearing minus back-bearing for
this line is not equal to 180, while here,

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fore-bearing minus back-bearing is equal to
180.

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If this is so, what is our conclusion?

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We conclude from here that this station as
well as this station are free of the local

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attraction, because the difference of the
bearings is 180.

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So, if it is so, our conclusion will be: well,
this station has got the local attraction

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because of this.

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So, we know now, well, our stations here,
here are free of the local attraction, while

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this station has the local attraction, and
having known this, we can accordingly apply

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correction for the local attraction, which
we will see in a moment.
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Now, before we go into that - the corrections
for the local attraction - let us talk about

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running a compass traverse.

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We know traverse; what I will do, I will give
you the various steps which we need to follow

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in the ground in order to run a compass traverse.

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Well, I will give you a problem - the problem
is: again, let us say we have some area, and

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there in that area, we have, for example,
a road having some branches there.

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We also have some houses -
all these are the houses.

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As you know, this could be any ground.

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There also are a couple of trees, as usual.

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A ground may be like this, and we want to
make a map of this ground, and we want to

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do it with the traverse; compass traverse.

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We want to plot the entire boundary of this
township - all the roads, all the buildings

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and all the trees.
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What the steps should be?

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Where should we begin with; what should we
do?

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So, the very first step in order to make a
map will be, as usual, the reconnaissance

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survey -the recy, or sometimes a recy survey
or reconnaissance survey.

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What we do?

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We go to the ground and we observe it.

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We can start taking our stations; these are
the stations which will be our survey stations

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where we are going to form our compass traverse,
and let us say the survey lines are like this

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. There is a close traverse which we are choosing,
as well as, there are some further links.

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Well, this is our idea, the network of the
area, by using these control points.

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So, very first step, as you noted, is locating
the control points.

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Now, once we are talking about this control
points or survey stations - also, they are

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called traverse stations - how should we select
them?

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Does anything come to your mind, that in order
to select the traverse station, we should

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have?

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We should keep some guidelines in our mind,
some precautions.

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Once you see it, number one, you should be
able to measure the distance between the points,

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because we are going to do the traversing.

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Traversing means, we are going to measure
the bearings and we are going to measure the

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lengths.

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So, if the ground here is undulating, you
cannot measure the length, so you should be

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able to measure the length.

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Of course, here, you can see a building, so
this line selection is not good; we should

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select our lines such that they do not pass
through the buildings like this.

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So, number one: measuring the length.

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Number two, all these stations should be in
commanding positions so that they can see

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more of the area.

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Number three: over here, we have one station
here, we have one station here, and in between

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this, the survey line.

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The inter-visibility is not there, because
we need to have inter-visibility - then only

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I can measure the bearing from this point
to this point - if we have the inter visibility.

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So, these are the things.

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And also, for example, let us say we have
selected a traverse station here.

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For this station particularly, this is a very
busy junction and every time the traffic will

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be there.

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So, we can - now, we can say, well, this is
not a really approachable area - it can be

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approached, but for work, it is not a good
area to occupy.

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So, we should select our traverse stations
also in those places where we can approach
215
00:17:58,220 --> 00:18:02,550
easily; which we can occupy easily, where
we can locate our instrument and we can start

216
00:18:02,550 --> 00:18:03,620
taking the observations.

217
00:18:03,620 --> 00:18:10,290
So, all these things, we need to take care
of, we need to keep in our mind, when we are

218
00:18:10,290 --> 00:18:12,070
selecting these traverse stations.

219
00:18:12,070 --> 00:18:18,610
Well, once the traverse stations are done,
the second job is, we start measuring these

220
00:18:19,420 --> 00:18:20,550
lengths.

221
00:18:20,550 --> 00:18:31,169
I am now selecting a new survey grid - sorry, the traverse; now, we have these as
traverse

222
00:18:31,170 --> 00:18:41,590
stations . So, next job will be, we start
measuring the length and as well as the bearing.

223
00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:46,260
How do we do it?

224
00:18:46,260 --> 00:18:52,750
We will start occupying from A, B, C, D and
so on.

225
00:18:52,750 --> 00:18:59,851
Occupying the station A - we occupy A, and
then we measure the bearing of line AB, as

226
00:18:59,851 --> 00:19:01,671
well as, we measure the length of AB.

227
00:19:02,160 --> 00:19:11,340
Now, we go to B, we measure the fore-bearing
of line BC and the back-bearing of line BA,

228
00:19:12,500 --> 00:19:21,100
and we measure the length BC; then we go to C, we measure the fore-bearing of CD,
and

229
00:19:21,110 --> 00:19:28,520
the length - and the back-bearing of CB, and the length CD.

230
00:19:28,520 --> 00:19:29,910
So, what we are doing?

231
00:19:29,910 --> 00:19:35,690
At each survey station, we are taking the
observations for fore-bearing and back-bearing,

232
00:19:35,690 --> 00:19:38,170
and as well as the length of the line.

233
00:19:38,170 --> 00:19:42,880
Again, whenever we are taking the observations,
keep in your mind that we do not take only

234
00:19:42,880 --> 00:19:46,030
single observation; we should go for multiple
observations.

235
00:19:46,030 --> 00:19:51,320
You take the bearings multiple times; you
measure the lengths multiple times - maybe

236
00:19:51,320 --> 00:19:57,480
once from D to C, then second time from C
to D, because we want to ensure that redundancy

237
00:19:57,480 --> 00:19:59,550
is there in the observations.

238
00:19:59,550 --> 00:20:05,360
Well, once all these things are done, now
we want to make a map of this.

239
00:20:05,360 --> 00:20:14,120
So, whatever observations we have collected,
our second job will be plotting of the observations.

240
00:20:17,940 --> 00:20:28,060
Now, before we plot what the observations
will look like, let us say, for a small traverse ABCD,

241
00:20:28,580 --> 00:20:38,399
where at each place, we have taken the bearing, as well as, all these bearings are
measured,

242
00:20:39,360 --> 00:20:45,820
as well as the back-bearings and we have also measured these lengths.

243
00:20:45,820 --> 00:21:03,610
So, we can write this as - let us say the
lines are AB, BC, CD and DA - we can write

244
00:21:03,610 --> 00:21:06,389
their fore-bearing and back-bearing.

245
00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:11,320
So, the fore-bearing, whatever is the value,
back-bearing of BA, whatever is the value

246
00:21:11,320 --> 00:21:19,210
- all these values can be written here, as
well as, we are writing their lengths, whatever

247
00:21:19,210 --> 00:21:22,510
the unit - all these lengths are written there.

248
00:21:22,780 --> 00:21:27,680
So, this is what is the field observation
- the table which you are getting from the

249
00:21:27,690 --> 00:21:33,870
field, and whenever we work in the field,
ensure one more thing, that we should always

250
00:21:33,870 --> 00:21:36,989
have a rough map of the area with us.

251
00:21:36,990 --> 00:21:40,890
So, in our note book, we have also a rough
map.

252
00:21:40,890 --> 00:21:49,300
Just a rough map - that is my rough map; this
is how I had taken my ABCD, and then later
253
00:21:49,300 --> 00:21:53,169
on, because you are making a record of the
area, so you are also observing the offsets

254
00:21:53,170 --> 00:21:54,400
and other things.

255
00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:59,330
So, right now, we are more concerned about
only the traverse, because we already know

256
00:21:59,330 --> 00:22:03,370
about the offsets - how to take offsets, how
to make use of them.

257
00:22:03,370 --> 00:22:09,760
Right now, we are concerned about the skeleton
of the area; the traverse, which we are doing

258
00:22:09,760 --> 00:22:10,760
there.

259
00:22:10,760 --> 00:22:14,220
For the traverse, all these will be the observations.

260
00:22:14,220 --> 00:22:19,540
Now, once these observations are there, what
all we can do with these observations?

261
00:22:19,540 --> 00:22:30,950
Number one: we need to look for local attraction
before we go to plot.

262
00:22:30,950 --> 00:22:36,160
We cannot plot these observations directly,
because these observations may be wrong; something

263
00:22:36,160 --> 00:22:37,460
may be wrong with these observations.

264
00:22:37,460 --> 00:22:40,240
So, we need to start looking into the errors.

265
00:22:40,240 --> 00:22:47,520
Now, here in this traverse, if some of the
points - for example, let us say B point had

266
00:22:47,520 --> 00:22:53,360
the local attraction - if it had the local
attraction, what will happen?

267
00:22:53,360 --> 00:23:01,550
For this line, as well as for this line - line
AB and line BC - the difference of back-bearing

268
00:23:01,550 --> 00:23:12,330
and fore-bearing will not be 180, while if
the line, or the station C and D and A, they

269
00:23:12,330 --> 00:23:21,419
are free from local attraction, the line AD
and line DC will have the difference of back-bearing

270
00:23:21,420 --> 00:23:25,560
and fore-bearing equal to 180, or very near
to 180, we can say.

271
00:23:27,059 --> 00:23:33,690
So what we do, from these observations, we find the differences of back-bearing and
fore-bearing,

272
00:23:33,690 --> 00:23:34,790
and we will locate this difference.

273
00:23:34,790 --> 00:23:42,450
If this difference - as in this case, for
AB and BC - the difference of fore-bearing

274
00:23:42,450 --> 00:23:50,930
and back-bearing is not equal to 180, so we
suspect, yes, at B, there is local attraction.

275
00:23:51,760 --> 00:23:56,200
Now, how to take care of it; how to eliminate
this local attraction from the observations?

276
00:23:56,210 --> 00:24:02,860
So, for doing that, we have to determine the
quantity - what is the amount of the local

277
00:24:02,860 --> 00:24:04,439
attraction?
278
00:24:04,440 --> 00:24:17,240
A, B, C and D- these are the - this is north
at every point.

279
00:24:20,040 --> 00:24:25,159
Now, the differences we have found - let us
say the difference in A and B - the observation

280
00:24:25,160 --> 00:24:32,570
of back-bearing, or rather, fore-bearing,
because we are moving in this direction AB

281
00:24:32,570 --> 00:24:44,480
- this particular value is 120 degrees, while
this particular value here, the back-bearing,

282
00:24:44,480 --> 00:24:54,730
is not equal to 120 plus 180; it is not so.

283
00:24:54,730 --> 00:25:00,950
Then, whatever is the discrepancy, that is
the amount of the local attraction.

284
00:25:00,950 --> 00:25:08,610
And we know our A is free of the local attraction,
because we found the difference of the bearing

285
00:25:08,610 --> 00:25:15,750
to line AD, which is the back-bearing of line
DA, and fore-bearing of DA.

286
00:25:15,750 --> 00:25:23,020
This is the fore-bearing of DA, back-bearing
of DA - the difference of these two was 180,

287
00:25:23,020 --> 00:25:28,520
so we knew that A and D are free of local
attraction.

288
00:25:28,520 --> 00:25:37,059
So, whatever is the local attraction in line
AB is because of station B and so, we can

289
00:25:37,059 --> 00:25:44,980
locate now if this difference of fore-bearing
and back-bearing of AB is not equal to this
290
00:25:44,980 --> 00:25:47,790
particular value, 120 plus 180.

291
00:25:47,790 --> 00:25:54,450
So, whatever the discrepancy, that is, the
error, at this point - at point B - what we

292
00:25:54,450 --> 00:25:55,450
can do?

293
00:25:55,450 --> 00:26:06,840
If, for example, the value observed at B was
290, let us say; just for example, we are

294
00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:13,221
taking that the value observed at point B,
the back-bearing of line AB, was 290, so we

295
00:26:13,221 --> 00:26:19,660
will apply some correction to this, because
we know the discrepancy - so, that amount

296
00:26:19,660 --> 00:26:22,130
of correction will be applied here.

297
00:26:22,130 --> 00:26:26,370
If we apply this particular correction here,
the same correction should also be applicable

298
00:26:26,370 --> 00:26:33,729
for in this direction, so this should make
the difference of back-bearing and fore-bearing

299
00:26:33,730 --> 00:26:36,940
of line BC, again, equal to 180.

300
00:26:36,940 --> 00:26:40,580
This is how we are applying the corrections.

301
00:26:40,580 --> 00:26:49,439
There is one more method - for example, let
us say in a traverse, for none of the lines

302
00:26:49,440 --> 00:26:56,860
the difference of fore-bearing and back-bearing
is 180; for none of the lines.

303
00:26:56,860 --> 00:26:59,110
In the earlier case, what we are looking for?

304
00:26:59,110 --> 00:27:05,260
We are looking for a line, any line, in our
traverse, for which the differences are - the

305
00:27:05,260 --> 00:27:12,290
difference is - 180, and we assume that both
the stations for that line were free from

306
00:27:12,290 --> 00:27:16,159
the local attraction, and then we applied
the corrections to others.

307
00:27:16,160 --> 00:27:18,710
But this will not be the case always.

308
00:27:18,710 --> 00:27:25,710
If it is so; none of the lines is free from
local attraction; there is some local attraction

309
00:27:25,710 --> 00:27:26,710
in each of the lines.

310
00:27:26,710 --> 00:27:27,710
What we look for?

311
00:27:27,710 --> 00:27:38,910
We look for the least value of this difference;
least value of fore-bearing minus back-bearing

312
00:27:38,910 --> 00:27:45,350
- for which line this is least, because one
of the lines it will be least.

313
00:27:45,350 --> 00:27:52,678
So, what we do, let us say for example, for
this line, this value is least, so we start

314
00:27:52,679 --> 00:27:55,970
applying correction from this line.

315
00:27:55,970 --> 00:28:03,600
If it is least for this, and the difference
in back-bearing and fore-bearing in this case

316
00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:20,928
is 182 degrees; fore-bearing minus back-bearing
- if it is 182 for this line, and this is

317
00:28:20,929 --> 00:28:24,990
the least; others are more - so what we do?

318
00:28:24,990 --> 00:28:28,320
We equally apply the correction.

319
00:28:28,320 --> 00:28:38,320
For example, the discrepancy here is 2 degrees,
so we equally apply this correction to both

320
00:28:38,320 --> 00:28:40,250
these stations.

321
00:28:41,680 --> 00:28:47,799
That means, we apply correction of 1 degree
here and 1 degree here.

322
00:28:47,799 --> 00:28:52,299
So, if we apply the correction of 1 degree
here and 1 degree here, what will happen?

323
00:28:52,299 --> 00:29:00,690
Now, the difference of these fore-bearing
and back-bearing will come out to be 180,

324
00:29:00,690 --> 00:29:05,380
because of course, we need to take into account
the proper sign, because our aim is, we want

325
00:29:05,380 --> 00:29:09,260
to make the difference in fore-bearing and
back-bearing of line - whatever this line

326
00:29:09,260 --> 00:29:21,330
is - 180, and we know it is not so by 2 degrees,
and we are making assumption that we are going

327
00:29:21,330 --> 00:29:27,639
to apply the correction equally at this station
and this station.
328
00:29:27,640 --> 00:29:33,840
So, we want to apply the correction equally,
so we will take care of the proper sign, and

329
00:29:33,840 --> 00:29:38,270
by applying that, we are ensuring now after
applying the corrections to the fore-bearing

330
00:29:38,270 --> 00:29:48,260
and back-bearing of this line, now if you
find the difference, the difference is 180.

331
00:29:48,260 --> 00:29:55,730
Well, once it is done, we assume now, whatever
is the fore-bearing here, that is correct;

332
00:29:55,730 --> 00:29:57,700
whatever is the back-bearing here that is
correct.

333
00:29:57,700 --> 00:30:09,090
And whatever amount of the correction, for
example, because of the local attraction the

334
00:30:09,090 --> 00:30:15,780
north was turned in this direction, and this
is 1 degree of error, and we know - as we

335
00:30:15,780 --> 00:30:22,070
have seen in the previous case, we had applied
some corrections here - and we know it is

336
00:30:22,070 --> 00:30:23,070
1 degree.

337
00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:32,980
Now, there is other line, so the lines here,
these are the traverse lines.

338
00:30:32,990 --> 00:30:36,850
We applied the corrections for this one, so
this is also free of the local attraction

339
00:30:36,850 --> 00:30:37,850
here.
340
00:30:37,850 --> 00:30:41,139
Now, we want to apply a correction for this.

341
00:30:41,140 --> 00:30:50,340
So, what we know, at this point, the north
was required to be rotated this way by 1 degree

342
00:30:50,340 --> 00:30:52,860
in order to apply the correction - that is
what we have done.

343
00:30:52,860 --> 00:31:02,360
So, whatever was the bearing observed for
this line, that will be the value - if I delete

344
00:31:02,360 --> 00:31:03,459
here, this small one.

345
00:31:03,460 --> 00:31:08,690
Because we are - in actual practice, what
we are doing, we are observing the bearing

346
00:31:08,690 --> 00:31:16,570
from this line, which is in the north - or
not north, rather, the magnetic needle is

347
00:31:16,570 --> 00:31:19,300
pointing in this direction because of the
local attraction.

348
00:31:19,300 --> 00:31:24,200
So, we are taking observations - the bearing
of this line - from here.

349
00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:29,460
So, for this bearing also, we need to apply
the correction as we have done the correction

350
00:31:29,460 --> 00:31:36,049
for this line, because we know, at this point,
the correction is in this direction, by this

351
00:31:36,049 --> 00:31:37,049
amount.

352
00:31:37,049 --> 00:31:41,800
So, we will increase this bearing also by
whatever is the amount, so, if whatever is

353
00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:47,080
the back-bearing, let us say the back-bearing
value was theta, we will do theta plus 1 degree

354
00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:50,020
- that will be the new value; the corrected
value.

355
00:31:52,540 --> 00:31:55,559
So, we have corrected back-bearing value for
this line.

356
00:31:55,559 --> 00:32:05,799
Once it has been corrected, we find the difference,
from now, in a traverse.

357
00:32:05,799 --> 00:32:09,370
What we have done so far?

358
00:32:09,370 --> 00:32:15,610
We started from the least back-bearing minus
fore-bearing line, applied the corrections

359
00:32:15,610 --> 00:32:17,909
equally - this and this.

360
00:32:17,910 --> 00:32:22,860
Well, now, we know the amount of the correction
to be applied here, so we applied that correction

361
00:32:22,860 --> 00:32:26,729
also to the bearing of this line at this point.

362
00:32:26,730 --> 00:32:33,590
Now, whatever - after applying the corrections,
we assume that this bearing is correct, because

363
00:32:33,590 --> 00:32:34,750
the correction has been applied.

364
00:32:34,750 --> 00:32:42,220
Then, we find the difference of observed bearing
here and the bearing here, and this difference
365
00:32:42,220 --> 00:32:45,990
will not be equal to 180, yes.

366
00:32:45,990 --> 00:32:55,271
If it is not equal to 180 we apply now correction
only to this point, because already correction

367
00:32:55,271 --> 00:32:56,271
has been applied here.

368
00:32:56,271 --> 00:32:58,290
So, we apply the correction only to this point.

369
00:32:58,290 --> 00:33:02,570
So now, we know what is the amount of the
correction which we need to apply at this

370
00:33:02,570 --> 00:33:07,629
point, and then, so on - we keep going for
all other points.

371
00:33:08,740 --> 00:33:11,160
So, what we achieved by doing this?

372
00:33:11,740 --> 00:33:20,920
Finally, in our traverse, all these lines,
the back-bearing and fore-bearing will differ

373
00:33:20,920 --> 00:33:29,780
by 180, and we assume that we have applied
the corrections using this particular methodology.

374
00:33:29,780 --> 00:33:35,809
Once the corrections have been applied - this
is our traverse - what next?

375
00:33:35,809 --> 00:33:41,190
After applying the corrections, we can determine these internal angles, because if
you know

376
00:33:41,190 --> 00:33:47,360
the bearings of all the lines you can compute
these internal angles also.

377
00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:57,120
Well, there in the ground - this is a very
important concept - all these are the traverse

378
00:33:57,121 --> 00:33:58,121
stations.

379
00:33:58,121 --> 00:34:05,680
If you look there in the ground, there in
the ground these points A, B, C are some physical

380
00:34:05,680 --> 00:34:13,260
points, and in the ground, if you draw a traverse
passing through all those points, then is

381
00:34:13,260 --> 00:34:20,490
it closed figure, and sum of internal angles
of that traverse should be a particular value,

382
00:34:20,489 --> 00:34:29,739
which we say that should be 2 N minus 4 times
90 degrees.

383
00:34:29,739 --> 00:34:34,149
We know it for a traverse - ‘N’ is number
of the lines here.

384
00:34:34,149 --> 00:34:38,649
So, for a close traverse - there in the field
it is a close traverse; we know it is a close

385
00:34:38,649 --> 00:34:40,060
traverse.

386
00:34:40,060 --> 00:34:49,230
Now, once we can compute these internal angles
- because using the bearings these internal

387
00:34:49,230 --> 00:34:57,330
angles are computed - then you will find sigma
theta.

388
00:34:58,380 --> 00:35:04,160
Is it equal to 180 - sorry, is it equal to
this particular value or not?

389
00:35:05,140 --> 00:35:14,359
If it is equal to this particular value or
it deviates from this only by 15 and root
390
00:35:14,369 --> 00:35:23,410
N minute, in compass surveying we assume it
to be acceptable accuracy.

391
00:35:23,410 --> 00:35:36,810
If the difference of - I will write it again,
sigma theta minus 2 N minus 4 into 90 degrees

392
00:35:36,810 --> 00:35:48,960
- if this is - if this deviates from 15 and
root N; this value is less than or equal to

393
00:35:48,960 --> 00:35:53,610
15 and root N minutes; over here, this is
in minutes, so you convert this also in minutes

394
00:35:53,610 --> 00:35:58,250
- the survey is considered to be acceptable;
permissible.

395
00:35:58,250 --> 00:36:00,470
However, it is not so.

396
00:36:00,470 --> 00:36:04,450
What does it say?

397
00:36:04,450 --> 00:36:12,618
Ideally, all these angles should sum to this
particular value, but that is not so.

398
00:36:12,619 --> 00:36:20,270
If that is the case, what we need to do, we
need to ensure that our angles do sum to this

399
00:36:20,270 --> 00:36:27,990
particular value, because we have done a survey
in the field, and the traverse there in the

400
00:36:27,990 --> 00:36:30,060
field is a close traverse.

401
00:36:30,060 --> 00:36:38,380
For that close traverse, this particular condition
should satisfy; It is a close traverse, but

402
00:36:38,380 --> 00:36:39,710
what is happening here?

403
00:36:39,710 --> 00:36:46,420
Somehow, the angles which we have measured
are deviating or having some errors, and the

404
00:36:46,420 --> 00:36:53,609
sigma theta of this is not satisfying that
it should be equal to 2 N minus 4 into 90

405
00:36:53,609 --> 00:36:57,420
- it is not satisfying this; these are not
equal.

406
00:36:57,420 --> 00:37:02,930
So, what we need to do, we need to then apply the correction; we need to do the
adjustment.

407
00:37:02,930 --> 00:37:07,930
Initially also, in our some previous lectures,
we were talking about adjustment - adjustment

408
00:37:07,930 --> 00:37:10,629
of the observations - so, we need to adjust
our observations.

409
00:37:10,630 --> 00:37:13,970
Now, how do we adjust our observations?

410
00:37:13,970 --> 00:37:18,919
Sigma theta minus 2 N minus 4…

411
00:37:18,920 --> 00:37:23,470
90 - whatever is this value; is the total
value, let us say I write it as capital E,

412
00:37:23,470 --> 00:37:26,660
so that is the total error.

413
00:37:26,660 --> 00:37:33,759
So, to apply the correction, what we do, we
find the sigma theta and 2 N minus 4 into

414
00:37:33,760 --> 00:37:39,440
90 - where N is again the number of the sides
- and the difference of these two, let us
415
00:37:39,440 --> 00:37:43,980
say, is capital E. So, what it is?

416
00:37:43,980 --> 00:37:49,830
Capital E is the total error in angles, internal
angles.

417
00:37:49,830 --> 00:37:54,609
How to adjust it?

418
00:37:54,609 --> 00:38:03,859
Basically, this E should have been 0 - in
ideal case, it should have been 0 or very

419
00:38:03,859 --> 00:38:04,859
small.

420
00:38:04,859 --> 00:38:09,930
We say that E should have been less than or equal to 15 and root N for permissible
case.

421
00:38:09,930 --> 00:38:17,640
If it is more, we are going to adjust, so
the adjustment procedure is very simple: for

422
00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:24,700
any angle - let us say I write e1 as the error
in angle theta 1 - then, it can be written

423
00:38:24,700 --> 00:38:30,020
as the total error divided by number of the
sides.

424
00:38:30,020 --> 00:38:31,460
So, what we are doing?

425
00:38:31,460 --> 00:38:43,250
Basically, this e1 is same as e5, e4, e3 and
e2 - all are same; we are equally distributing

426
00:38:43,250 --> 00:38:46,380
this total error in all the internal angles.

427
00:38:46,380 --> 00:38:52,350
There may be some other ways of doing it - you
do not want to distribute it equally; you

428
00:38:52,350 --> 00:38:57,609
want to distribute by giving some weight - this
particular angle needs to be given more weight,

429
00:38:57,609 --> 00:38:59,870
less weight and you want to distribute this
e accordingly.

430
00:38:59,870 --> 00:39:07,380
So there will be a different model, but here,
in this model, the error e is equally being

431
00:39:07,380 --> 00:39:09,690
distributed in all.

432
00:39:09,690 --> 00:39:15,100
And of course, when you are solving any numerical,
when you are doing a laboratory exercise,

433
00:39:15,100 --> 00:39:20,310
you have to ensure that you are taking care
of the proper sign, so that we want to satisfy

434
00:39:20,310 --> 00:39:21,740
this condition.

435
00:39:22,580 --> 00:39:36,560
Well now, the next question: the error has
been distributed; can we plot the traverse?

436
00:39:36,570 --> 00:39:37,950
What we have done so far?

437
00:39:37,950 --> 00:39:41,490
After taking the observations from the field,
we came to the laboratory or our office, we

438
00:39:41,490 --> 00:39:48,040
have applied the corrections for local attraction
by whatever the method we discussed - two

439
00:39:48,040 --> 00:39:52,779
methods - and as well as, we have now applied
the correction in our internal angles.
440
00:39:52,780 --> 00:40:00,460
Well, yes, we can plot the traverse now, because
what we have now, for any traverse, if you

441
00:40:00,460 --> 00:40:08,570
have all these lengths known, as well as the
internal angles known, you can apply the - you

442
00:40:08,570 --> 00:40:10,930
can plot it.

443
00:40:10,930 --> 00:40:12,330
How we are determining these internal angles?

444
00:40:12,330 --> 00:40:17,920
Because we know the bearings from there; because
initially, we had measured the bearings - we

445
00:40:17,920 --> 00:40:24,330
corrected the bearings for local attraction,
and then, using those corrected bearings,

446
00:40:24,330 --> 00:40:31,060
we found the internal angles, applied the
correction for closing of the all angles or

447
00:40:31,060 --> 00:40:35,680
sum of all angles - we have applied the correction
for that and now we can plot it.

448
00:40:35,680 --> 00:40:40,000
Whatever the method you can use - if you are
using the CAD, you can plot it there in the

449
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:44,849
CAD; you can plot it on your drawing sheet,
because you know all these basic things.

450
00:40:44,849 --> 00:40:50,160
Starting from any point, let us say I can
do one plot for you - there in the ground,

451
00:40:50,160 --> 00:40:56,020
the traverse was like this, and here in my
drawing sheet, I want to plot it, if this

452
00:40:56,020 --> 00:40:57,400
is my drawing sheet.

453
00:40:58,080 --> 00:41:00,740
Why I am going to plot you - plot this thing
for you?

454
00:41:00,740 --> 00:41:08,000
Because I am going to give you one more concept,
or rather, a tradition; a standard.

455
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:14,260
There in the ground, for this line, for example,
let us say the bearing was measured as 60

456
00:41:14,260 --> 00:41:15,260
degrees.

457
00:41:15,260 --> 00:41:21,200
Now, I want to take this ground on my sheet.

458
00:41:21,200 --> 00:41:28,290
One thing we must always ensure whenever we
are making a map: ensure that the map is such

459
00:41:28,290 --> 00:41:35,869
that, for that area, the north points towards
top.

460
00:41:35,869 --> 00:41:36,869
This is important; always, we should ensure
this.

461
00:41:36,869 --> 00:41:38,210
Now, how we will ensure this?

462
00:41:38,210 --> 00:41:40,810
Well, we know the bearings of the lines.

463
00:41:40,810 --> 00:41:47,950
Let us say we take A and B lines, and the
bearing of this line is 60 - so what we do?

464
00:41:47,950 --> 00:41:54,191
We start from a point using our rough sketch
of the area and we say, well, the bearing
465
00:41:54,191 --> 00:42:01,810
of first line is 60, so we draw a line at
60 degrees.

466
00:42:01,810 --> 00:42:07,150
And then, later on, we know this length of
the line, so we cut that length of the line.

467
00:42:07,150 --> 00:42:12,270
At this point, we know the internal angle,
so we can plot the internal angle.

468
00:42:12,270 --> 00:42:18,030
Again, we can cut a distance after converting
it to the scale, up to that, and keep doing

469
00:42:18,030 --> 00:42:21,910
it, so that you have got a plot.

470
00:42:21,910 --> 00:42:25,879
You can make use of the internal angles for
plotting it, you can make use of bearings

471
00:42:25,880 --> 00:42:28,610
for plotting it; depending on how you want
to do it.

472
00:42:28,610 --> 00:42:34,290
Now, the question is - a big question here,
I have shown this plot to be closed -

473
00:42:35,240 --> 00:42:44,919
look at that - we started from here and we reached finally here, so we say this
kind of traverse as closed.

474
00:42:48,280 --> 00:42:54,080
Now, the way we are plotting it right now
- will our traverse close?

475
00:42:54,080 --> 00:42:57,080
That is the question.

476
00:42:57,080 --> 00:43:01,740
Now, will it close or not, after doing the
plotting the way we have done?

477
00:43:01,740 --> 00:43:07,979
We applied the corrections for angles - yes,
our angles are now corrected - and sum of

478
00:43:07,980 --> 00:43:16,300
all these angles satisfy the condition there,
where here in this case, if N is 5, we know

479
00:43:16,300 --> 00:43:21,800
the sum of these internal angles will satisfy
the geometric condition of this traverse,

480
00:43:21,800 --> 00:43:27,450
but still, will our traverse close after doing
the plot?

481
00:43:27,450 --> 00:43:32,189
The answer for this is, ‘no’.

482
00:43:33,520 --> 00:43:34,680
Why ‘no’?

483
00:43:34,680 --> 00:43:43,200
Because, so far, we have not applied any correction for length; we have applied the
corrections

484
00:43:43,200 --> 00:43:51,200
only for angles, because there in the field,
all these lengths, they have some relationship

485
00:43:51,200 --> 00:43:52,589
to each other.

486
00:43:53,720 --> 00:43:58,520
While we are observing these lengths in the
field, let us say we committed a big mistake

487
00:43:58,530 --> 00:44:02,010
in measuring this length.

488
00:44:03,040 --> 00:44:11,980
Despite our all angles being correct now - obviously, adjusted now - our length has
got error.

489
00:44:12,640 --> 00:44:14,180
So, what will happen?
490
00:44:14,190 --> 00:44:20,760
This line will come here, and this line will
end here, so our traverse is not closed.

491
00:44:20,760 --> 00:44:24,420
Closed means, it is not closed

492
00:44:25,120 --> 00:44:27,000
So, what we end up with?

493
00:44:27,000 --> 00:44:34,369
We end up with, for any figure in the ground
- let us say that was the figure in the ground

494
00:44:34,369 --> 00:44:44,230
- what we might end up with, we might end
up with a plotted traverse like this.

495
00:44:44,230 --> 00:44:52,490
So, traverse is not closed, and there is an
error ‘e’.

496
00:44:52,490 --> 00:45:09,490
So this error is called the ‘closing error’,
and this ‘e by p’ - ‘p’ is the perimeter;

497
00:45:09,490 --> 00:45:15,859
perimeter of this traverse - is the relative
error of the traverse.

498
00:45:15,860 --> 00:45:24,050
Generally, with the compass, we should be
able to get a relative error of 1 by 300 to1

499
00:45:24,050 --> 00:45:25,050
by 600.

500
00:45:25,050 --> 00:45:31,490
If we are careful, we should be able to - with
the compass and chain or tape - we should

501
00:45:31,490 --> 00:45:38,770
able to get an accuracy like this, so we have to ensure, yes, if it is too bad, we
need

502
00:45:38,770 --> 00:45:42,670
to recheck our work; we need to apply the
corrections in all these.

503
00:45:42,670 --> 00:45:43,990
What the problem right now is?

504
00:45:43,990 --> 00:45:48,049
The traverse here is not closed - as you can
see.

505
00:45:49,220 --> 00:45:54,520
Ideally, this point should have been here.

506
00:45:54,530 --> 00:46:01,280
Then, the traverse would have closed something
like this, but it is not so.

507
00:46:01,280 --> 00:46:02,520
What to do next?

508
00:46:02,520 --> 00:46:13,770
Well, next, we are going to look into a method which is called Bowditch method and
also Graphical

509
00:46:13,770 --> 00:46:21,320
method, for applying correction for a condition
like that.

510
00:46:21,320 --> 00:46:22,320
Now, what is this method?

511
00:46:22,320 --> 00:46:28,370
It is a very simple method, and as we were
seeing, let us say this is a traverse which

512
00:46:28,370 --> 00:46:30,690
is not closed.

513
00:46:31,980 --> 00:46:44,560
Now, because this traverse is not closed,
we started plotting from here: A, B, C, D

514
00:46:44,560 --> 00:46:46,660
and A dash again.

515
00:46:47,220 --> 00:46:56,859
Ideally, this A dash should have been at A
dash , but it is not so because of the error.

516
00:46:57,440 --> 00:46:59,240
Now, how to apply correction for this?

517
00:47:00,550 --> 00:47:06,360
We apply the correction for this by a linear
rule, and in that - I am drawing it graphically

518
00:47:06,360 --> 00:47:08,190
here - what we do?

519
00:47:08,190 --> 00:47:12,670
We draw a line equal to the perimeter of the
traverse.

520
00:47:12,670 --> 00:47:23,740
So, for example, let us say we start from
A dash, B dash, C dash, D dash and again A

521
00:47:23,740 --> 00:47:24,740
dash.

522
00:47:24,740 --> 00:47:33,560
Now, the total error which is there - let
us say it is ‘e’ . Now, to apply the correction,

523
00:47:35,620 --> 00:47:40,779
it is a very simple graphical method, because mostly, when you are doing the plot
and you

524
00:47:40,790 --> 00:47:45,940
do not have any computing instrument with
you, you can do this correction graphically.

525
00:47:45,940 --> 00:47:54,240
Now, this A dash to A dash is the perimeter
of traverse; ‘e’ is the total error of

526
00:47:54,240 --> 00:47:55,600
misclosure.

527
00:47:56,140 --> 00:47:57,580
How to apply the correction?

528
00:47:57,590 --> 00:48:02,990
To apply the correction - because we are saying we are - assumption here is, we are
applying

529
00:48:02,990 --> 00:48:07,189
the corrections as per the length; in proportion to the length.

530
00:48:07,720 --> 00:48:18,700
So, at B dash, the B dash should move by this amount, which we say - let us say, eb
- error

531
00:48:18,700 --> 00:48:24,830
at B - because this is - you can see by the
similar triangles here, as a simple linear

532
00:48:24,830 --> 00:48:25,830
rule.

533
00:48:25,830 --> 00:48:35,869
Now, the C dash - C dash should move, or the correction at C dash is ec, correction
at

534
00:48:35,869 --> 00:48:47,189
D dash is ed and correction at A dash is ea.

535
00:48:47,680 --> 00:48:48,500
So, what we do?

536
00:48:48,510 --> 00:48:56,550
We move this B dash by eb amount, the B dash, and we move it again in the same
direction

537
00:48:56,550 --> 00:49:03,740
as that of e, because the idea is, we want
to bring A dash on this A dash.

538
00:49:03,740 --> 00:49:13,520
So, to bring it, what we do, we move this
by eb.

539
00:49:14,120 --> 00:49:22,819
Now, to move the C, because we see the C needs
to be moved, or the correction is, ec there.

540
00:49:22,820 --> 00:49:30,200
However, the point B has already moved by
eb amount, so the total correction at C dash
541
00:49:30,200 --> 00:49:36,040
will not be ec; rather, from this point to
this point - the total correction.

542
00:49:36,040 --> 00:49:44,759
So, we move it by this total value, again,
in the same direction.

543
00:49:44,760 --> 00:49:46,590
Similarly, D dash.

544
00:49:46,590 --> 00:50:00,660
So, finally, A dash moves by this amount,
and all these points are connected and the

545
00:50:00,660 --> 00:50:08,240
red line here is the corrected traverse, or
the correction has been applied, and there

546
00:50:08,240 --> 00:50:11,379
is no closing error; e is 0 now.

547
00:50:11,380 --> 00:50:17,630
So, this is just a very simple linear method
of applying the correction to our traverse.

548
00:50:17,630 --> 00:50:21,619
Now, we will see some applications of this
compass surveying.

549
00:50:21,619 --> 00:50:27,110
Of course, one important application of compass
surveying is making the maps or plotting the

550
00:50:27,110 --> 00:50:30,599
boundaries - all those things can be done
by compass surveying.

551
00:50:30,599 --> 00:50:36,780
So, other things which we can do with the
compass surveying: here, we will see in these

552
00:50:36,780 --> 00:50:37,900
different categories.

553
00:50:37,900 --> 00:50:41,850
Number one is: locating oneself on a map.

554
00:50:41,850 --> 00:50:49,380
So first, we will see this particular problem
- what it is, locating oneself on a map.

555
00:50:49,380 --> 00:50:56,380
Let us say the problem is: I am given a map
and with that map, I am there in the ground,

556
00:50:56,380 --> 00:50:59,690
somewhere; I do not know where exactly I am.

557
00:50:59,690 --> 00:51:06,040
The area may be forest or maybe a big field
- I do not know exactly where I am on the

558
00:51:06,040 --> 00:51:07,170
map.

559
00:51:07,170 --> 00:51:11,119
I am standing on the ground with the map in
my hand.

560
00:51:11,119 --> 00:51:16,869
Let us say, well, as I have shown here, this
is a map, and this is the map which is given

561
00:51:16,869 --> 00:51:24,390
to us and we are somewhere in this area - somewhere;
somewhere in this area, but we want to know

562
00:51:24,390 --> 00:51:30,950
where we are; we want to locate that point
where we are standing on this map.

563
00:51:30,950 --> 00:51:32,480
How should we do it?

564
00:51:32,480 --> 00:51:38,590
As we know, maps always will point - north
will be towards the top.

565
00:51:38,590 --> 00:51:42,760
I am - wherever I am, I do not know, but I
want to locate it.
566
00:51:42,760 --> 00:51:49,690
The procedure is, standing here, I first locate
some permanent points there in the field,

567
00:51:49,690 --> 00:51:51,230
which are also plotted.

568
00:51:51,800 --> 00:51:58,440
For example, let us say I locate a temple
or maybe a tower and a tree - these are three

569
00:51:58,450 --> 00:52:01,540
permanent things which I can see in the field.

570
00:52:01,540 --> 00:52:07,690
I can identify: yes, that tree is there, this
tower is there or this brick kiln is there

571
00:52:07,690 --> 00:52:13,230
or this huge electrical or transmission tower
is there - some of the things which can be

572
00:52:13,230 --> 00:52:14,250
located.

573
00:52:14,250 --> 00:52:19,089
Having done that, from the point where I am
standing, I take bearing, using the prismatic

574
00:52:19,089 --> 00:52:20,889
compass, to these points.

575
00:52:21,280 --> 00:52:24,440
So, point number one, I have taken the bearing.

576
00:52:24,900 --> 00:52:30,120
Well, this bearing is the fore-bearing; wherever
I am standing is the fore-bearing value of

577
00:52:30,120 --> 00:52:31,120
that.

578
00:52:31,120 --> 00:52:39,118
What I can do, I can compute also the back-bearing
from that point to me by adding or subtracting
579
00:52:39,119 --> 00:52:40,119
180.

580
00:52:40,119 --> 00:52:49,230
So, let us say that my first observation was
taken for this point, and I found at this

581
00:52:49,230 --> 00:52:53,790
point the back-bearing was a certain value.

582
00:52:53,790 --> 00:53:01,470
That is the value of the back-bearing - I
can draw a line on my map, because I know

583
00:53:01,470 --> 00:53:06,890
I did not observe back-bearing; I did not
observe this theta value; rather, I determined

584
00:53:06,890 --> 00:53:08,279
it using the fore-bearing.

585
00:53:08,280 --> 00:53:12,450
Similarly, for some other object, I take the
fore-bearing.

586
00:53:12,450 --> 00:53:14,790
Let us say it is - the object is - here.

587
00:53:15,780 --> 00:53:21,400
So, at that object, I had observed the fore-bearing,
and then I compute the back-bearing, and the

588
00:53:21,410 --> 00:53:30,270
back-bearing is this value - theta 2 - this
is theta 1 - and I draw the line, so the intersection

589
00:53:30,270 --> 00:53:36,670
of these two lines over here is the point
where I am standing.

590
00:53:36,670 --> 00:53:42,750
Well, in order to ensure that we are doing
it correctly, what we do, we observe to some

591
00:53:42,750 --> 00:53:51,390
other point also, let us say, this tree, and
from this tree again, I find the back-bearing

592
00:53:51,390 --> 00:53:59,868
and draw the line . Now, these three lines
- I can show these three lines may not meet

593
00:53:59,869 --> 00:54:01,730
in a point but in a triangle.

594
00:54:01,730 --> 00:54:06,339
So generally, we take the centroid of the
triangle to be the point where we are . So,

595
00:54:06,339 --> 00:54:10,560
this is how we can locate ourselves in a map.

596
00:54:10,560 --> 00:54:18,190
If this is the case, we can make use of this
in order to update a map also.

597
00:54:18,190 --> 00:54:22,760
Updating means, we have a map, we go to the
ground and we want to see what are the things

598
00:54:22,760 --> 00:54:27,040
in the ground which are new, but not appearing
in the map.

599
00:54:27,040 --> 00:54:33,380
If that is the case, for example, here, in
this ground, we find there is a building,

600
00:54:33,380 --> 00:54:35,060
but it is not in the map.

601
00:54:35,060 --> 00:54:40,920
So, what I will do, I will stand on four corners
of the building and locate those four points

602
00:54:40,920 --> 00:54:42,170
here.

603
00:54:44,580 --> 00:54:45,620
How do I locate?

604
00:54:45,630 --> 00:54:46,630
The similar way.

605
00:54:46,630 --> 00:54:51,160
Wherever I am standing, I am trying to find
that location using the back-bearing observations

606
00:54:51,160 --> 00:54:55,859
- or fore-bearing observations, converting
them to the back-bearing - to three well-defined

607
00:54:55,860 --> 00:55:01,020
points and locating these individual points
- the building is located.

608
00:55:01,020 --> 00:55:07,369
Finally, we can also make use of this compass
in another interesting thing.

609
00:55:07,369 --> 00:55:08,490
So far, what we were doing?

610
00:55:08,490 --> 00:55:09,810
We were locating ourselves.

611
00:55:09,810 --> 00:55:15,279
Now, what I want to do - in this map, there
is something, let us say this particular object

612
00:55:15,279 --> 00:55:23,290
. I am in the field with this map, and there
in the field, I want to locate this particular

613
00:55:23,290 --> 00:55:26,349
object - where it is.

614
00:55:26,349 --> 00:55:30,600
I want to locate that point or this particular
feature.

615
00:55:30,600 --> 00:55:33,060
Many times, this feature you can locate just
by sighting also.

616
00:55:33,060 --> 00:55:38,660
Well, this is a very high rise tower; you
can locate it easily, but if there are ten
617
00:55:38,660 --> 00:55:48,500
such towers - there are ten such towers here
- you are confused; you cannot locate it just

618
00:55:48,500 --> 00:55:49,920
by sighting now.

619
00:55:49,920 --> 00:55:55,660
You are interested in this particular tower
to be located - how to locate it?

620
00:55:55,660 --> 00:56:00,290
Of course, the idea will be: first of all,
we will locate where we are.

621
00:56:00,290 --> 00:56:04,150
Let us say it is located that we are here
at this particular point.

622
00:56:04,150 --> 00:56:09,180
We will locate ourselves on the map - once
we have located ourselves on the map by the

623
00:56:09,180 --> 00:56:12,960
method which we have just done, what we will
do now?

624
00:56:12,960 --> 00:56:23,270
We will take the fore-bearing, or rather,
we will - in our map, we will draw a line

625
00:56:23,270 --> 00:56:32,750
and we will measure the fore-bearing, at this
point where we are standing, for this object.

626
00:56:32,750 --> 00:56:39,910
If that is the value of the fore-bearing which
we are computing from the map; we know it,

627
00:56:39,910 --> 00:56:45,609
that we are here, so we are computing this
fore-bearing to a particular tower.

628
00:56:46,380 --> 00:56:52,000
Once we know this fore-bearing, next, our
job will be using this prismatic compass,
629
00:56:52,000 --> 00:56:57,180
because in the case of the prismatic compass,
while I am seeing through the prism, I can

630
00:56:57,180 --> 00:57:01,618
see the graduations; the observations, as
well as, I can sight the object.

631
00:57:01,619 --> 00:57:07,960
So, I keep rotating, I keep rotating, keep
rotating till the observation or the reading

632
00:57:07,960 --> 00:57:12,720
here is equal to this fore-bearing value.

633
00:57:12,720 --> 00:57:18,848
Once it is so, I am assured; I am sure now,
well, this particular tower is in this line

634
00:57:18,849 --> 00:57:20,750
of sight.

635
00:57:20,750 --> 00:57:25,609
So then, out of those ten towers, whichever
is in this line of sight, we will ensure that

636
00:57:25,609 --> 00:57:28,750
yes, that is the tower in which we are interested.

637
00:57:28,750 --> 00:57:31,869
So, what we discussed today?

638
00:57:31,869 --> 00:57:38,500
We started our discussions with surveyors
compass, then we started talking about the

639
00:57:38,500 --> 00:57:42,060
errors in the compass, most importantly, the local attraction.

640
00:57:42,960 --> 00:57:47,740
We also saw that how we can make a compass traverse - that is called running a
compass

641
00:57:47,750 --> 00:57:51,819
traverse, how to write the observations, then, doing the computation.
642
00:57:52,720 --> 00:57:58,919
When we are going for the compass traverse, the steps: number one, reconnaissance -
locating

643
00:57:58,920 --> 00:58:03,431
the points in the ground, the traverse stations;
measuring the bearings; measuring the lengths

644
00:58:03,431 --> 00:58:09,810
of the line; coming to the laboratory and
then looking for the errors- the local attractions;

645
00:58:09,810 --> 00:58:14,000
finding those points in the traverse where
the local attraction is not there or least;

646
00:58:14,000 --> 00:58:17,220
then, applying the correction accordingly.

647
00:58:17,220 --> 00:58:21,769
After applying the corrections for local attraction,
we apply the correction for internal angles

648
00:58:21,769 --> 00:58:24,868
- they should satisfy a geometric condition.

649
00:58:25,160 --> 00:58:30,618
Having done that, we plot the traverse, and
after plotting the traverse, you will find

650
00:58:30,619 --> 00:58:32,359
that the traverse is not closed.

651
00:58:32,760 --> 00:58:38,580
Then, we see whether the work which we have just performed was as per the accuracy
required

652
00:58:38,580 --> 00:58:39,580
or not.

653
00:58:39,580 --> 00:58:45,540
If it is not, we might redo the work, or if
it is, we will try to adjust the errors.

654
00:58:45,540 --> 00:58:50,940
So again, we use the Bowditch method for adjustment
of the errors.

655
00:58:50,940 --> 00:58:55,470
We can apply the correction that way; our
traverse will be adjusted.

656
00:58:55,470 --> 00:59:00,450
Well, we also saw some of the applications
of the compass, which you know: compass is

657
00:59:00,450 --> 00:59:06,189
very useful in military, in adventure sports
- people use the compass whenever they are

658
00:59:06,190 --> 00:59:11,480
going out, in order to locate themselves in
the map; in order to locate a point which

659
00:59:11,490 --> 00:59:13,509
is there in the field onto the map.

660
00:59:14,420 --> 00:59:20,220
So, all these things require to be done in
order to also locate something which is in

661
00:59:20,230 --> 00:59:22,610
the map onto the ground, where it is.

662
00:59:22,860 --> 00:59:26,240
All those questions can be answered with the help of the compass.

663
00:59:27,000 --> 00:59:28,460
Thank you very much.