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okay, Welcome to this another lecture on basic surveying.

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Today we are going to start a new module.

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This is module number 5, and we will be talking about theodolites and total
stations in this module.

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These are the instruments, very important
instruments, and we cannot think of doing

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surveying without these instruments.

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So, this is really very important module of
this entire lecture series on basic surveying.

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Today our first lecture, will deal with something about the theodolites - some
introductory

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remarks about the theodolite.

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But before we go into theodolite, we will
like to see what we have done so far.

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Particularly, in our last two lectures or
the last module, the last module was about

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compass surveying and we had two lectures for that.

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And before we discussed about compass surveying, we also saw the why should we go
for compass?

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You know not always it was possible we saw it, that we can do surveying with only
chain
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or tape.

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There are many occasions, when we need to carry out measurements which are angular
measurements

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also in the field.

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Now, in all these cases whenever the angular measurement is required, we need an
instrument

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which can carry out angular measurement, and compass was one such instrument.

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So, we saw about this in your construction
of the compass, what are the various parts

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of it?

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How to take observations, the errors in the
compass, all this things you have seen.

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Now, today in theodolite total station, though
they are several lectures will you start today,

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in our first lecture with what is the theodolite?

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Then why we need it?

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As I was saying that, we need to carry out
angular measurements, we can carry out angular

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measurements with compass also, so why we
need theodolite.
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Then you will again look into this basic thing,
then why angle measurement, so far we saw

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only the case of a map making there are many
other possibilities in surveying, where we

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need to carry out angle measurements.

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Then, this is very important concept of an
angle in surveying, what do you mean by an

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angle, then we will look into the various
parts of the theodolite, the structure of

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the theodolite what it is like, and then of
course finally, how to obtain how to take

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the reading from a Vernier theodolite.

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We will see also some electronic circles or
the measuring circles, and we will see how

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they give you the angle value.

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So, before we get into the theodolite, let
us talk about something of angle measurement.

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In angle measurement, you have seen that why we need it just in one example of
traverse,

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in case of bringing the ground to the laboratory or to the computer, or on to a
sheet, the

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drawing sheet the map.

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We can bring the ground also in the form of, I can say the skeleton of the ground
or traverse,

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traverse is the control network to the control
or the skeleton of the ground can be brought

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into the sheet, we have seen it.

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And in order to do the traverse in, we need
to carry out these measurements, all these

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lines and all these angles.

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So basically, the linear measurements and
the angular measurements, we know about the

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instruments, which we can use for the linear measurements.

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These are the chain, tape or electronic instruments.

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We have seen one instrument, which was the
compass for carrying out the angular measurements.

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Now, let us see something very interesting,
and that is a term call compatibility of angular

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instrument and linear instrument.

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We have some instruments, which can majorly linear dimension some to measure the
angular

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value or the angle value, we need to know
are they compatible.

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Now, what is the meaning of compatibility
first of all, compatibility if I can give

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you an example, let us say you are driving
a very good car is a very good car very posh

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car, and it can reach the speed of, for example, let us say 200 kilometre per hour,
but the

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road where you are driving this car is having several pot holes.

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So really, that car is not compatible with
the road, so you cannot achieve your desired

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thing that is the speed of 200 kilometre per
hour.

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You cannot achieve that, because our road
and car they are not compatible they had to

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be compatible, in order to achieve the result
the desired result.

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So, a similar concept slightly similar concept,
not exactly into the same is about the compatibility

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of our instruments also.

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For the linear measurements, you know if you
are using chain, we can get accuracies ranging

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from these are the relative precisions or
relative errors, or relative accuracy we can

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say.

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So, chain can give you this kind of relative
accuracy; then about the tape, tape can give

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us up to most of 40,000.

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You can start from 1 is to 10000 to 1 is to
40,000 that kind of accuracies are achievable

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with the tape with EDMI, we know it we have
seen we can carry out the measurements, let

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us say on the at 1 is to 10,000 to also 1
is to 100,000.

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Well, so far the instrument which we have
seen for angular measurement was compass,

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and the least count of the compass was 30
minutes or half a degree.

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Well if you have an instrument of 30 minutes
least count is it compatible with chain, or

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is it compatible with tape, or is it compatible
with EDMI.

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Now, what is the meaning of compatibility
here, well let us say this is our ground,

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and there in the ground we have our survey
line A and B they are two points.

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Point number one which is C, and point number
two which is D.

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This is our ground, and we want to plot these 2 points A and B on a sheet or a map.

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Well, if you are plotting it, what we will
try to do, we will try to measure these distances,

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as well as the angle.

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Similarly here also, if I show it by dotted
line the distance and the angle, let us the

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distance is lc and ld, and the angles are
theta-c and theta-d.

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If it is possible that we can measure these
values without any error, so what will happen

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in our map, this is our map we start plotting.

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So, first of all we plot our control control
is A and B, and we know that we have carried

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out the measurements without any error.

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So, I will plot lc at an angle of theta-c,
so the location of c is fixed similarly, I will plot

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ld and theta-d, so locus of D is
plotted.

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Now, in this case of course, whenever we are taking these linear measurements for
plotting,

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we are converting them to the scale, because this is our sheet, so we are
converting them

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to a certain scale.

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Well, if there is error, while we are taking
the observations here in the ground, our instruments

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because all the instruments, they introduce
some error.

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So, if you are introducing that error, what
will happen instead of lc, we will add up

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measuring let us say lc plus some error.

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And here also theta c plus it is lc and theta-c,
and for ld we can we under placing ld plus

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delta ld, and for theta-d plus del theta-d,
so these are the error components.

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So, what we are doing, we are measuring our
observations the required things with some

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error.

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If this is the case what will happen here.

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Well, if I plot now with the error, so instead
of lc I am also measuring del lc, instead
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of this theta-c I am measuring some extra
value, it is theta c.

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So, if this is so the length measure it, this
value and the theta angle measured is this,

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so what will happen?

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This particular point C will be plotted now
here, because this total length which lc plus

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del lc at an angle.

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This particular angle is theta-c plus del
theta-c, so instead of this point being plotted

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here, it will shift it is position.

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Similarly, this point will also shift it is
position may be somewhere here, wherever there

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is a new position because of the error.

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So, what we see here the important thing,
these two points with had some geometrical

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relationship h is now.

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So, this geometrical relationship here is
not here, so the error in the instrument is

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resulting in this, coming back to our original
thing the compatibility.

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Well same line A and B, this A and here is
B a point C we want to plot this point, let

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me write the C somewhere here, well this length
is l and this angle is let us say theta.

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Now, with the error, what will happen as we
have seen with the error, this particular

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point C is being plotted now, somewhere else,
which we say as C dash.

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So, it is being shifted, thus the shift of
the point from it is original position, and

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this shift is because of number one, if I
take an arc here.

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So, this length is l and this extra length
is del l, the error not only this, this angle

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is theta and this extra angle is theta.

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So, what is happening here, as we can see
here this is the shift of the line due to

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angle, while this is the shift of the point
due to error in length measurement.

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So, due to angle error, length error and this
is how our point finally, reaches here to

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the C dash.
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Now, in order to have the compatibility, compatibility
means both the error in angle and error in

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length should be nearly same.

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If it is, so you can very well see over here.

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Well, if I am write this point as D, so C
D is l tan del theta,

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because this the angle is del theta and this length is l. And C dash D, C dash D is
the value here,

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this particular value is del l, so this is the error because of angle, this is the
error because of the length.

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So, this two values should be same.
So, for compatibility if they are compatible,

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l should be same as l tan del theta. So, from here you can write tan del theta
should be

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del l by l, so this is the condition this
should be satisfied, if the instruments are

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compatible. Compatible means, this particular value the shift is as same as this
shift.

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Well, if the instruments are not compatible, what will happen?

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There is very little error in length measurement for example, very little error how
about the angle

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measurement, error is this large. So, what will happen, even if this error is very
small this point is

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going to be shifted by this much amount, because useless, it is something like you
know, we

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our one instrument is very poor in measurement, while the other one is very
precise.

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We should not use that kind of arrangement, because using this instrument or this
precision

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instrument is useless here, because the other instrument, angle instrument is
introducing the error,

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this is why the concept of compatibility
comes here. For our compass,

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let us consider del theta is 30 minutes, because the least count of that instrument
is 30 minute and we are just

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considering right now it is 30 minute. So, if it is so 30 minutes should be equal
to

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del l by or we can write tan of theta, but it is very small angle so we just leave
it like this in radiance.

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And if you find the value,

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the value over here you will find del
l by l comes out to be somewhere nearly 130,

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you can do the computation.
Now, what does it indicate? It indicates if

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we are using compass, we should use an instrument
for linear measurement, which is giving this

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kind of relative error. So, of course chain,
so when you are working with compass, we should

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not use along with that the EDMI, because
they are not compatible. Okay, have you understood

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this?

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We know compass gives this kind of least count,
there is because we have the EDMI, which are

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very precise instruments. So, we should have
equally precise instruments for angle measurement

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also. So, are there in instruments for that,
which can give the least count, let us say

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directly we can say least count at the moment,
but we will always say in terms of the standard

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error or standard deviation of the measurements,
which can give the least count of 1 second

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or half of second, or 20 second, 5 second
are the instruments like this, yes the answer

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lies in theodolite and total stations now.

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So, this is one reason why we need to go for
the theodolite. The another reason why we

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need to go for the theodolite, is again we
are re-visiting, why we need to measure the

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angle? We need to measure the angle for variety
of reasons. We have seen to draw a traverse

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form a line, this is the survey line there
is a river here. We know these two points

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A and B, and there are couple of towers here,
we want to plot these towers with respect

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to this line. So, what we can do in our map?
I can plot line AB.

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Well, the question is how to plot these towers,
we cannot measure the distance across this

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river. It is not possible to go there. So,
with the angle measurement now, if we can

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measure angles in horizontal like, this angle
here and this angle. So, we can easily locate

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this points, so all these points which are
not accessible, approachable can be located.

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Similarly, another example you might have
done in your trigonometry also. If there is

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a tower like this you cannot climb this tower,
but it still you want to determine the height

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of the tower, how to determine the height?
The interesting problem of the Taj mahal.

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One of the towers of the Taj mahal, it is
said that they are getting eccentric,

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they know some inclination is being introduce in
those, because of some foundation problem

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whatever the problem. So, if you want to observe, monitor that how these towers are
tilting,

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you need to carry out angle measurements.
So, you will go for some very precise instruments

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like theodolite or total stations for taking
measurements like that. So because of these

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reasons we need to use the theodolite.
Now, till I reach totally station I will keep

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saying theodolite, because total station and
theodolite basically the principles are same,

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total station is an advance version of theodolite,
which also have some distance measurement

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thing within it, which also has some extra
softwares in order to do some computations.

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So, we will go to total station later on,
but henceforth will only talk about the theodolite.

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So, we have seen now, why we need the theodolite
for vertical and horizontal angle measurement,

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because in a problem like this as I was saying
here. We need to measure the vertical angles,
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not the horizontal angle. So, we can measure
the vertical angle also with the theodolite.

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Now, I am coming to the one basic thing that
is concept of angle. What do you understand

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by angle in surveying? It should be understood
to you by this time, but nevertheless out

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thought that I think that, it is advisable
to repeat this thing or to revisit this thing,

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that what do we mean by angle, when we talk about angle.

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Let us say I am going to draw a little figure
here, let us say there is a plane and there

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are two objects one and two this is A, and
this is B. If I project these objects, they

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project at this point, at this point. I write
it as A dash and B dash. Somewhere here we

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are standing. Now, from this point I want
to measure the angles, let us say the angle

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that I want to measure is to object A, and
to object B also I rather let us put this

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problem this way. I want to measure the vertical
angles for A and B, and as well as the horizontal

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angle between A and B. So, whenever we said
this horizontal angle between A and B, what
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do we mean?
We mean the angle between the lines which

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are projected on this datum. So, the angle
between A and B is this angle theta, which

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is on the projected plane on the horizontal,
so whenever we say angle in surveying, we

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mean the horizontal angle, unless we specify
that angle is a certain plane or something

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like that. So, it is always the angle in horizontal
plane, we should always keep this thing in

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our mind. Now, here as we see the objects
are at different elevations, this particular

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00:21:14,510 --> 00:21:24,440
value A A dash is not equal to B B dash. So,
the angle between A and B is angle between

206
00:21:24,440 --> 00:21:32,210
A dash and B dash, which are the projected
points A and B on this plane.

207
00:21:32,210 --> 00:21:41,620
Well, how about the vertical angle, this is
about the horizontal angle

208
00:21:41,620 --> 00:21:45,840
or simply angle, what is the vertical angle?
The vertical angle as you can guess easily,

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00:21:45,840 --> 00:21:56,209
is the angle in vertical plane from the horizontal
line. So, for B object at this point where

210
00:21:56,210 --> 00:22:06,380
observer is, the vertical angle is B O B dash
is the vertical angle, and as is seen in the
211
00:22:06,380 --> 00:22:11,760
diagram this is an angle which is in the vertical
plane. So, always we measure the vertical

212
00:22:11,760 --> 00:22:18,180
angle from the horizontal surface or a horizontal
line, and thus our vertical angle. So, we

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00:22:18,180 --> 00:22:22,710
should keep these things always in our mind,
whenever we are talking about the angles.

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00:22:22,710 --> 00:22:29,511
So, now we start talking about the theodolite,
and here is a theodolite with us. What we

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00:22:29,511 --> 00:22:36,730
will do first. We will start with the parts
and construction of theodolite. As I told

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00:22:36,730 --> 00:22:41,830
you that the theodolite is basically for angle
measurement, the horizontal angle measurement

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00:22:41,830 --> 00:22:46,320
and the vertical angle measurement. Well,
looking into the parts of the theodolite,

218
00:22:46,320 --> 00:22:54,179
first of all if you begin, we will begin from
the tripod, tripod is these three legs, we

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00:22:54,180 --> 00:22:57,970
make use of these three legs in order to support
the instrument on top of it.

220
00:22:57,970 --> 00:23:04,340
We will talk about the tripod later on, however
in the tripod besides these three legs, we

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00:23:04,340 --> 00:23:12,189
have the tripod head, and in this head we
will see it in some more advance kind of tripods,

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00:23:12,190 --> 00:23:19,620
there is a centring head. So, we will see
that centric head and use of that later on.

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00:23:19,620 --> 00:23:25,739
Now, coming to the theodolite, here in the
theodolite the bottom most plate which is

224
00:23:25,740 --> 00:23:37,390
fitted to the tripod, over here we can see
this is called trivet, on top of that trivet

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00:23:37,390 --> 00:23:46,551
we have levelling screws.
Now, where are the levelling screws, there

226
00:23:46,551 --> 00:23:53,649
are three levelling screws here one, two and
three. We will see later on, that we can make

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00:23:53,650 --> 00:24:00,420
use of these screws, in order to make the
theodolite horizontal, what is the use of

228
00:24:00,420 --> 00:24:06,720
that? Why we do it? We will see all this things
later on, but these levelling screws can be

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00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:13,320
rotated in order to raise or lower the instrument,
or the levelling to change the levelling on

230
00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:23,120
the instrument. On top of that, we have a
plate that is called tribach, now this plate

231
00:24:23,120 --> 00:24:31,770
the tribach, if you go further up though going
for the up over here I can rotate it also,

232
00:24:31,770 --> 00:24:39,460
so what is there over here is a horizontal
circle, it is a graduated circle.

233
00:24:39,460 --> 00:24:49,990
If I draw this, it looks like a circle like
this and it is a glass circle made of glass,

234
00:24:49,990 --> 00:25:01,990
and it has got the graduations, starting from
0, 90, 180, 270, and so on. So, all these

235
00:25:01,990 --> 00:25:12,810
are the graduations, so this is called horizontal
circle, and we make use of this for measuring

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00:25:12,810 --> 00:25:19,730
the horizontal angles as we will see in a
moment. Now, further on top of this top of

237
00:25:19,730 --> 00:25:26,420
the horizontal circle or horizontal plate,
we have we cannot see right now, but we have

238
00:25:26,420 --> 00:25:31,880
two windows here, one little window here and one little window on this side, but
these

239
00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:37,400
two windows are basically to see the readings.
Because, as I was saying that we have the

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00:25:37,400 --> 00:25:43,750
horizontal circle here, we need to read the
angle values in this horizontal circle or

241
00:25:43,750 --> 00:25:50,211
this graduated circle. So, to read this horizontal
circle, which is inside this cover, this is

242
00:25:50,211 --> 00:25:56,600
all metal inside this metal to read it, we
have to look through the eye pieces, so this

243
00:25:56,600 --> 00:26:02,820
two are the eyepieces two diagonally opposite
ones. We say generally vernier A and vernier

244
00:26:02,820 --> 00:26:11,909
B for this eye pieces, and using this eye
piece I can focus it for my eye, and after

245
00:26:11,910 --> 00:26:14,620
focusing it I look through it, and I can see
the reading there.

246
00:26:14,620 --> 00:26:22,389
Now, it is very obvious, if you are seeing
the reading, what you are seeing about. Well,

247
00:26:22,390 --> 00:26:31,290
in the case of this horizontal circle there
is one additional thing, which we say index,

248
00:26:31,290 --> 00:26:37,409
index may look like this. What is this index?
There in the horizontal circle, we have the

249
00:26:37,410 --> 00:26:43,780
graduations. And depending the type of the
theodolite this graduations will vary, while

250
00:26:43,780 --> 00:26:55,110
in the index, again further we have the graduations,
and basically the job of these two is to serve

251
00:26:55,110 --> 00:27:04,580
as vernier. This particular assembly here
A, and this one here B they ensure that the

252
00:27:04,580 --> 00:27:11,271
observations are taken with better least count;
we will see this also in a moment.

253
00:27:11,271 --> 00:27:15,669
Now, what happens how it is measuring the
angles, what is the thing which is going which

254
00:27:15,670 --> 00:27:21,270
happening there inside; we will try to look
into that part now. Well you can see, if I

255
00:27:21,270 --> 00:27:28,000
can show you by my hand also, thus the horizontal
plate or horizontal circle or we say lower

256
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:36,100
circle also, because this is the lower one
on top of this is the index.

257
00:27:36,100 --> 00:27:50,310
This assembly, which I had just plotted this
also called index or vernier arm. Well, the
258
00:27:50,310 --> 00:27:57,200
index A and B vernier. Similarly here, for
example we can imagine, let us this is A index

259
00:27:57,200 --> 00:28:02,370
and this is B index, thus the horizontal circle
just for the sake of showing you here, I am

260
00:28:02,370 --> 00:28:07,919
showing you like this, otherwise in instrument
it is this way. Now, when you measure the

261
00:28:07,920 --> 00:28:13,210
angle, we rotate our theodolite and we are
sighting through this telescope, we will see

262
00:28:13,210 --> 00:28:16,090
this telescope in a movement, so we rotate
it.

263
00:28:16,090 --> 00:28:23,550
So, basically what is happening, if for example,
let say this 0 degree, the reading initially

264
00:28:23,550 --> 00:28:30,350
for this vernier and this vernier are 0 and
0. We rotate our telescope, so what happens

265
00:28:30,350 --> 00:28:37,480
our index rotates, so once this index rotates
the reading against this vernier over here,

266
00:28:37,480 --> 00:28:43,040
this angle and for this vernier this angle
changes. So, what happens, by rotation of

267
00:28:43,040 --> 00:28:46,020
this we are able to measure the angles.

268
00:28:46,020 --> 00:28:56,379
So basically, thus my horizontal circle the
initial location of the vernier was like this,

269
00:28:56,380 --> 00:29:06,750
vernier A and vernier B, and there is some
value of the reading. Well later on, after
270
00:29:06,750 --> 00:29:14,040
rotating the telescope the vernier A may reach
here, and vernier B may reach here. And now,

271
00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:20,270
it will see the corresponding observation
or the reading. So, the angle at this point

272
00:29:20,270 --> 00:29:31,440
can be seen by reading these graduations.
Well, what was the value of the observation

273
00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:36,960
here and what is the value of observation
over here? Now the difference of these two,

274
00:29:36,960 --> 00:29:43,770
will give us this particular angle, so this
is what is happening there inside the instrument.

275
00:29:43,770 --> 00:29:50,480
Well regarding the construction of this. Before
the construction, I will draw a diagram, here

276
00:29:50,480 --> 00:29:56,600
is the diagram and in this diagram what I
am try to show, I am trying to show you how

277
00:29:56,600 --> 00:30:03,230
the instrument is constructed. Because, here
in instrument, I will you can see in the diagram

278
00:30:03,230 --> 00:30:14,770
here. We have first, this is and this is the
upper plate, upper plate means the index or

279
00:30:14,770 --> 00:30:23,340
the vernier, we have also down here. And this,
because this is the cross section of the instrument,

280
00:30:23,340 --> 00:30:30,810
and this is the lower plate or the horizontal
circle, which is the full circle as we are

281
00:30:30,810 --> 00:30:37,840
seeing.
Well, we have this screw A, which is an upper
282
00:30:37,840 --> 00:31:01,590
plate clamp, so this screw A is upper plate
clamp and this B is lower plate clamp. Now,

283
00:31:01,590 --> 00:31:07,520
what is their role, if you can see in this
diagram also, well let us start doing it.

284
00:31:07,520 --> 00:31:17,530
If you, for example unclamp this B, if this
B is unclamped, that means B comes out to

285
00:31:17,530 --> 00:31:25,320
this direction this way, this how the B comes. If it is, so what will happen, this
upper

286
00:31:25,320 --> 00:31:32,629
plate as well as the lower plate they are
free now from this block. So, if I rotate

287
00:31:32,630 --> 00:31:39,640
my instrument now, so upper plate and the
lower plate both will rotate, because this

288
00:31:39,640 --> 00:31:46,140
A is clamped right now.
Now, if I release this A also, I release this

289
00:31:46,140 --> 00:31:52,370
A, so A also comes out in this direction,
what will happen, the contact between the

290
00:31:52,370 --> 00:32:00,300
lower plate and the upper plate will be lost.
Now, in this case, if I rotate my instrument

291
00:32:00,300 --> 00:32:08,669
only the upper plate will rotate, so the case
is I have clamped this B, I have unclamped

292
00:32:08,670 --> 00:32:15,990
A. So, not this total assembly, because I
have clamped this B, so this lower plate is

293
00:32:15,990 --> 00:32:22,830
clamped with this spindle, while this upper
plate is free to rotate, because we have taken

294
00:32:22,830 --> 00:32:29,110
this A towards this side. So, rotating the
instrument only the upper plate will rotate.

295
00:32:29,110 --> 00:32:37,129
So, how do we do with this instrument? Here
in the instrument if you see, we have the

296
00:32:37,130 --> 00:32:44,430
upper clamp and the lower clamp, right now I have, if you can see it better this
way.

297
00:32:44,430 --> 00:32:50,610
This is the lower clamp and this the upper
clamp, I unclamp the lower one, now I rotate

298
00:32:50,610 --> 00:32:56,409
the instrument. The upper one is clamped,
so what is happening in this case, both the

299
00:32:56,410 --> 00:33:01,860
horizontal circle and as well as the index
both are rotating together, because the lower

300
00:33:01,860 --> 00:33:07,469
one is unclamped and upper one is clamped, so both rotate together right now.

301
00:33:07,470 --> 00:33:13,231
Well I clamp it, though lower one is clamped, lower one is clamped means this is
now it

302
00:33:13,231 --> 00:33:19,180
cannot rotate, and upper one I unclamp, that
means the upper one is free to rotate. Now,

303
00:33:19,180 --> 00:33:26,260
in this case if I rotate my instrument, it
is still rotating, but the bottom plate is

304
00:33:26,260 --> 00:33:32,840
a stationary, is not rotating the only rotation
is in the index arm or the vernier arm, only

305
00:33:32,840 --> 00:33:41,409
this is rotating. And this is why, you can
guess it very well, if my upper is clamped,

306
00:33:41,410 --> 00:33:49,380
lower is unclamped, mind it both are fit together. Now, I rotate the instrument, is
the angle

307
00:33:49,380 --> 00:33:54,510
value changing? The angle value is not changing,
because what is happening here, these both

308
00:33:54,510 --> 00:34:00,990
of them they rotate like this together.
So, the angle value means, these the readings

309
00:34:00,990 --> 00:34:08,550
against vernier A and vernier B is not changing,
but by clamping the lower one and clamping

310
00:34:08,550 --> 00:34:13,420
the upper one, the rotation is like this,
and the angle value are changing, and this

311
00:34:13,420 --> 00:34:19,349
is what is happening here. So, this is how,
you can change the angle readings, and this

312
00:34:19,349 --> 00:34:24,090
how you can observe the horizontal angle,
we will see more about this in a movement.

313
00:34:24,090 --> 00:34:31,470
Now, along with these clamp screws, for example
we saw this is the upper clamp, we have one

314
00:34:31,469 --> 00:34:42,560
more screw here, this is called upper tangent
screw.

315
00:34:42,560 --> 00:34:52,168
Similarly, for the bottom plate also, bottom
clamp, bottom tangent screw. Now, what is

316
00:34:52,168 --> 00:34:57,089
the role of these tangent screws? This would
clamp the motion, but many time to bisect

317
00:34:57,090 --> 00:35:02,550
the ranging rod, which we are sighting through
the telescope. We need to give very mild rotations

318
00:35:02,550 --> 00:35:06,060
to the instrument, so those mild rotations
can be given by the tangent screw. So, this

319
00:35:06,060 --> 00:35:12,650
is why we have got a tangent in both upper
and lower. Well, we go further up having understood

320
00:35:12,650 --> 00:35:19,670
this construction of the bottom plate, upper
plate, angle measurement. We look through

321
00:35:19,670 --> 00:35:24,740
this is vernier A vernier B; these are the
glass windows here, so that I can see inside,

322
00:35:24,740 --> 00:35:27,359
and I can see these verniers and readings.

323
00:35:27,360 --> 00:35:33,520
If you go further up here is a bubble tube,
what is this bubble tube? Bubble tube as you

324
00:35:33,520 --> 00:35:44,120
might have seen somewhere also is a part of
a large tube, which is circular, so we cut

325
00:35:44,120 --> 00:35:51,630
up little part of that and this part is the
bubble tube, something like this and this

326
00:35:51,630 --> 00:35:57,150
is filled with some liquid. We will see later
on about the bubble tube, what this liquid

327
00:35:57,150 --> 00:36:01,480
is, what should be the characteristic of the
liquid, this we will see and a little space

328
00:36:01,480 --> 00:36:07,670
is left here.
Now, this little space over here, serve as

329
00:36:07,670 --> 00:36:14,340
the bubble or this little ear, it is surf
as the bubble. So, depending, if my bubble

330
00:36:14,340 --> 00:36:21,700
tube is horizontal or may be let us say, this
line is called the axis of the bubble tube,

331
00:36:21,700 --> 00:36:29,089
tangent at this point. If this line is horizontal
line, the bubble will be in centre, how the

332
00:36:29,090 --> 00:36:37,650
bubble looks like in the plain view thus the
plain view of the bubble tube. Well, here

333
00:36:37,650 --> 00:36:44,970
inside we have the bubble and there are some
graduations, and the bubble may appear like

334
00:36:44,970 --> 00:36:51,350
this, right now the bubble is not in centre,
because centre means it has to be here.

335
00:36:51,350 --> 00:36:57,290
And, if we make this bubble in centre, the
ear bubble will come over here, and once it

336
00:36:57,290 --> 00:37:04,490
is in centre this line is horizontal. So,
it is how we use the bubble tube, and similar

337
00:37:04,490 --> 00:37:09,660
bubble tube is fitted here, because we want
to ensure that this plate is horizontal. We

338
00:37:09,660 --> 00:37:13,480
want to measure the angles, all the angles
are to be measured on a horizontal plane,

339
00:37:13,480 --> 00:37:17,290
we want make this plate horizontal that is
how we make use of the bubble tube.

340
00:37:17,290 --> 00:37:24,240
So, we will see about this in a movement,
well going further up in the instrument. If

341
00:37:24,240 --> 00:37:30,660
you go further up, we have these parts are
called the standard or a frame, A standard or A frame.

342
00:37:42,040 --> 00:37:48,740
And they support, you can see
over here a standard here and they are supporting

343
00:37:48,750 --> 00:37:55,450
on the horizontal axis, this axis of the instrument you can visualise it here. And
axis of the

344
00:37:55,450 --> 00:38:01,270
instrument here about which this telescope
rotates, you can visualise a line passing

345
00:38:01,270 --> 00:38:07,550
through here, this the horizontal axis. So,
this standard or A frame supports the telescope,

346
00:38:08,240 --> 00:38:12,660
furthermore there are more interesting things here, we will talk about the
telescope later

347
00:38:12,660 --> 00:38:16,120
on. Well, what I can do here, I can rotate this

348
00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:23,670
telescope as we have seen that, while we are measuring the angle particular in the
vertical

349
00:38:23,670 --> 00:38:31,990
angle, we need to sight some object. For example, like this and this should give me
the amount

350
00:38:31,990 --> 00:38:37,770
of the vertical angle for a particular point
here, so how do we observe that vertical angle?

351
00:38:37,770 --> 00:38:45,940
Well, we can see here, similar to the horizontal case, there in the vertical also
we have a

352
00:38:45,940 --> 00:38:52,760
plate attached to the telescope, so if I am
rotating this telescope along with this a

353
00:38:52,760 --> 00:38:54,990
plate is also rotating.

354
00:38:54,990 --> 00:39:09,700
The construction of this vertical circle is,
we have a telescope as we can see here. There

355
00:39:09,700 --> 00:39:14,299
is the telescope and I as I told you, that
while we are rotating this is telescope, along

356
00:39:14,300 --> 00:39:19,220
with this a vertical circle is also rotating,
where this vertical circle. This vertical

357
00:39:19,220 --> 00:39:29,529
circle is something like attached with the
telescope, and this vertical circle is graduated,

358
00:39:29,530 --> 00:39:34,680
I just show it like this. So that you can
have a feel of the telescope behind and thus

359
00:39:34,680 --> 00:39:40,790
the vertical circle, and we have the graduations
in the vertical circle.

360
00:39:40,790 --> 00:39:48,690
These graduations may start from 0, these
90 degrees here, again may have 90 degrees

361
00:39:48,690 --> 00:39:55,370
or may be a different arrangement 0 to 10
to 60 depending the theodolite, but right

362
00:39:55,370 --> 00:40:04,370
now I am taking as 0, and then 90 degrees
here and there. So, this is the graduated

363
00:40:04,370 --> 00:40:12,880
circle, when we rotating it what is happening,
this is the telescope and thus the vertical

364
00:40:12,880 --> 00:40:18,910
circle, and both of them they rotate together.
So, how we are measuring the angle, what we

365
00:40:18,910 --> 00:40:24,310
are doing in order to measure the angle, there
should be a reference, there should be an

366
00:40:24,310 --> 00:40:31,759
index, we need something called index.
And as we have seen for our vertical angle

367
00:40:31,760 --> 00:40:38,940
measurement, the reference is the horizontal
plane. So somehow, we need to establish that

368
00:40:38,940 --> 00:40:45,310
horizontal plane or horizontal line here.
So, in addition to this telescope and this

369
00:40:45,310 --> 00:40:52,200
vertical circle, we also have an additional
index frame here, that index frame looks like

370
00:40:52,200 --> 00:41:06,120
this. Now, what is this index frame? This
index frame basically, we say vernier A and

371
00:41:06,120 --> 00:41:13,480
vernier B and the line joining vernier A and
vernier B will be a horizontal line.

372
00:41:16,620 --> 00:41:25,700
So, while we rotate our telescope this vertical circle
also rotates, but our index remains stationary

373
00:41:25,710 --> 00:41:29,970
now. Well, so this is stationary, these two points

374
00:41:29,970 --> 00:41:35,790
the vernier A and vernier B they give us a
horizontal line of side, and I am rotating

375
00:41:35,790 --> 00:41:41,470
my vertical circle with the telescope. Well
the initially, let us say the reading was

376
00:41:41,470 --> 00:41:47,049
0 0 my telescope is horizontal, my telescope
is like this and the reading is 0 0. Now,

377
00:41:47,050 --> 00:41:52,730
I rotate my telescope, so my vertical circle
will rotate, so the angle between these two

378
00:41:53,600 --> 00:41:58,380
will be the vertical angle, and this what
we are doing here, by rotating this we can

379
00:41:58,381 --> 00:42:04,399
see it again using this eye pieces.
We could not see those windows in case of

380
00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:08,770
the horizontal circle, but we can see the
windows very well in case of the vertical

381
00:42:08,770 --> 00:42:15,360
circle. So, this is window for vernier A,
this is the window for vernier B, so by making

382
00:42:15,360 --> 00:42:21,270
use of this window and this eye pieces, I
can again focus this eye piece to my eye,

383
00:42:21,270 --> 00:42:25,370
and we can see through this and see the readings. So, right now for horizontal line
of side

384
00:42:25,370 --> 00:42:30,529
the reading should be 0 0, if I change it
as the angle is increasing the reading will

385
00:42:30,530 --> 00:42:34,600
change.
Now, in order to ensure whether it is horizontal

386
00:42:34,600 --> 00:42:42,101
or not, because our line of our reference
for vertical angle is horizontal line, how

387
00:42:42,101 --> 00:42:49,180
do we ensure that this index frame, they it
is inside is horizontal or not. In order to

388
00:42:49,180 --> 00:42:55,770
ensure this, we have an additional bubble
tube here, this similar bubble tube to this,
389
00:42:56,080 --> 00:43:01,600
but it is more sensitive. We will talk about
the sensitivity of the bubble tube later,

390
00:43:01,600 --> 00:43:09,120
but using this bubble tube we can make our
index horizontal. So basically, the bubble

391
00:43:09,120 --> 00:43:15,270
tube is kept on the index, so by making this
bubble tube horizontal this index can be made

392
00:43:15,270 --> 00:43:18,630
horizontal.
So, we can draw it here in the diagram also,

393
00:43:20,010 --> 00:43:31,350
over here is our bubble tube and this bubble tube is called altitude. Altitude
bubble tube

394
00:43:32,300 --> 00:43:38,020
and you know, we have understood that we make use of this for measuring vertical
angles.

395
00:43:38,760 --> 00:43:45,540
Well, we will see some more parts of this
theodolite, here in the vertical circle what

396
00:43:45,540 --> 00:43:53,080
can I do, I think clamp it. Clamping means,
in this particular theodolite it is here.

397
00:43:53,080 --> 00:44:00,970
Once, I have clamped it I cannot rotate my
telescope, but using the tangent here, so

398
00:44:00,970 --> 00:44:10,189
this is the screw for vertical circle clamp,
and this is the screw for vertical circle

399
00:44:10,190 --> 00:44:15,500
tangent, so this is vertical tangent screw.
So, using this is still I can rotate my theodolite,

400
00:44:15,500 --> 00:44:21,660
but by various small amount, while if I want
to do it with large, I can use this one by
401
00:44:21,660 --> 00:44:27,109
unclamping this one. Now, here also in the
case of the telescope, if you look at the

402
00:44:27,110 --> 00:44:34,010
telescope, will look into the optics of the
telescope next time. But today, this part

403
00:44:34,010 --> 00:44:39,570
of the telescope is called eye piece, because
I keep it towards me, and I look through this.

404
00:44:40,740 --> 00:44:45,740
And mostly, whenever we shut this instrument,
we should ensure that the instrument is set

405
00:44:45,740 --> 00:44:51,790
in such a way that the eye piece is at the
height of my eye or the eye of the observer.

406
00:44:51,790 --> 00:44:57,060
Why is it important, because if you are working
in a field and, if this instrument is set

407
00:44:57,060 --> 00:45:01,759
in such a way that your eye piece is here.
So, every time you have to go up, in order

408
00:45:01,760 --> 00:45:07,220
to take the observations, or if it is down
you have to bend, so this is not comfortable,

409
00:45:07,220 --> 00:45:11,910
because when we work with this instrument
in the field, we work for hours. So, we should

410
00:45:11,910 --> 00:45:17,750
set to a comfortable height, as in this case
without any bending or without anything I

411
00:45:17,750 --> 00:45:24,550
can see through the eye piece. Well, over
here is the objective, so using this telescope,

412
00:45:24,550 --> 00:45:31,570
we can see and we can focus the eye piece
over here, and focus the objective using this

413
00:45:31,570 --> 00:45:37,900
screw, so this is objective focusing screw.
We will talk about the focusing phenomena,

414
00:45:37,900 --> 00:45:43,960
what is going on there inside, how the focusing
taking place in our next lecture.

415
00:45:43,960 --> 00:45:53,680
Well, along with this, if you look at this
telescope very carefully over here, there

416
00:45:53,680 --> 00:46:00,950
is a little V and there is a little I. If
I draw it here, what it looks like, there

417
00:46:00,950 --> 00:46:12,779
is a V and there is an I, basically why we
use it, the V is here and the I is here. We

418
00:46:12,780 --> 00:46:21,640
use it for example, if I need to bisect an
electric pole or a ranging rod, the field

419
00:46:21,640 --> 00:46:27,379
of view of the telescope is not big. The field
of view for a human being is very wide, I

420
00:46:27,380 --> 00:46:32,970
can see that ranging rod there, but once I
start bisecting that using the telescope,

421
00:46:32,970 --> 00:46:39,529
I will have to do many iterations of rotating
it in horizontal, rotating this in vertical

422
00:46:39,530 --> 00:46:42,500
then only I will be able to bisect the particular
point.

423
00:46:42,500 --> 00:46:48,410
So, in order to save our time there, this
target side is provided or this also called

424
00:46:48,410 --> 00:46:57,190
rifle sight. As you might have seen, over
all the rifles this kind of site is there,

425
00:46:57,190 --> 00:47:02,630
in order to aim. So here, we make use of this,
we make use of the W and the I will make it

426
00:47:02,630 --> 00:47:10,530
a w. And then we take this W to that particular
object, because once you have taken that w

427
00:47:10,530 --> 00:47:17,940
our field of view is very large.
So, we can that way bisect the object fast.

428
00:47:17,940 --> 00:47:26,920
Along with this over here, as we are talking
about we have our index here, vertical index

429
00:47:26,920 --> 00:47:33,430
arm. And in this vertical index arm, we have
the altitude bubble fitted there, and this

430
00:47:33,430 --> 00:47:40,290
index arm becomes the reference for vertical
angle measurement, and we want to ensure that

431
00:47:40,290 --> 00:47:42,830
this index arm is horizontal.

432
00:47:42,830 --> 00:47:48,100
Sometimes, you know after working with instrument
it might happen that this not horizontal in

433
00:47:48,100 --> 00:47:53,680
more, it has tilted, how to bring it back,
to bring it back we have some one more screw

434
00:47:53,680 --> 00:48:05,230
here. We use this screw and this is called
clip screw, this clip screw is basically fitted

435
00:48:05,230 --> 00:48:16,050
here, but rotating this clip screw it is possible
that we can rotate our index frame, and we

436
00:48:16,050 --> 00:48:20,540
can make it horizontal. So, this is the clip
screw, one more thing which you will observe

437
00:48:20,540 --> 00:48:28,590
here, all these screws are milled differently,
here it is a smooth over here it is very coarse

438
00:48:28,590 --> 00:48:30,740
milled.
This particular screw is very coarse milled,

439
00:48:30,740 --> 00:48:36,560
and this is very fine milled, why is it so?
Whenever you are working with the instrument.

440
00:48:36,560 --> 00:48:41,720
For example, if I am looking through the instrument
I am trying to bisect something, and I want

441
00:48:41,720 --> 00:48:48,939
to use a particular screw, for example I want
to use the clamp. So, it might happen, because

442
00:48:48,940 --> 00:48:54,670
I am looking through the theodolite, it might
happen the by accident I touch the tangent.

443
00:48:54,670 --> 00:49:01,930
So, if this happens the angle value will change.
So, in order to gives us an idea, while we

444
00:49:01,930 --> 00:49:06,930
are looking through the eye piece, we are
engrossed in our work just by moving our hands

445
00:49:06,930 --> 00:49:12,740
here and there, by feeling these different
milling of the screw. It is possible to work

446
00:49:12,740 --> 00:49:17,220
without looking at this screws, this is why
the milling is different. As similarly here,

447
00:49:17,220 --> 00:49:23,520
the milling is very, very different, because
we do not always want to use the clip screw.

448
00:49:23,520 --> 00:49:27,810
In order to use the clip screw, we had to
use some additional needle then only we can

449
00:49:27,810 --> 00:49:28,810
use it.

450
00:49:28,810 --> 00:49:35,920
So, this is why the milling is kept different,
one more thing about this theodolite, I can

451
00:49:35,920 --> 00:49:42,360
rotate this theodolite 280 degree, as you
can see here, I can rotate it this kind of

452
00:49:42,360 --> 00:49:47,990
theodolite which we can rotate are called
transit theodolite. And this procedure is

453
00:49:47,990 --> 00:49:53,270
also called transiting the theodolite, so
we are transiting the theodolite. Well in

454
00:49:53,270 --> 00:49:59,110
addition, if I am rotating my theodolite in
horizontal circle like this, this is called

455
00:49:59,110 --> 00:50:12,190
swinging in horizontal and transiting in vertical.
Now, along with this one last feature here

456
00:50:12,190 --> 00:50:24,650
at the top, over here this is a mirror, now
what is the use of the mirror there. In this

457
00:50:24,650 --> 00:50:34,880
particular strip a mirror is fitted, and down
there is the bubble tube, because my eye is

458
00:50:34,880 --> 00:50:40,730
here I cannot see this bubble tube, so in
order to see the bubble tube, I have to go

459
00:50:40,730 --> 00:50:44,610
up to see whether it is in centre or not.
So, in order to avoid that this mirror is

460
00:50:44,610 --> 00:50:49,030
fitted here, and I can see comfortably at
from this sight only, whether the bubble is

461
00:50:49,030 --> 00:50:54,780
in centre or not using this mirror, and this
is why the mirror is fitted there.

462
00:50:54,780 --> 00:50:59,640
This particular instrument, which we saw today
is the vernier theodolite, it has the vernier

463
00:50:59,640 --> 00:51:07,000
set up to take the observations the least
count is 20 seconds. You will find in the

464
00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:12,070
field different kinds of theodolite, and all
those theodolites they need to be read differently,

465
00:51:12,070 --> 00:51:16,420
depending upon what the instrument is. And,
you will find the instructions in the manual

466
00:51:16,420 --> 00:51:21,030
of the theodolite, how to read that one, but
the vernier one which is a very common one,

467
00:51:21,030 --> 00:51:23,620
we will see that how we read the vernier one
now.

468
00:51:23,620 --> 00:51:33,609
Well, as we have seen in the case of the vernier
one, as we can see here this black one is

469
00:51:33,610 --> 00:51:40,870
the horizontal circle or it may be the vertical
circle also. And this A B is the index, either

470
00:51:40,870 --> 00:51:45,150
in the case of the horizontal circle or in
the case of the vertical. In any case, and

471
00:51:45,150 --> 00:51:52,800
what we do, we read the theodolite or the
angle value against these verniers that what
472
00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:56,460
is the value of the reading, how to take these
observations.

473
00:51:56,460 --> 00:52:05,020
We will see that now, in case of our main
scale, if I am showing the mini scale here,

474
00:52:05,020 --> 00:52:12,730
in mini scale the graduations are written
in such a way, then let us say this is 10,

475
00:52:12,730 --> 00:52:25,650
11, 12, 13, 14, 15 all in degrees. We have
got further subdivision. So, each degree is

476
00:52:25,650 --> 00:52:39,690
divided in further divisions of 20 minute,
so the least count of mini scale is 20 minute.

477
00:52:40,520 --> 00:52:46,980
So, if you are using all in the mini scale,
we can use up to 20 minute, but this is fitted

478
00:52:46,990 --> 00:52:53,109
with a vernier. As we can see here in this
case, this A and B are vernier, how these

479
00:52:53,110 --> 00:52:59,000
verniers are actually there, and how we improve
the precision using these verniers.

480
00:52:59,000 --> 00:53:09,030
Now, in these verniers, now this particular
part of 20 second here, if you just look at

481
00:53:09,030 --> 00:53:18,340
this or any little graduation this is for
20 minute, I expand this 20 minute and I am

482
00:53:18,340 --> 00:53:26,770
showing you here now this 20 minute, so 0
and 20 so this is 20 minute. Now, in this

483
00:53:26,770 --> 00:53:34,259
20 minute we have the vernier, and vernier
is design in such a way that because in this
484
00:53:34,260 --> 00:53:46,630
20 second, we have 60 graduations of vernier.
So, 59 graduations on the main are equal to

485
00:53:46,630 --> 00:53:50,920
60 graduations on the vernier. So, this is
actually you can make use of this in order

486
00:53:50,920 --> 00:53:52,730
to find the least count of that.

487
00:53:52,730 --> 00:54:02,740
Now, how it take the observations here it
looks like this. We can see 5 degrees, 6 degrees,

488
00:54:02,740 --> 00:54:13,790
7 degrees, 8 degrees, 9 and thus our vernier
here, this is the mini scale. And in vernier

489
00:54:13,790 --> 00:54:21,880
and in mini scale the graduation which meets
or which gets aligned is over here, I point

490
00:54:21,880 --> 00:54:28,200
it. So, what is the value of the reading,
well first we read in the mini scale, so in

491
00:54:28,200 --> 00:54:35,439
the main scale we have passed 5, 6 and 7.
So, reading is more than 7 degrees, and then

492
00:54:35,440 --> 00:54:43,290
also we are at this 20 minute, so 7 degrees
20 minute is the reading from the main scale.

493
00:54:43,290 --> 00:54:51,380
So, this is from mini scale then in the vernier,
thus the graduation which is aligning with

494
00:54:51,380 --> 00:54:59,930
the graduation of the main scale. So, what
is the value there, we have 6, 7, 8, because

495
00:54:59,930 --> 00:55:08,720
this total is for 20 minutes. We have passed
this 8th one, we have passed further if you
496
00:55:08,720 --> 00:55:18,250
can see in the vernier each minute is further
divided in three: 1, 2 this should be 9 here.

497
00:55:18,250 --> 00:55:26,000
So, it is further divided in three: one part,
second part and third part. So, each is corresponding

498
00:55:26,000 --> 00:55:34,050
to 20 second. So, you can see the least count
in the vernier is 20 second.

499
00:55:34,050 --> 00:55:39,771
Well, what is the value of the angle, the
angle here in this case we have passed this

500
00:55:39,771 --> 00:55:46,740
8 minutes already, 8 is per minute from 8
to 9 in between our this red line is there

501
00:55:46,740 --> 00:55:53,270
which is be aligning mark, and we have passed
1 and 2. So, the vernier says the reading

502
00:55:53,270 --> 00:56:02,400
is 40, so the total reading will be 7, 28
and 40, 7 degrees 28 minutes and 40 seconds,

503
00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:07,860
because 20 second is the least count of this
instrument, so this is one way of reading

504
00:56:07,860 --> 00:56:08,860
the vernier.

505
00:56:08,860 --> 00:56:14,859
Now, there are different kinds of reading
devices, they are some electronic also, if

506
00:56:14,859 --> 00:56:20,000
we are talking about the electronic instruments,
we have some electronic devices which can

507
00:56:20,000 --> 00:56:25,110
read the instrument, which can read give you
the angle value. The different kinds of constructions,
508
00:56:25,110 --> 00:56:38,300
the idea is one could be which is used a circle
is there, this is the circle in glass, and

509
00:56:38,300 --> 00:56:46,810
they are very fine graduations; very, very
fine graduations are there and underneath

510
00:56:46,810 --> 00:56:50,170
this glass.
If this is the glass, we have the graduations

511
00:56:50,170 --> 00:56:57,280
ashed into it, some 20,000 and underneath
there is the photo diode, which is emitting

512
00:56:57,280 --> 00:57:02,470
the light, and the size of that photo diode
is same as the size of the graduation. All

513
00:57:02,470 --> 00:57:07,649
these graduations are basically the black
and white lines like this very, very fine.

514
00:57:08,320 --> 00:57:15,540
So what happens, we initialize it at some
value, and then once we rotate it, the light

515
00:57:15,550 --> 00:57:19,520
which is coming out of it, because somewhere the light will pass somewhere it will
not

516
00:57:19,520 --> 00:57:22,970
pass.
So, what the light will do, it will generate

517
00:57:22,970 --> 00:57:27,859
a sinusoidal wave kind of thing, the light
is there it is not there; the light is there

518
00:57:27,859 --> 00:57:34,419
it is not there. So, counting these and further doing some further you know,

519
00:57:35,080 --> 00:57:40,100
we can take the observation here; take the observation here, the wave form
generated here; and the wave
520
00:57:40,100 --> 00:57:46,700
form generated here is super imposed, in order to achieve better precision. So,
this is how,

521
00:57:47,000 --> 00:57:53,660
you know it can give the accuracy of the order of 1 second also, or the least count
the precision

522
00:57:53,660 --> 00:57:59,279
this kind of precision is possible with this
electronic device or electronic measuring

523
00:57:59,280 --> 00:58:03,100
plate.
So, we have varieties of these, so what we

524
00:58:03,100 --> 00:58:08,750
have seen today, starting from the beginning.
We saw, the significance of the angle, because

525
00:58:08,750 --> 00:58:14,710
we need angle measurement in horizontal and
vertical for many purposes. Then we saw that,

526
00:58:14,710 --> 00:58:20,900
we need to measure more, by more precision,
because we need to have compatibility of the

527
00:58:20,900 --> 00:58:26,160
instruments, somewhere you need more accurate
results more precise results, so we need to

528
00:58:26,160 --> 00:58:29,290
go for the theodolite.
So, in the case of the theodolite, we saw

529
00:58:29,290 --> 00:58:33,750
that it is really a very good instrument very
useful instrument in surveying. And we can

530
00:58:33,751 --> 00:58:39,640
carry out, as we saw in the case of the theodolite
the horizontal and vertical angle measurements.

531
00:58:39,640 --> 00:58:44,279
We saw the various parts of the theodolite
starting from the tripod, tribach, levelling

532
00:58:44,280 --> 00:58:51,180
screws, trivet, horizontal circle, index arm
and so on, up to the telescope and the mirror

533
00:58:51,180 --> 00:58:56,450
here, altitude bubble everything.
Then we saw, how we can take the observations

534
00:58:56,450 --> 00:59:01,368
using the vernier theodolite, I know it is
difficult for you to understand it directly

535
00:59:01,369 --> 00:59:06,920
from the video screen. Please, visit your
laboratory or wherever you can find

536
00:59:07,740 --> 00:59:13,879
a vernier theodolite, go and observe it, handle the
various part yourself with using your hand.

537
00:59:13,890 --> 00:59:18,390
Then only you have the feel of the instrument, and observe the vernier theodolite
yourself,

538
00:59:18,390 --> 00:59:24,109
see the readings this is how you will know
about the instrument in full. Well we end

539
00:59:24,109 --> 00:59:27,609
over this lecture today here.
Thank you very much.