Banking of Roads and

Bending ofa Cyclist

Formulae Used
1. A vehicle takinga circular turn on a level road. If u is
the coefficient of friction between tyres and road,
then the maximum velocity with which the vehicle
can safely take a circular turn of radius r is
given by
max urg
2. Banking of tracks (roads). The maximum velocity
with which a vehicle (in the absence of friction)
can negotiate a circular road of radius r and
banked at an angle 0 is given by
V rg tan 0
When the frictional forces are also taken into
account, the maximum safe velocity is given by

r H+tan 0
max
1-ptan 0
3. Bending of a cyclist. In order to take a circular turn
of radius r with speed u, the cyclist should bend himself
through an angle e from the vertical such that

tan =
rg
Units Used
is in ms, radius in metre, angle 0 in
Velocity v r

degtees and coefficient of friction u has no units.

 5.56
PHYSICS-X
Example 72. A bend in a level road has a radius of Example 75. Calculate the angle through which a cyclist
100 metres. Find the maximum speed which a car turning bends from the vertical when he crosses a circular path of
this bend may have without skidding, if the
cocfficient of 34.3 m in circumfercnce in v22 s. Take g8 =9.8 ms.
friction between the tyres and road is 0.8
INCERT Solution. Radius of circular path,
Solution. Here r =
100m, u =0.8,
=9.8 ms g
The car will not skid if the force of friction Circumference34.3x 7
the necessary centripetal force.
provides 2 2x 22

Velocity, v= Length of path 34.3

v22ms
f =
umg Mmax
=- Time taken
34.3 2 2x 22
Or max yurg = {0.8 x 100 x 9.8 = 28 ms1 tan 22 34.3x 7 9.8
Example 73. A car of mass 1500 kg is moving with a speed
of 12.5,ms on a circular path of radius 20 m on a level Angle through which the cyclist bends from the
road. What should be the frictional force between the car and vertical, 0=45°.
the road so that the car does not
slip ? What should be the Example 76. A cyclist speeding at 18 km h- on a level
value of the coefficient of
friction
to attain this force? road takes a
sharp circular turn of radius 3 m without
Solution. Here m=1500 kg, v = 125 ms1, r=20 m euctng the speed and without bending towards the centre
of
the circular path. The
coefficient of
the tyres and the road is 0.1 Will the static friction
Frictional force = Required centripetal force between
1500x 12.5x 12.5 the turn ?
cyclist slip while taking
or
f 20 Solution. On a level road, force of friction alone
[NCERT)
1.172 x 10* N vides centripetal force for pro
going along the circular turn.
But f=uR =4 mg
As tan8= =
Coefficient of friction, 8
104 Therefore, the maximum safe
A =1172
x
- =0.8.
1500 x 9.8
speed is given by
mg
Pmax yarg=01x3 x98=V294 =1.715 ms-1
Example 74. A train has to
negotiate a curve of m By
how much should the outer rail raised with 400 to Actual speed, v =18 kmh= 5 ms1
be respect the As the actual speed is
inner rail for a speed of 48 kmh"* ? The distance betweern the greater than the maximum
safe speed, so the cyclist will slip while
rails is 1 m
INCERT] taking the turn.
Solution. Here Example 77. Acircular race track of radius 300 mis banked
atan
angle of 15°. If the coefficient of friction between the
U48kmh-148x1000 40
3600 ms-1
wheels of a race car and the road is 0.2, what is the
3
T= 400 m, l=1r
() optimum speed of the race car to avoid wear and tear
on its tyres, and
Let h be the height through which the outer rail
(ti) maximum permissible speed to avoid slipping ?
must be raised with respect to the inner rail, as shown
in Fig. 5.103. If 0 is the angle of banking, then INCERT
Solution. Given r =300 m, 0 =15°, H, =0.2
sin -
i) The optimum speed of the race car will be
For a small value of0, g tan = /300 x 9.8x tan 15
=1m
sin 0 tan 0 h
300x 9.8 x 0.2679 =28.1 ms1
(i) The maximum permissible speed of race car
h will be

Fig. 5.103
+tan 0
max
Or h- 1-H, tan 8
0.2+0.2679
300x9.8 x
(40/3yx1 = 0.0454 m. 1-0.2x 0.2679
400x 9.8
38.1 ms
LAWS OF MOTION

Example 78. A car is

speeding on a horizontal road
curving round with a radius 60 m The
coefficient of friction
between the wheels and the road is0.5. The
gravity of the car from the road level isheight
0.3 mof centre
and theof o
distance between the wheels is 0.8 m. Calculate
the
maximum safe velocity for the vehicle to
Will the vehicle skid or negotiate the curve.
topple if this velocity is exceeded ?
Solution. Here r =
60 m, u =0.5, h 0.3 mn=

Distance of any wheel from the vertical line

through CG of the car, passing
0.8
b= 0.4 m

As tan Urg tan 0

For skidding,
tan =
= urg = y0.5 x 60 x 9.8 = 17.15 ms1
For toppling
tan 6= b
h
0.4 x60 x9.8 28 ms
h 0.3
Thus the maximunm safe velocity for the car to
negotiate the curve is 17.15 ms , When the velocity
exceeds this value, the car skids until it topples at
V =28 ms.
Example 79. An electric bulb suspended from the roof ofa
railway train by a flerible wire shifts through an angle of
19°48, when the train goes horizontaly round a curved path
of 200 m radius. Find the speed of the train.
Solution. Various forces acting on the bulb are
shown in Fig. 5.104. Resolving the forces along the
length and perpendicular to the wire, we get
mv
n0
mgsin 0= . cos

mv cos

mU
mgsin6 - -

mg

Fig. 5.104