How to control the speed of three phase induction motor

Speed of a 3 Phase Induction motor can be controlled by these methods:

 Stator Voltage control.

 Rotor resistance control.
 By changing Pole.
 Supply Frequency control.
1. Stator Voltage control: By adding resistance or inductance in the stator
circuit we can change the speed of a induction motor, we can also use an
Auto transformer between supply lines & stator of the motor. As we know
that Torque is directly proportional to square of the voltage, so this method
is uses where load torque is proportional to the square of the speed like
centrifugal pumps & fan loads.
2. Rotor resistance control: By adding resistance in rotor circuit we can
control the speed of a induction motor. this method is popular in crane
control due to its lower cost and easy method.
3. By Changing Pole: As we know that Synchronous speed f a motor is
inversely proportional to the no of pole of the stator winding so by
changing is we can control the speed of a motor.
4. Supply Frequency control: Ns=120f/P for a fixes no. of poles we can say
that synchronous speed of a motor is directly proportional the supply
frequency, hence we can change the speed f a motor by changing its
supply frequency. but to maintain the losses we have to keep v/f ratio
constant, so to achieve it we always uses VVVF drives.
Is fan an open loop or a closed loop control system?

Fan is the open loop control system. Because we will either

increase or decrease the speed manually by changing the knob
(potentiometer) position and there is no guarantee that the fan
will be at the same speed in each position. This we can
understand that whenever there is voltage fluctuation we can feel
the variation in speed for the single position of knob. That is in
fan we need to manually change the required speed and also
there is no accuracy in speed on rotation, so it is the open loop
system.
Whereas fans that are attached within the system to function as
cooling system are closed loop. Because there will be a control
circuitry to monitor temperature and to automatically vary the
speed of fan to reduce the internal temperature.
 Tee heater is open or closed control system ?

Open-loop heating
Open-loop heating uses manual manipulation to regulate temperature. There is very
limited feedback or control features for temperature control. Open-loop heating
regulation is achieved by either voltage manipulation to the heater, increasing or
decreasing the amount of airflow, or utilization of an onboard potentiometer, if available.
This method relies upon manual intervention by the operator to control the system at
any point during the process.

The open-loop heating system has some advantages, including design simplicity and
ease of maintenance. With only voltage applied to a heat source, this method does not
require an elaborate control system to manipulate the temperature, which makes it
easier for the user to implement the necessary components into the system. It also
simplifies troubleshooting for maintenance purposes when necessary. There are also
disadvantages to this method. Some of the disadvantages are inaccuracy of the system
itself and no opportunities for automatic adjustments. Since there are no means for
feedback to a temperature controller or programmable logic controller (PLC), the system
does not have a way to make the necessary adjustments to optimize the process.

Closed-loop heating
Closed-loop heating is a method to accurately control and maintain temperature during
the process. This method contains a feedback loop in which a control system receives
feedback from the process and develops a response to achieve stability. It can be used
for many heating applications and is an effective control method in process heating due
to its ability to provide a stable and accurate temperature. A closed-loop heating system
comprises a heat source, means for temperature feedback (i.e., thermocouple), and
controller. In a closed-loop heating system, the controller—usually a PLC or a
temperature controller—receives a signal from a temperature sensor, thermocouple, or
infrared thermometer. This signal is a measurement of the temperature at a designated
location in the system. This signal is then returned to the controller, where it will adjust
the power given to the heater to maintain a temperature set point.
 Washing machine is an open or closed loop control system ?

Automatic washing machine is an open loop system, because this machine runs according
to pre-set time and speed irrespective of washing of cloth is completed or not. That's mean
there is no feedback system which can control the behavior of machine. Other examples of
open loop system in real life are Light switch ,sound system in radio or TV.
however automatic electric iron is an example of CLOSED LOOP system because heating
elements are controlled by the output temperature of iron.
Difference between contactor and relay

Contactors and relays are two closely related terms leading to confusions and
misinterpretations most of the times. Both of them are electrically operated
switches used for control and switching of loads. This article can give you a clear
picture of the difference between contactor and relay.

The basic principle of operation of the contactor and the relay are the same. The
difference between them is in term of their application and where they are used.
This article can give you a clear picture of the difference between relays and
contactors.

Constructional Features:

Contactors and relays have similar construction. Both have an external envelope

to protect all the internal parts from the external environment. An electromagnetic
coil is provided for opening and closing of contacts. The contacts are opened and
closed by exciting this electromagnetic coil.

Difference between contactors and relays

Operation of Relays and Contactors

A Contactor is used for switching of motors, capacitors, lights etc, that drains
very high current. It has at least a single pair of three-phase input and output
contacts. It would be normally open. Some contactors come with additional
auxiliary contacts that may be either NO or NC. These auxiliary contacts get
activated along with the main contacts. Switching is achieved by energization
and De-energization of the contactor coils. Contactors are chosen upon the
ampere ratings of the load. Contactors require an additional supply (either AC or
DC depending upon the type of contactor we use) for excitation. It is used for
power switching.
A relay consists of at least two contacts and an excitation coil. These contacts
may be normally open or normally closed. These contacts are closed or opened
by exciting the coil. Relays are used for switching of control circuits and cannot
be used for power switching with relatively higher ampacity. It can be used for
switching of small lights, sirens, indication lamps etc.
Relays are switching devices used in any control circuit for checking a condition or
multiplying the number of contacts available