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All structures have to be supported suitably. The following three types of supports
are in common use
b. Hinged-support
This type of support permits free rotation of the body about an axis
perpendicular to its plane through C, but does not permit its displacement
either along or perpendicular to the base. The two possible reactions,
therefore, are along and perpendicular to the support base
C
c. Fixed Support
In a fixed support the body is rigidly attached to a base which, therefore,
allows it neither in-plane rotation nor translation in any direction. The
three possible support reactions are two reaction forces and one moment
O
y
∑H = 0; ∑V = 0; ∑M = 0
2.4 Free Body Diagram
V W
H = Wcos
M = Wxsin
V = Wsin
HA A
B
HB
MA
VA
VB
VC
W
MC
HC
MC
VC
HA
A
MA VA B HB
VB
2.6 Compatibility of Forces and Deformations
= 0 ; = 0 ; A = 0
b. At support B
= 0 ; v = 0
For example:
Example:
VB
A
HA
De = degree of external indeterminacy
R = number of reactions = 3
N = number of equilibrium equations = 3
VA De = R – N
When R – N = 0 statically determinate
Example
W1 W2
HA
A B C D
MA
VA VB VC VD
R = number of reactions = 6
N = number of compatibility equations = 3
( ∑Fx = 0 ; ∑Fy = 0 ; ∑M = 0 )
Note: VB, VC and VD can be removed and the structure will still
be stable
W
B
HB
VB
HA A
MA
VA
More Examples
R = 6 ; N = 3 ; De = 1
R = 4 ; N = 3 ; De = 1 C = 1 ( condition equation due to the
presence of the hinge)
De = R – ( N+ C ) = 2
R = 6 ; N = 3 ; De = 3
R = 6 ; N = 3 ; De = 3
R = 7 ; N = 3 ; De = 4
R = 12 ; N = 3 ; De = 9
b. Internally Indeterminate Structures
Structures, which are externally determinate ( or are treated so for
purposes of this section) but in which the internal reactions cannot be
determined by statics alone are called “internally indeterminate”. An
externally indeterminate structure is necessarily internally indeterminate
also since the internal reactions cannot be found unless the external
reactions are known. Hence, for determining the internal indeterminacy of
an externally indeterminate structure its external indeterminacy has to be
accounted for in some way.
1
1 4 1 2
2 2 5 3 4
3 6 5 6 7
8 9 10
n=2;R=6;N=3
Di = 6
De = R – 3 = 3
D=9 n=6;R=9;N=3
Di = 18
De = 6
D = 24 n = 10 ; R = 12 ; N = 3
Di = 30
De = 9
D = 39
Let n = number of closed cells in the plane frame ignoring those next to
the foundation
Di = degree of internal indeterminacy = 3n
De = degree of external indeterminacy = R – N
D = total degree of indeterminacy = Di + De
N = number of equilibrium equations ( 3 for plane frames)
(m + r) = 2j
or (m + r) - 2j = 0
It must be emphasized that mere satisfaction of the above equation does
not ensure internal determinacy of a truss. For example, the truss below
satisfy the equation (m + r) = 2j but is not stable since the portion B forms
an unstable mechanism
m = 21 ; r = 3 ; j = 12
m + r = 2j
24 = 24
( m + r – 2j )
To summarize:
m = 21 ; r = 3 ; j = 12
m + r = 24 ; 2j = 24
Truss is determinate and stable
m = 18 ; r = 3 ; j = 10
m + r = 21 ; 2j = 20
Truss is internally indeterminate 1st degree
m = 16 ; r = 3 ; j = 10
m + r = 19 ; 2j = 20
Truss is unstable
Truss Structures:
D = m + R – 2j
Examples
m = 10 ; R= 3 ; r = 3 ; j = 6
m + r = 13 ; 2j = 12
Internally indeterminate 1st degree
D = m + R – 2j = 10 + 3 – 2x6 = 1
Total degree of indeterminacy is 1
m = 11 ; R= 4 ; r = 3 ; j = 6
m + r = 14 ; 2j = 12
Internally indeterminate 2nd degree
D = m + R – 2j = 11 + 4 – 2x6 = 3
Total degree of indeterminacy is 3
m = 35 ; R= 8 ; r = 3 ; j = 18
m + r = 38 ; 2j = 36
Internally indeterminate 2nd degree
D = m + R – 2j = 35 + 8 – 2x18 = 7
Total degree of indeterminacy is 7
Plane Frames
D = 3m + R -3j
5 6 m = 30 ; j = 21 ; R = 9 ; n = 10
Di = 3 x 10 =30
4 7 De = R – 3 = 6
D = Di + De = 36
D = 3x30 + 9 – 3x21 = 36
3 8
2 9
1 10