SUCCINCT PAPERS 61 1

Time-Domain Scattering from a Nonlinearly Loaded Wire
HARVEY SCHUMhY
Abstract-The method of moments solution to the time-domain
scattering problem developed by Sayre is rederived for a thin straight
wire and applied to the case of nonlinear loading. The derivation is
made 1) conceptually simpler by use of Welch’s reciprocity theorem
and 2 ) easier to follow by use of inequalities.
M(Z2,q2) be the advanced field-due to 1 2 . Then, by the reciprocity
theorem PI, (-&,Iz) = (II,&)or (L(Z1,q1),Z2) = { Z I , M ( I ~ , ~ ~ ) )
result.ing in M = Lo.
Therefore, if the functional p = ( I , H ) is desired where an ap-
proximation to Z is determined by the method of moments, then,
H should be in the range of La [4] restricting it to an advanced field.
Note that the testing functions, which should be in the domain of
01, are not. subject to any different time domain than the basis
functions. This is then, a more concise presentat.ion t.ha.n that de-
scribed by Sayre [l], [a] although equivalent in effect.

111. SOLUTION BY THE METHOD OF MOMENTS

I. INTRODUCTION
Thispaper describes the applicat,ion of Sayre’s time-domain Pulse expansion functions and impulse testing functions can be
method of moments technique [l], [Z] to determining the scattering employed in using the method of moments t.0 solve for I and q. Let
current on a thin wire wit,h discrete, nonlinear resistive loading. A m N-I

brief derivation is presented.Although the h a 1 equations are I(Z,t) Z Z B(k,m)Pl(Z - (k - 0.5)&)Pz(t - fm - 1)At)
identical to those derived by Sayre, the derivat.ion differs in two m=l k = l

respects. First, t,he reciprocity theorem of Welch [3] is ut.ilized to

determine the adjoint of the t.ime-domain E-field operat,or once a
simpleinner product is defined. This theorem differs from that m Y

derived bySayre principally by not. resorting to separatetime q(z,t) = Z Z y ( k , m ) P l ( z - (k - l ) & ) P 1 ( t - (m - 0.5)at)

m=1 k=1
domains (positive and negative) for the operator and its adjoint.
Second, inequalit,ies are employed to help clarify the derivat.ion of (4)
the h a 1 equations.
where Az = cAt, c is the speed of light., PI(,?) = 1, for 0 5 z < Az,
P 2 ( f )= 1, for 0 5 t < At, and P I ( z )and P2(t) are zero otherwise.
11. STATEMENT OF T H E PROBLEM AND CHOICE Combining (3) and (4) with ( l ) , applying partial difference ap-
OF INNER. PRODUCT proximat.ions for aa/at and a@/az [l], [Z], and computing the inner
Application of the thin-wire approsimation to theE-field formula- product of both sides of the result, with impulse weighting functions
tion of the current. on a t.hin straight wire of length 2 results in [4] in space and time [l], [a], [5] results in
m K-1 m K 1
Z Z ,!?(k,m)- (r+-
P
r-) + Z Z r ( k , m ) -(Q+- Q-)
m = l k=I 4~At m=1 k-1 4mAz
along the wire surfacewhere I = I ( z , t ) and q = q(z,t) for time + j z (a ( h j )1
t 2 0 and axial pusition 0 5 z 5 Z are the current and linear charge j - l)At),
= Ezi(lAz,( 1 = 1 , 2 , - - - , 5- I ; j = 1,2,..- (5)
density, respectively, A , and + are t.he axial component of the free-
space vector potential and the free-space scalar potent,ial [l], [ a ] , where

P1(z‘ - (k - 0.5)Az}P2(j - nt f O.5)At - (l/c) I l k - z’ I }

= /c. [a2 + (l& - 2’)2]1‘2
dz‘

- ( k - 1 ) & } P z ( ( j - m - 0.5)At - ( l / c ) I lAz - z‘ f (&/2) I }

P,(z’ dz,
Q= =
I,. [a’ + (ZAZ - Z‘ f (k/2))’1’‘’

[5], respectively, ELiis the tangentialcomponent of t.he impressed E- and a is the wire radius.
field along t,he wire surface and j2( I ) is a known function (possibly T o determine note that its integrand is nonzero for 0 < z‘ -
I?+

nonlinear) relating Z to t.he total tangential E-field along the wire (k-00.5)Az<AzandO< ( j - m + O . 5 ) A t - I l - z ’ / A z I A t < A t
surface. Also, the continuity of the current relation becomes which leads to

k - 0.5 < Z’/AZ < k + 0.5 (6)

An approximate solut,ion to (1) and (2) for Z and p can be deter- -j +m +1 - 0.5 < z’/& < -j + m + 1 + 0.5, 1 >z’/k
mined by the method of moments [4] for which the inner product
(7)

j -m + 1 - 0.5 <z’/Az <j - DL + 1 + 0.5, 1 < z’/A2.

may be chosen where C is a pat.h on the surface of the wire parallel (8)
to its axis C’, and Fl,Fz are the components along C of respective
vectors. (If either F1 or F2 is a current which, under the thin-wire By comparing (6) with (7) and (6) wit.h (8) it can be reasoned that
approximation resides along C’, for purposes of computing the inner
product the currentis shifted t o C . ) With thisinner product., Welch’s m =j - (1 - k ) , 1 > z’/& (9)
reciprocity theorem [3] shows that the adjoint operator La of L
is the advanced potential operator. To see this, letLE1 = -&(Zl,qL) m =j + (1 - k ) , 1 <E’/&. (10)
be t,he real retarded field due to I I and E2 = -aA,/at - a@/& =
Also, in (6) z ’ / A z and k differ by less than an integer. Therefore,
1 > z’/Az implies 1 2 k and 1 < z ‘ / k implies 1 _< k which, in con-
3IanuscriyL rewired AugusL 9. 1973; revised FebruarJ 12. 1954. This
work was supported by theOffice of Naval Research under Contract junction wit,h (9) and ( l o ) , results in
KOOO14-72-C-0016.
The author is with t.he Syracuse Universitv Research Corporation,
3Ierrill Lane, UniversityHeights, Syracuse, N-. Y. 13210. 1n=j-~l-kl (11)
612 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ow AXTENNAS am PROPSGATIOW, JULT 1974

From (6) and (11) I

'+ becomes

Io, otherwise

where F (I 2 - k I) is called the point-matching geometry function 0 15-

c11, Dl.
Similar expressions for I?-, Q+, and Q- can be found in [SI. Sub-
stituting them into (5) and requiring the current and charge to be
zero at t < 0 results in

Ez'(ZA2,( j - 1) At) - f z (B ( & j ) = htB (l,j)F + X A + x*,

(0)

E 1, . . . , N - 1; j = 1,2, ... (12)

where
X-1
= P
X A Z -B(k,j-ll-kl)F(iZ-kl)
~ = I , & L . ~ - IZ-~I>O 4rAt
N-1 I-
P
- z
k=l.j-l-I~-kI>~
-
4rAt
B ( k , j - 1 - I I - k I)F(I 1 - k I)
- 0 15 T I M E . 1 . I N UNITS OF DIPOLE LENGTHlSPEED OF LIGHT
CURRENT, I , IN MILLIAMPS
(13) Fig. 1. had current of diodeloaded dipole whenimmersed in dual-
frequency impressed field at 141.25 and 159.32 MHz.
p =
N
z - 1
y(k,j - 1 - 1 1 +
1 - k I)F(I 1 1 + - k I)
k-1, j-1-1 z+l-klh 4m42
N 1 resistor at z = k&. Equation (12) becomes
- z - y ( k , j - 1 - 11 - k I)F(I 1 - k 1)
k=l,j-l-I!-kl>O 47rd2
(14)
where K1 = (p/4rAt)F(O), KS = E,' - XA - X*, and v is the voltc
and it is understood that X A = X* = 0, for j = 1. age across the loaded junction. If the i-v characteristic of the non-
Since the current andcharge for t < 0 are assumed zero, 0 (k,m) = liner resistor is expressed as
r(k,m) = 0 for m 2 0 and the terms of the first 6 summation in
(13) are zero if j - I 1 - k I 5 0 and those of the second are zero
if j - 1 - I I - k I _< 0. Similarly, in (14), the terms of the first y
- +
summation are zero if j - 1 I 1 1 - k I _< 0 and those of the
second are zero if j - 1 - I E -
k I 5 0. These are the ''caudty'! then, the point-matched load current B ( l , j ) can be found by first
constraints. They st.ate that the field from one current segment is solving
delayed in arriving at another current segment by t,he time it takes
Y
to traverse their separation. z &vn = 0
The continuity (2) adds an additional relat.ion between y and 8. "=D
Use of pulse expansion functions and impulse testing functions re-
where a. = &aa' - h2, al = Klal' +
l/&, and a, = Kla,,' for
sults in [ 5 ]
R --
= 2,3, -,M, and then det.ermining B (L,j) = i from (17). Equa-
tion (18) results from t,he combination of (16) and (17) with
i = B(b,j) and may be solved via one of many available numerical
procedures for finding the roots of a polynomial. The computation
(15a) of (17) and (IS) will occur in step 2) of t.he computational pro=
dure given in Seet,ion 111.

V. EXMiIPLE
This techniquewasapplied to a st,raight p e r f e d y conducting
thin-mire scat.terer center-loaded m-ith a nonlinear resistor having
i-v characteristic i = -0.08v +
3.92va, where i is in mA and v is
f o r j = 1,2, --
where i t is understood t,hat y (1,O) = 0,l = 1,2, -,Ar. -- in ST. The scatterer was immersed in an impressed E-field polarized
parallel t.0 its axis, arriving from the broadsidedirection, and of
Now, a marching-on-in-time procedure for the solution of B and y
can be carried out by performing the following steps.
intensity E = 0.25 (cos 2 ~ f ~ cos +
t 2 7 f ~ t )V/m where j 1 = 141.25
MHz and f z = 159.32 MHz. The scatterer length Z was 0.966 rn
1) S e t j = 1. which is approximately the resonant length at 150 MHz. Its radius
2) Use (12) to determine B(L,j), 1 = l,--.,A- - 1. a was 0.003 m. The number of length segments along the wire was
3) Use (15) to determine y ( l , j ) , 1 = l , - - - , L V . taken to be N = 20, and the time-marching procedure carried out
4) S e t j = j 1. + over 2560 segmentsin time. Equation (18) was solved computa-
tionally by a Newton-Raphson iterative t,echnique.
5 ) Ret.urn t.0 step 2).
Fig. 1 shows the load current for a small span of the total time
computed. The rapid oscillation on t.he order of 2Z/e in time is due
IV. MODELING OF NONLINEAR RESISTOR to the approximate half-wave wire length a t f 1 and f2, and thedomi-
nant amplitude variationresults from the ''beat frequency'' j 2 - f 1 .
I n (12) thetotaltangential E-field, j z ( o ( l , j ) ) ,is zero except The fast Fourier t.ransform was computed over a period of T =
across those segments which are loaded. Consider a nonlinear lumped 0.412 PS using every fifth point from the 2561 available. A plot of
SUCCINCT PAPERS
3 02
2 40
O 641
1:”
I 2 6 2 162 3 4634
6272
444 1796 1432
f (MHz1 - 2 480 6
Fig. 2. Magnitude squared of FFT output versus frequency.
the magnitude squaredof the output I F ( f ) / T Iz in Fig. 2 displays
the t.hird-order responses which include the int,ermodulation and
third-harmonic components at 2fi ffz, 2jz ff ~ 3j1,, and 3fi.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The aut.hor is indebted to Prof. R. F. Harrington and Prof. J.
Strait. of Syracuse University for having suggested this method of
solution.
REFEmNCES
[l] E. P. SaFre, “Transient response of wire antennas and scatterers.”
Elec. Eng. Dept., Syracuse Univ., Tech. Rep. TR.69-4, ?fay 1969.
[2] E. P. Sayre andR. F. Harrington, “Timedomam ra&atlon and
scat,tering by thin wires,” A p p l . Sci. Res.. vol. 26.pp. 413-444,
Sept. 1972.
[3] W . J. Welch, “Reciprocity theorems for electromagnetic fields whose
time denendence is arbitrars,” I R E Trans. Antennas PTopagut.. vol.
Measurements of Index of Refraction and Signal Loss
Due to an Ice Fog Medium at 97 GHz Using a
Fabry-PerotResonator
A. IT. STKAITOS, B. R.1. FASKIK, AND J. ‘A7. PERRY
Abstract-This paper describes the measurements of the complex
dielectric constants of icefogs using a Fabry-Perot cavity. The
measurements were made at a frequency of 97 GHz over the tem-
perature interval from -30°C to -48OC. The tests were conducted
in an environmental chamber with the fog created by the introduc-
tion of a controlled amount of!team. For comparison purposes a
helium-neon laser beam (6328 A) was transmitted through the fog
Manuscript received September 17, 1974; revised February 20, 1974.
This work was supported by the U . S. Army Cold Regions Research and
Engineering Laborator>-, Hanover, N . H . . under Grant DA-EKG-
27021-i3-G39.
A. IV. Straiton and B. M , Fannin are with the Elect,rical Engineering
Research LaboFat.ory. the University of Texas, Austin. Tex,78757.
J. R . Perry IS with t,he U . S. Army Corps of Engineers, Llttle Rock.
Ark.
613
and its extinction coefficient measured. Fog particle number density
measurements were made with a four stage cascade impactor. The
complex index of refraction of the ice fog was determined from the
change in resonant frequency and the amplitude response of the
cavity when the fog was introduced. The results were normalized
to one dB per meter attenuation of the laser beam intensity. On
this basis the fogs studied in this experiment showed refractive
index changes of 1 to 2 N units and extinction coefficients varying
with temperature between 3 X 10-6 and 5 X 10-7 cm-1.
I. IXTRODUCTIOK
The Fabry-Perot, resonat.or, %,hen applied tothe millimeter
wavespectrum,providesatool well suitedto makingsensitive
and accurat,emedium loss and frequency shift measurements
[1>[3]. This device has also been successfully used in the millimeter
domain to make complex permittivity measurements [4], [5].
The sensit,ivity of the Fabry-Perot resonant cavity is the result. of
its very high &, and Q of 50 000 or better being easily achieved
a t these wavelengths. The utility of this tool is furt,her enhanced
because of its physical simplicit,y and relative ease of construction.
This experiment describes the use of a Fabry-Perottype of
resonantcavity operat.ing in the 3-mm bandtomake measure-
ments of the index of refraction and radio wave signal loss due to
an ice fog medium. The actualmeasurements were made by locating
the Fabry-Perot cavity in an environmental chamber, n-it,hcoupling
waveguide feeds running through the chamber walk. Warm steam
was introduced int.0 the chamber at. temperat.ures below about
-3O”C, and the steamquickly froze to form the ice fog. An internal
circulat.ing fan distributed the fog ouniformly throughout. the test
€3. volume. A laser beam from a 6326 A helium-neon laser was passed
t.hrough the chamber to provide a means for standardizing t.he fog
density from measurement. t o measurement by normalizing t.o the
same amount of laser beam extinction.
11. INSTRUMENTATION $ND ELECTROMAGNETIC
MEASUREMENTS
The Fabry-Perot cavitybuilt for this experiment, was of the
semiconfocal type. The theoret.ica1 aspects of these interferometers
are treated elsewhere [6]-[16].
The spherical mirror had a i2-in radius so that the separation
between the spherical and flat. mirrors was 36 in. With this mirror-
to-mirror separation the optimum mirror diameter, as dictated by
the Fresnel condition
(mirror r a d i u ~ ) ~(semi-confocal
/2 mirror separat,ion) (wavelength)
= 1.0
is 5.92 in.
The sphericalmirror was made from 6-in diameter aluminum
rolled stock which was ground and polished to a near optical sur-
face, and the flat plate was a latheturned plane copper surface.
RG-99 waveguide feeds, which coupled energy into and out of the
cavity, were brought. through the back of the flat mirror and located
symmetrically aboutthecavity centerline with a guide-to-guide
separation of about 1.5 in.
The power loss per t.ransit t.hat. is intrinsic to the cavit.y is the
sum of t.he mirror reflection losses, the coupling losses, andthe
mirrordefraction losses. Additional loses include the medium
absorption and scattering losses.
For the Fabry-Perot cavity used t.he t,heoretical fractional energy
loss per transit due t.o the combined spherical and flat mirror re-
flect.ion losses, the waveguide coupling loss, and the diffraction loss
are ’LO(10)-3, l.i(10)-3,and 0.5(10)-3, respect.ively. This cor-
responds to atheoretical Q of 440000. Theactualvalue of &,
obtained by measuring the half-power bandrvidth of t.he response
curve, was about 140 000. This discrepancy between theoretical
and actual Q values is not unexpected since slight, alignment, errors
and surface imperfections result in loses notincluded in the theoreti-
cal calculations.
A reversible motor, suitably geared down, was attached to the
sphericalmirrormount. to provide fine adjustment, of the cavity
length from outside the environmental chamber. This was done so
that t,he cavity resonant, response curve could be kept on the oscil-