Volume 5, Issue 1 (2017) 122-126 ISSN 2347 - 3258

International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation

Porous radiant burner for domestic cooking purpose (A Review)
Vijay Kumar*, Keshwer Eqbal Khan, Harpreet Singh Bitta
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BCET Gurdaspur, Punjab-143521 India
Abstract
Article Info For cooking, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is one of the most commonly used fuels in India and
Article history: many other countries. LPG being a clean fuel burns with no soot and has high calorific value than
Received 25 January 2017 kerosene and wood. In India, as the living standard of the people is improving the number of LPG
Received in revised form consumers is also increasing. The total domestic consumption of LPG in India is almost comparable
20 February 2017 with other petroleum products used in industrial applications. The thermal efficiency of the current
Accepted 28 February 2017 LPG cooking stoves available in the Indian market are in the range of (60-65) % and at the same time
Available online 15 March 2017 the CO and NOX emissions levels are above the world health organization standards. Considering the
Keywords energy conservation, environment issues and increase in demand of LPG in the near future. The
Porous Media, Combustion, Porous present review paper summarizes the recent modification in the design of free flame conventional
Radiant Burner, Efficiency LPG burner by using porous materials and highlights its potential.

1. Introduction
Porous media combustion has some unique characteristics. It is
totally different from conventional combustion devices; it gives rise
to high radiant output, low NOX and CO emissions, high power
density and modulation. The difference between combustion in
porous medium (PM) and a conventional system arises because of
better and more efficient heat transfer from burned gases to
unburned mixture. In a conventional combustion system, convection
is the dominating mode of heat transfer (since gases have very low
thermal conductivity and are less participating in radiation) from the
burned to the unburned. On other hand, in porous media
combustion, the conduction and radiation mode of heat transfer are
also significant. In addition, the convection heat transfer is also
improved, because ofincreased surface area within the porous
matrix. There is better homogenization of temperature across the
porous matrix and a presence of a significant amount of radiation
help to preheat the incoming air-fuel mixture upstream, thereby
Fig. 1.Schematic diagram of two layer porous burner.
improving the combustion efficiency. Fig. 1 is the schematic of a
media is desirable. A brief account of some basic parameters is
two-layered porous burner. In order to have better control over
presented as follows.
flame stabilization, PM burners are constructed with two different
1.3.1. Peclet number
materials, forming two zones. The first is the preheating zone, made
The modified Peclet number Pe is the deciding factor to specify the
of low porosity and less conducting materials and the second is the
combustion region. If the Peclet number less than 65, the flame is
combustion zone, made of highly radiating and conducting
unable to propagate and quenching occurs. Alternatively, for Peclet
materials. The pore size is also large in combustion zone. The
number greater than or equal to 65 flame propagates. The modified
reason for choosing a material of low thermal conductivity and
Peclet number is defined as,
small porosity in preheating zone is to avoid combustion and the 𝑆𝑙 𝑑 𝜌 𝐶𝑝
resultingflashback. Proper selection of porous material (both for Pe = (1)
𝑘
preheat and combustion zone) allows thecombustion start at the Where Sl is the laminar flame speed, d is the equivalent diameter of
interface of two zoneand spread over the entire volume of the the average hollow space of the porous material, Cp is the specific
combustion zone. heat of the gas mixture, k is the thermal conductivity coefficient of
1.2. Combustion in porous media the gas mixture.
When compared to conventional free flame burners, the novel 1.3.2. Equivalence ratio
porous burners present several advantage. There principle of The equivalence ratio is defined as the ratio of the actual fuel/air
operation is based on the fact that combustion takes place inside a ratio to the stoichiometric fuel/air ratio. Stoichiometric combustion
solid matrix of open cavities big enough to sustain combustion, the occurs when all the oxygen is consumed in the reaction, and there is
porous medium. It is the presence of the porous medium that offers no molecular oxygen (O2) in the products. If the equivalence ratio is
the advantage to PMC. The most common porous burner work with equal to one, the combustion is stoichiometric. If it is <1, the
a steady, premixed flames. In this case, a mixture of fuel and combustion is lean with excess air, and if it is >1, the combustion is
oxidant enters the solid porous matrix where they burn, forming the rich with incomplete combustion.
combustion products that leave the porous matrix on the other side. 1.3.3. Turn-down ratio (TDR)
The thermal energy released during the combustion process heat by It is the measure of the capability of a burner to modulate through
convection the solid matrix that subsequently radiates and conducts a firing range or it is the measure of flame stability of a burner and
heat up stream. As a consequence, the incoming fuel and oxidant are is defined as the ratio of maximum firing rate to minimum firing
preheated. rate of a burner. Typical values of TDR for industrial heating
1.3. Governing parameters operations are in the range of 3:1 to 6:1.
When dealing with this topic, knowledge of some parameters that 1.3.4. Optical thickness (OT)
influence the performance of liquid fuel combustion in porous Defined as the product of refractive index (n) and thickness (t), i.e.
*Corresponding Author, OT = nt
E-mail address:viju180193@gmail.com; Refractive index (n) of a medium is the ratio of the velocity of
Phone No--+91-9056310975 propagation of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum to its velocity in
All rights reserved: http://www.ijari.org the medium.
2. Literature review
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Jugjai and Sanitjai (1996). By utilization of porous medium
technology, new design for conventional open flame gas burner is
made to increase the thermal efficiency of standard burner up to
10%. The modified design called Porous radiant recirculated burner
which uses porous media to transfer some of the hot gas enthalpy to
premixed mixture. Unlike the porous burners described in the
previous section, the PRRB does not operate by stabilizing the
flame inside the porous medium. Instead, its flame is a free-flame
and the porous medium only promotes the heat recirculation from
the exhaust gas to the mixture of fuel and air. Fig. 2 shows the
proposed heat recirculating burner.
Fig. 2.PRRB Burner proposed by Jugjai and Sanitjai (1996).
Part of thermal radiation is redirected towards the absorbing porous
medium through emitting porous medium, which then preheats the
primary air that flows inside the air jacket. The porous media that
are used in this study are made of several layers of stainless steel
wires with 40 meshes per inch.
In a later study, Jugjai et al. (2001) proposed a swirling central
flame technique figure 3 to improve the thermal efficiency of the
conventional LPG open flame gas burner.
Fig. 3.Swirling flame burner proposed by S. Jugjai et al. (2001).
With the use of swirling central flame burner the heat transfer
coefficient between hot flue gas and vessel increases thus thermal
efficiency increases up to 15% compared to conventional radial
flow burner.
Jugjai and Rungsimuntuchart (2002). A novel semi-confined porous
radiant recirculated burner (PRRB) concept based on heat-
recirculating combustion using the porous medium technology was
developed for energy saving in domestic use and in a small-scale
food processing industry. The proposed PRRB (SB) provide the
maximum thermal efficiency of 60% with improvement in energy
saving as well as environmentally compatible emissions. It can be
applied in the small-scale food processing industry. The design
concept is similar in the two papers and a picture of the developed
burner .The use of porous media to promote the recirculation of heat
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from the hot combustion products to the combustion air resulted an
efficiency increase of 12% further efficiency improvements are
obtained when the burner presented in Fig. 3 is combined with a
swirling central flame technique. In this case slightly higher CO and
NOX emission are observed.
Fig. 4.PRRB developed by Jugjai and Rungsimuntuchart (2002).
T Fend et al. (2003) paper will report on methodology and results of
thermal conductivity, convective heat transfer coefficient and
efficiency measurement of these monolithic materials. It will also
present an experimental setup design to investigate how the
properties of porous materials effects flow stability.
Khan (2010) showed the effect of different porous medium on
thermal efficiency of LPG cooking stove. The design thermal
efficiency of conventional LPG burner is 68% but its practical value
war found to be 51.15%. With the use of different porous medium
such as brass chip, mild steel chips and ball bearing it was observed
that the thermal efficiency was different from each other and in all
cases efficiency was found to be more than conventional burner.
All of the above papers explore the heat-recirculating capacity of
porous media but do not consider combustion inside porous media.
Later, Yoksenakul and Jugjai (2011) developed a self-aspirating
porous medium burner (SPMB), where combustion take place inside
the porous matrix, which formed by a packed bed of 15mm alumina
sphere (Fig. 5). The burner instead to be applied in the small and
medium scale enterprises (SMES) and firing rate from 26 to 61 KW
were tested.
Fig. 5.SPMB developed by Yoksenakul and Jugjai (2011).
Patangi et al. (2011) deals with the performance test of PRB (porous
radiant burner) used for LPG domestic cooking stove unlike the
conventional LPG stoves for which the CO and NOX emissions
were found in the range 400-1050 mg/m3 and 162-116 mg/m3
respectively for the burn with PRB, the same burn in the range of
25-350 mg/m3 and 12-25 mg/m3. The axial temperature distribution
inthe burnershow that the reaction zone was close to the interface of
thetwo zone and at a higher thermal load, it shifted towards the
downstream. The surface temperature of the PRB was found to be
uniform.
Makmool et al. (2007) cooker-top burner performance survey and
an implementation of a PIV technique to analyze the burner
performance as well as advising local manufacturers were carried
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out. The thermal performance parameters and dynamic properties of
the flow field at a flame impingement area, i.e. velocity magnitude,
turbulent intensity, vorticity and strain rate were also reported as a
function of burner type which are radial flow burner, swirling flow
burners, vertical flow burners and porous radiant burners.
Kakati et al. (2007) incorporated porous medium inserts in a
conventional high pressure kerosene stove. The burners with or
without porous materials were used for the study in terms of thermal
efficiency, kerosene consumption rate and emissions. The overall
decrease in fuel consumption was found to be 34% with 10-11%
increase in thermal efficiency.
Pantangi et al. (2007) the performance of a LPG cooking stove by
removing the head of the conventional burner and filled it with
different porous media thus forming the two-layer porous burner.
The preheating zone consists of small pores porous burner while
combustion zone consists of large pores porous medium.In some of
the experiments, Pantangi et al. (2007). Insulated the bottom base
and side of the mixing chamber using ceramic whool in order to
minimize the heat losses and reduce the distance between the top
surface of the mixing surface and the bottom surface of the pan. As
an example, Fig. 6 shows one of converted LPG cooking stoves,
where 3 to 4mm diameter pebbles were used in the preheating layer
and mild steel chips in the combustion zone.
Fig.6.Porous burner studied by Pantangi et al. (2007).
Patanji et al. (2007) concluded that, in general, when porous media
combustion was used, the performances of the burner were better
than the ones of the conventional burner analyzed. The best results
were obtained when metal chips were used in the combustion
chamber and the mixing chamber was insulated. In this case and
when compared to the best conventional burner, the thermal
efficiency of the porous media burner was improved by 4%, the CO
emissions were reduced by 52% and the fuel consumption was
reduced by 10%.
Keramiotis et al. (2011). An experimental investigation on two-layer
porous burner with an AL2O3 flame trap and a 10ppi (pores per
inch) SiSiC foam. The burner was operated with methane and LPG.
The results revealed a homogeneous temperature distribution, low
NOX and CO emissions and wide flexibility with respect to fuels
and thermal loads. The effects of fuel interchange on efficiency and
emissions were also analyzed.
Patangi et al. (2011) study conventional kerosene pressure stove
modified to incorporate an alumina heat shield and a porous radiant
insert made of zirconia in the combustion zone. They concluded that
this modification resulted in a 15% efficiency increase.
In a subsequent study, Pantanji et al. (2011) developed and proposed
a porous radiant burner they built a two layer where the preheating
zone is form by 5mm diameter alumina balls and the combustion
zone by SiC form having 90% porosity. They analyzed the influence
of the burner diameter, burner casing wall thickness and length of
the porous matrices. For the best burner configuration and operating
condition analyzed a 68% thermal efficiency was obtained. This
value was 5% lower than the one obtained for the burner depicted in
figure 4 and previously studied (although a direct comparison is not
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possible since all testing conditions details in the papers). The CO
and NOX obtained with the newly developed porous burner were
lower than that reported for conventional burner.
In a different study Muthukumar et al. (2011) tested a similar LPG
porous radiant burner. The diameter of the burner was equal to the
one that presented better efficiency in pantangi et al studies (2011).
The combustion zone as the same characteristics; however, the
preheating zone is now composed of a ceramic block of 10 mm
thickness and 40% porosity. Also the operating condition tested
were different, since the equivalent ratio tested were significantly
higher and the ambient temperature different. A maximumthermal
efficiency of 71% was obtained which is above the efficiency of
conventional LPG burners. Efficiency was obtained for an
equivalence ratio of 0.68, 1.24 KW power intensity at 31 0C ambient
temperature. From a comparison of pantangi et al. (2011) result
with those of Muthukumar et al. (2011), one can conclude that it is
better to use a ceramic block if 10 mm thickness and 40% porosity
as preheating layer than 5 mm diameter alumina balls forming a
porous media with 12- 15 mm thickness.
In their work, Muthukumar et al. (2011) investigated the influence
of the ambient temperature on the thermal efficiency of the porous
burner and concluded that for the same operating conditions, and
efficiency improvement of 10% was achieved for varying the
ambient temperature from 18.5 to 350C therefore when comparing
the thermal efficiency of the burners the ambient temperature is the
parameter that has to be taken into account.
In a recent study, Muthukumar and sham kumar (2013) extended
pantangi et al.’s (2011) and Muthukumar et al.’s (2011) works.
They tested the performance of a two layer porous burner see Fig 7.
In this case, the diameter of the porous matrices was chosen to be
120 mm. like in Muthukumar et al. (2011) the preheating zone
consists of ceramic matrix with 40% porosity and a thickness of
10mm and a combustion zone a Sic zone with a thickness of 20mm.
however, in this steady the porosity of the SiC was vary from 80 to
90 %. The thermal efficiency and CO and NOX emissions were
experimentally obtained for equivalent ratios and power ranging
from 0.542 to 0.7 and 1.3 to 1.7 KW, respectively.
Fig. 7.The two-layer porous burner developed by Muthukumar and
Shyamkumar (2013).
The highest thermal efficiency obtained were around 75% with the
SiC for that has the highest porosity. This efficiency higher than the
once of the LPG conventional burners available in the Indian
market. The porous burner also perform better than conventional
burners as far as emissions are concerned. For the 90% porosity SiC
foam, NOX emissions ranged from 0 to 0.75 mg/m3 and CO
emissions from 12 to 124 mg/m3. Conventional LPG cooking stove
emit 4 to 7 mg/m3 of NOX and 250 to 650 mg/m3 of CO.
Mishra et al. (2013) a two layer porous burners developed by
Muthukumar and Sham Kumar (2013) to a power range of 5 to 10
KW for medium scale LPG cooking applications. For this new
burner the diameter of porous media are 120mm. once again, the
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experimental test prove that the porous burner is more efficient and
less pollutant than the correspondent commercial LPG cooking
stoves. The author demonstrated that thermal efficiencies decreased
with an increase in thermal load.
Fig. 8.The surface stabilized burner by Mujeebu et al. (2011).
In one of the burners (abbreviated as MSB) the flame was stabilized
with in the porous matrix, i.e., the burner was operated in the
submerged combustion mode while in the other (abbreviated as
SSB) the flame was stabilized near the downstream interface of the
porous medium just above the solid matrix i.e., the burner was
operated in the surface combustion mode for the SSB (Fig. 8) the
preheating and reaction zone were made from alumina foams.
The authors prove experimentally that the SSB is suitable for
cooking applications where it is desirable that flame is extendible
extended sufficiently above the surface of the porous medium,
whereas the MSB work suitably as radiant heating burners(e.g., for
household heating). Note that all of the porous media burners
mentioned before worked in the submerged combustion mode. By
comparing the performance of the burners working with premixed
and no premixed flames, the authors conclude that the two layer
porousburner work in a more appropriate way when the reactants
enters the burner as a mixture. When compared to a conventional
burner. Higher thermal efficiencies and a significant reduction in
NOx and CO emissions were reported. However, the authors
referred that further improvements of the burners are possible and
recommended.
Mujeebu et al. (2011) also discussed the influence of the reaction
layer geometry on the performance of the porous burner. Six
different configurations for this region composed of alumina spheres
were experimentally tested: 10, 20 and 30mm spheres combined
with one or two reaction layers. Mujeebu et al. (2011) concluded
that the best performance was obtained for only one reaction layer
made of alumina sphere with diameter of 30mm.
Ismail et al. (2013) develop a two layer porous burner with co-
generation, which, while functioning a domestic cooking stove, can
generate a voltage of 9.3 V through thermoelectric cell. As seen in
Fig. 9 the body of the burner was made hexagonal in order to
provide six vertical faces to which the thermoelectric cells are
attached. The porous media that composed the preheating and
reaction layers of the burner are made of alumina porous material.
The size of the burner developed by Ismail et al. (2013) was suitable
to be used as an efficient outdoor cooking stove and butane was
used as fuel the authors prove that it could charge smallelectrical
devices such as mobile phone chargers.
Wu et al. (2014) developed a LPG flat flame burner for household
cooking and water heating based on porous media combustion. Like
in the SSB developed by Mujeebu et al. (2011) for cooking
applications, the flame is stabilized on top of the porous matrix.
Choosing this stabilization mode allows for higher flame
temperatures, which results in a higher heat transfer. Fig. 10 shows a
schematic diagram of the burner studied by Wu et al. (2014). The
porous matrix above which the flame stabilized, is made of bronze
pellets with an average diameter of 0.5mm, has a low porosity of
0.237 and is 3mm thick.
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Fig.9.The micro cogeneration system developed by Ismail et al.
(2013).
Fig. 10.The flat flame burner developed by Wu et al. (2014).
Wu et al. (2014) proved experimentally that the porous burner has a
higher turn down ratio than a free flame burner and that increasing
the excess air causes the operating range to become smaller.
Additionally the NOX and CO emissions were generally lower in
the surface stabilized porous burner developed than in a Bunsen
flame burner. The author show that for the flat flame burner the
efficiency and the emissions were not so effected by the distance
between the burner exit and the pot/pan surface as in the case of
Bunsen flame burner. This is favorable characteristic for domestic
cooking applications.
All of the above papers explore the heat-recirculating capacity of
porous media but do not consider combustion inside porous media.
Later, Yoksenakul and Jugjai (2011) developed a self-aspirating
porous medium burner (SPMB), where combustion take place inside
the porous matrix, which formed by a packed bed of 15mm alumina
sphere. The burner instead to be applied in the small and medium
scale enterprises (SMES) and firing rate from 26 to 61 KW were
tested.
Snehasish et al. (2015) study on numerical and experimental
analysis of combustion of LPG (48% n-butane, 25% isobutene 23%
propane, 4% ethane by mole fraction) in a domestic stove with a
two layer porous radiant burner. The combustion consists of silicon
matrix with 90% porosity and the preheating zone is made of 3mm
diameter alumina balls. Towards improving the thermal
performance of the cooking stove effects SiC matrix thickness
preheater thickness, solid phase conductivity, and scattering albedo
on CO emissions and radiative flux are studied. In addition,
following guidelines of the WHO, the most effective burner on the
basis of minimum CO emission and maximum thermal efficiency is
proposed.
L Eral et al. (2015). Performance study of an induced layer porous
radiant burner with submerged combustion using natural gas was
performed at high altitude to assess the feasibility of employing a
porous burner operated in induced air for household applications.
B Herrera, K Cacua, L.Olmos-Villalba. (2015). A porous burner
made of a bed of Al2O3 particles coming from grinding residues and
combined with ceramic foam of SiSiC has been evaluated respect to
Liquefied Petroleum Gas combustion stability and thermal
efficiency for cooking in food industry. The results showed that for
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International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation
specific heat input rate lower than 154kW/m2, the upper and lower
equivalence ratio on the stability limit follow approximately a linear
trend, as well as the wide of the range of stability remains constant.
M. Sharma et al. (2016). The concept of PMC has been employed
in kerosene pressure stove to investigate the efficiency and
emissions. Further the condition of optimum efficiency and
emissions are find out with different burner geometry. It is found
that the highest efficiency of the stove with porous media is found to
be 10% higher than stove available in Indian market.
1. By use of different porous material to find out the thermal
efficiency.
2. Varying the size and shape of porous material.
3. Use different fuel to compare the thermal efficiency.
4. New design of burner.
3. Conclusions
Porous burners are one of the possible available technologies for the
development of energy efficient and eco-friendly household
appliances. The low emissions and high efficiency that characterize
porous media combustion are by now well established; however,
practical studies that focus on household applications of this
technology are not so common, even though large possibilities of
improvement of such systems exist. This paper reviews the studies
dedicated to the development of porous burners for cooking.
The literature review presented in this paper shows that there is
considerable scope for the development of enhanced porous burners
for household applications. The effects of fuel type, burner
geometry and size, porous media materials and structures and
catalytic combustion are yet to be thoroughly explored as far as
porous burners for household applications are concerned.
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