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Chapter 28 - Protists
Unicellular eukaryotes - protists

Paraphyletic, results in lots of diversity in genetic, metabolic

Mixotrophs - use photosynthesis and heterotrophic ways of nutrition
Most are aquatic, different sexual life cycles
A lot of this comes from their origins in endosymbiosis (eating another cell which
incorporates its organelles into the host cell)
Heterotrophic eukaryotes engulfed a cyanobacterium which evolved into
plastids and then algae
Then there was secondary endosymbiosis - algae eaten by another
heterotrophic eukaryotes
Diplomonads - one of the main clades of protists
No plastids and mitochondria don't have DNA, ETC or enzymes that are part of
the citric acid cycle
Small mitochondria and produce cofactors for enzymes in the ATP process
Found in anaerobic

Two = nuclei and multiple flagella

Parabasalids - another main clade
Includes trichomonads
Euglenozoans - diverse clade with predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic
autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites,
presnce of spiral/crystalline rod of unknow function in the glagells
Disk shaped mitochondrial cristae
Best studies groups

Chapter 28 - Protists 1
 Kinetoplastids - single large mitochondrion w/organized mass of DNA
called kinetoplast
Free living and parasitic
Euglenids - pocket at one end of cell where one or two flagella emerge
paramylon (glucose polymer that acts as a storage molecule)
Autotrophic but can become heterotrophic should there be no light (or
become phagocytes)
Alveolata - another clade w/membrane bound sacs under plasma membrane
(function unknown)
Three groups, flagellates, parasite and portists that move with cilia
Dinoflagellates - abundant in phytoplankton
Shape reinforced by internal plates of cellulose
Two flagella located at perpendicular grooves make them spin
Blooms can become toxic
Bioluminescent - ATP driven chemical reaction
Apicomplexans - parasites that spread through host with tiny infectious
cells called sporozoites
One end of the sporozoites has a complex of organelles that penetrates
host cells/tissues

Non photosynthetic plastd - apicoplast (makes fatty acids)

Asexual and sexual life stages - usually reqs. two+ hosts to complete

Ciliates - move using cilia

Placement varies

Move either in locomotion or scurry about on leg-like structures

Presence of two types of nuclei - large macronuclei (dzen copies of
genome, packed into small units, ctrl everyday functions) and tiny
micronuclei
Reproduce asexually w/binary fission (macronucleus elongates and
splits)

Chapter 28 - Protists 2
 Stramenopila - several groups of heterotrophs and some algae
Flagellum with numerous small hairlike projections

There's a hairy and a smooth one

Oomycetes - water molds, white rusts, downy mildews

Nultinucleate filaments that look like fungal filaments

Cell walls from cellulose

Diploid condition
No plastids or photosynthesis, nutrients through decomposers or parasites

Pretty bad for crops (ie potatos)

Diatoms - unicellular algae that has a glass-like wall made of hydrated silica
embeded in organic matrix

Two parts that overlap like a shoebox and lid

Withstand lots of pressure - strength from lacework of holes and grooves

Reproduce asexually(daughter cell gets 1/2 parent wall and creates a new
half to fit it)

Golden algae - color from yellow and brown carotenoids

Biflagellated with both on one end

Some are mixotrophes

Density too much, forms cysts

Brown algae - multicellular and marine, brown due to caretonoids

Creates seaweed which have similar structures to plants but are algae

Thallus - seaweed bodythat is plant like

Holdfast - rootlike

Stipe - stemlike
Blades - leaflike

Alternation of generations - alternating between multicellular haploid and

diploid forms (both stages are multicellular as compared to human gametes
where its only one cell)

Chapter 28 - Protists 3
 Diploid - sporophyte bc it creates zoospores which develop into haploid
male and female gametophytes → gametes
Two gametes →new sporophyte

Heteromorphic - two types structurally different

Isomorphic - two types look similar
New clade, Cercozoa - amoebas

Move using pseudopodia - extensions that bulge from anywhere

Extends one of these, anchors the tip and cytoplasm streams there

Not monophyletic
Foraminiferans - porous shells called tests

Multichambered and organic material hardened with calcium carbonate

Radiolarians - protists where the tests are fused into a delicate piece made of
silica
Pseudopodia - axopodia radiates from central body and reinfored with
microtubule bundles covered by cytoplasm which surrounds smaller
microorganisms attached to the axopodia

Amoebozoa - amoebas that have lobe-shaped pseudopodia

Gymnamoebas - large, diverse group

Unicellular in soil as well as water

Heterotrophs that eat other things

Entamoebas - parasites that infect vertebrates and invertebrates

Slime Molds - produce fruiting bodies that aid id spore dispersal

Plasmodial- brightly pigmented, form a mass called a plasmodium, single

mass of cytoplasm with a lot of diploid nuclei

Product of mitotic nuclear divisions that don't split

Cytoplasm ebbs and flows

If its too dry/no food, plasmodium stops growing and become spores
Mostly diploids

Chapter 28 - Protists 4
 Cellular - When food is depleted, cells form a big thing (haploid organisms),
no flagellated, fruiting bodies that are made asexually

Red algae - reddish bc phycoerythrin (masks chlorophyll green)

Abundant in warm waters

Pigments absorb blue and green light which goes further into the water

No flagellated stages and relies on water currents fo fertilization

Green algae - divided into two groups, chlorophytes and charophyceans

The first ones live in fresh water, biflagellated unicellular organisms

Larger size and greater complexity evolved though formation of colonies,

repeated division of nuclei with no cytoplasmic division, formation of
multicellular forms through cell division and differentiation

Complex life cycles with sexual and asexual reproductive stages

Other group is similar to plants

Chapter 28 - Protists 5