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Communications Systems, 5 Edition: Solutions Manual For
Communications Systems, 5 Edition: Solutions Manual For
Communications Systems,
5th edition
by
and
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2
2.1 (a)
⎡ −T T ⎤
g (t ) = A cos(2π f c t ) t∈⎢ , ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦
1
fc =
T
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
(c)The half-sine pulse is identical to the half-cosine pulse except for the centre frequency
and time-shift.
1
fc =
2Ta
(d) The spectrum is the same as for (b) except shifted backwards in time and multiplied
by -1.
⎛ ⎞
A ⎜ cos(π fT ) cos(π fT ) ⎟
G( f ) = ⎜ − ⋅ exp( jπ fT )
2π ⎜ f − 1 1 ⎟
f+ ⎟
⎝ 2T 2T ⎠
⎡ ⎤
A ⎢ exp( j 2π fT ) exp( j 2π fT ) ⎥
= ⎢ − ⎥
4π ⎢ f − 1 f+
1
⎥
⎣ 2T 2T ⎦
(e) Because the Fourier transform is a linear operation, this is simply the summation of
the results from (b) and (d)
⎡ ⎤
A ⎢ exp( j 2π fT ) + exp(− j 2π fT ) exp( j 2π fT ) + (− j 2π fT ) ⎥
G( f ) = ⎢ − ⎥
4π ⎢ f−
1
f+
1
⎥
⎣ 2T 2T ⎦
⎡ ⎤
A ⎢ cos(2π fT ) cos(2π fT ) ⎥
= ⎢ −
2π ⎢ f − 1 1 ⎥
f+ ⎥
⎣ 2T 2T ⎦
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.2
2.3 (a)
g (t ) = g e (t ) + g o (t )
1
g e (t ) = [ g (t ) + g (−t )]
2
⎛ t ⎞
g e (t ) = Arect ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2T ⎠
1
g o (t ) = [ g (t ) − g (−t )]
2
⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
⎜ ⎜ t − 2T ⎟ ⎜ t + 2T ⎟⎟
g o (t ) = A ⎜ rect ⎜ ⎟ − rect ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ ⎜ T ⎟ ⎜ T ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎠
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
(b)
By the time-scaling property g(-t) R G(-f)
1
Ge ( f ) = [G ( f ) + G (− f ) ]
2
1
= [sinc( fT ) exp(− j 2π fT ) + sinc( fT ) exp( j 2π fT ) ]
2
= sinc( fT ) cos(π fT )
1
Go ( f ) = [G ( f ) − G (− f )]
2
1
= [sinc( fT ) exp(− j 2π fT ) − sinc( fT ) exp( j 2π fT ) ]
2
= − jsinc( fT ) sin(π fT )
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.4. We need to find a function with the stated properties.
1 ⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞
g (t ) = j ⎜ δ (t ) −
+ ⎟ exp(− j 2π Wt ) − j ⎜ δ (t ) − ⎟ exp( j 2π Wt )
πt⎝2 j 2π t ⎠ ⎝2 j 2π t ⎠
1 sin(2π Wt )
= +j
πt 2π t
t +T
2.5 1 ⎛ π u2 ⎞
τ t −∫T
g (t ) = exp ⎜ − 2 ⎟ du
⎝ τ ⎠
0 t +T
1 1
=
τ ∫
t −T
h(τ )dτ +
τ ∫ h(τ )dτ
0
dg (t ) 1 1
= − h(t − T ) + h(t + T )
dt τ τ
By the differentiation property:
⎛ dg (t ) ⎞
F⎜ ⎟ = j 2π fG ( f )
⎝ dt ⎠
1
= [ H ( f ) exp( j 2π f τ ) − H ( f ) exp(− j 2π f τ )]
τ
2j
= H ( f ) sin(2π f τ )
τ
But H ( f ) = τ exp(−π f 2τ 2 )
1
∴ G( f ) = exp(−π f 2τ 2 ) sin(2π fT )
πf
sin(2π fT )
= exp(−π f 2τ 2 )
πf
= 2T exp(−π f 2τ 2 )sinc(2π fT )
lim G ( f ) = 2Tsinc(2π fT )
τ →0
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.6 (a)
1
If g(t) is even and real then g (t ) = [ g (t ) + g (−t )]
2
and g (t ) = g * (t ) ⇒ G ( f ) = G* (− f )
1
G* ( f ) = [G* ( f ) + G * (− f )]
2
1 * 1
G ( f ) = G* (− f )
2 2
G ( f ) = G( f )
*
∴ G ( f ) is all real
1
If g(t) is odd and real then g (t ) = [ g (t ) − g (−t )]
2
and g (t ) = g * (t ) ⇒ G ( f ) = G* (− f )
1
G ( f ) = [G ( f ) − G (− f )]
2
1 1
G* ( f ) = G* ( f ) − G* (− f )
2 2
G ( f ) = −G (− f )
* *
G* ( f ) = −G ( f )
∴ G ( f ) must be all imaginary
(b)
d
(− j 2π t )G (t ) R g (− f ) by duality
df
j d
t ⋅ G (t ) R g (− f )
2π df
The previous step can be repeated n times so:
dn
(− j 2π ft ) n G (t ) R n g (− f )
df
But each factor (− j 2π ft ) represents another differentiation.
n
⎛ j ⎞ (n)
t n ⋅ G (t ) R ⎜ ⎟ g (− f )
⎝ 2π ⎠
Replacing g with h
n
⎛ j ⎞ (n)
t n h(t ) R ⎜ ⎟ H (f)
⎝ 2π ⎠
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
(c)
n
⎛ j ⎞ (n)
Let h(t ) = t g (t ) and H ( f ) = ⎜
n
⎟ G (f)
⎝ 2π ⎠
∞ n
⎛ j ⎞ (n)
∫−∞ h(t )dt = H (0) = ⎜⎝ 2π ⎟⎠ G (0)
(d)
g1 (t ) R G1 ( f )
g 2* (t ) R G2 (− f )
∞
g1 (t ) g 2 (t ) R ∫ G (λ )G ( f − λ )d λ
−∞
1 2
∞
g1 (t ) g 2* (t ) R ∫ G (λ )G (−( f − λ ))d λ
−∞
1 2
∞
= ∫ G (λ )G (λ − f )d λ
−∞
1 2
(e)
∞
g1 (t ) g 2* (t ) R ∫ G (λ )G (λ − f )d λ
−∞
1 2
∫ g (t ) g (t )dt R G(0)
*
1 2
−∞
∞ ∞
∫
−∞
g1 (t ) g 2* (t )dt R ∫ G1 (λ )G2 (λ − 0)d λ
−∞
∞ ∞
∫ g (t ) g (t )dt R ∫ G (λ )G (λ )d λ
*
1 2 1 2
−∞ −∞
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.7 (a)
g (t ) R ATsinc 2 ( fT )
∞
∫
−∞
g (t ) dt = AT
max G ( f ) = G (0)
= ATsinc 2 (0)
= AT
∴ The first bound holds true.
(b)
∞
dg (t )
∫
−∞
dt
dt = 2 A
j 2π fG ( f ) = 2π fATsinc 2 ( fT )
sin(π fT ) sin(π fT )
= 2π fAT ⋅
π fT π fT
sin(π fT )
= 2A ⋅ sin(π fT )
π fT
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.7 c)
( j 2π f ) 2 G ( f ) = 4π 2 f 2G ( f )
sin 2 (π fT )
= 4π f AT 2 2
(π fT ) 2
4A 2
= sin (π fT )
T
4A
≤
T
∞
d 2 g (t ) 4A
∫
−∞
dt 2
dt =
T
∞
d 2 g (t )
∴ ( j 2π f ) 2 G ( f ) ≤ ∫
−∞
dt 2
dt
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.8. (a)
g1 (t ) ∗ g 2 (t ) R G1 ( f )G2 ( f )
= G2 ( f )G1 ( f ) by the commutative property of multiplication
b)
g1 ( f ) ∗ [ g 2 ( f ) ∗ g 3 ( f ) ] R G1 ( f ) [G2 ( f )G3 ( f ) ]
Because multiplication is commutative, the order of the multiplication
doesn't matter.
∴ G1 ( f ) [G2 ( f )G3 ( f ) ] = [G1 ( f )G2 ( f ) ] G3 ( f )
∴ G1 ( f ) [G2 ( f )G3 ( f ) ] R [ g1 ( f ) ∗ g 2 ( f ) ] ∗ g3 ( f )
c)
Taking the Fourier transform gives:
G1 ( f ) [G2 ( f ) + G3 ( f )]
Multiplication is distributive so:
G1 ( f )G2 ( f ) + G2 ( f )G 3 ( f ) R g1 (t ) g 2 (t ) + g1 (t ) g 2 (t )
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.9 a)
Let h(t ) = g1 (t ) ∗ g 2 (t )
dh(t )
R j 2π fH ( f )
dt
= j 2π fG1 ( f )G2 ( f )
= ( j 2π fG1 ( f ) ) G2 ( f )
( j 2π fG1 ( f ) ) G2 ( f ) R ⎡⎢
dg1 (t ) ⎤
∗ g 2 (t )
⎣ dt ⎥⎦
[ g1 (t ) ∗ g 2 (t )] = ⎡⎢ 1 ⎤⎥ ∗ g 2 (t )
d dg (t )
∴
dt ⎣ dt ⎦
t
b) 1 G (0)G2 (0)
∫ g (t ) ∗ g (t )dt R
−∞
1 2
j 2π f
G1 ( f )G2 ( f ) + 1
2
δ( f )
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ G (0) ⎤
=⎢ G1 ( f ) ⎥ G2 ( f ) + ⎢ 1 δ ( f ) ⎥ G2 ( f )
⎣ j 2π f ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦
⎡ 1 G (0) ⎤
=⎢ G1 ( f ) + 1 δ ( f ) ⎥ G2 ( f )
⎣ j 2π f 2 ⎦
t
⎡t ⎤
∴ ∫ g1 (t ) ∗ g 2 (t )dt = ⎢ ∫ g1 (t ) ⎥ ∗ g 2 (t )
−∞ ⎣ −∞ ⎦
t
2.10. Y( f ) = ∫ X (ν ) X ( f −ν )dν
−∞
X (ν ) ≠ 0 if ν ≤ W
X ( f −ν ) ≠ 0 if f −ν ≤ W
( f −ν ) ≤ W for f ≤ W +ν when ν ≥ 0 and ν ≤ W
( f −ν ) ≥ −W for f ≤ −W +ν when ν ≤ 0 and ν ≥ −W
∴ ( f −ν ) ≤ W for 0 ≤ ν ≤ W when f ≤ 2W
( f −ν ) ≥ −W for -W ≤ ν ≤ 0 when f ≥ −2W
∴ Over the range of integration [ −W ,W ] , the integral is non-zero if f ≤ 2W
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
1 ⎛t ⎞
2.11 a) Given a rectangular function: g (t ) = rect ⎜ ⎟ , for which the area under g(t) is
T ⎝T ⎠
always equal to 1, and the height is 1/T.
1 ⎛t ⎞
rect ⎜ ⎟ R sinc( fT )
T ⎝T ⎠
b) g (t ) = 2Wsinc(2Wt )
⎛ f ⎞
2Wsinc(2Wt ) R rect ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2W ⎠
lim 2Wsinc(2Wt ) = δ (t )
W →∞
⎛ 2 ⎞
lim rect ⎜ ⎟ =1
W →∞
⎝ 2W ⎠
2.12.
1 1
G( f ) = + sgn( f )
2 2
By duality:
1 1
G ( f ) R δ ( −t ) −
2 j 2π t
1 j
∴ g (t ) = δ (t ) +
2 2π t
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.13. a) By the differentiation property:
( j 2π f ) G ( f ) = ∑ ki exp(− j 2π fti )
2
1
∴G( f ) = −
4π 2 f 2
∑ k exp(− j 2π ft )
i
i i
A
b)the slope of each non-flat segment is: ±
tb − t a
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ A ⎞
G( f ) = − ⎜ 2 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ [ exp( j 2π ftb ) − exp( j 2π fta ) − exp( j 2π fta ) + exp( j 2π ftb ) ]
⎝ 4π f ⎠ ⎝ tb − ta ⎠
A
=− 2 2 [cos(2π ftb ) − cos(2π fta )]
2π f ( tb − ta )
1
But: sin(π f (tb − ta )) sin(π f (tb + ta )) = [ cos(2π fta ) − cos(2π ftb ) ] by a trig identity.
2
A
∴ G( f ) = 2 2 [sin(π f (tb − ta )) sin(π f (tb + ta ))]
π f (tb − ta )
2.14 a) let g(t) be the half cosine pulse of Fig. P2.1a, and let g(t-t0) be its time-shifted
counterpart in Fig.2.1b
ε = G ( f )G* ( f )
= G( f )
2
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.14 b)Given that the two energy densities are equal, we only need to prove the result for
one. From before, it was shown that the Fourier transform of the half-cosine pulse was:
AT 1
[sinc(( f + fc )T ) + sinc(( f − f c )T )] for fc =
2 2T
⎛ π⎞
sin 2 ⎜ π fT − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ cos 2 (π fT )
= 2 2
π⎞ π T ( f − fc )
2 2
⎛
⎜ π fT − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.14 b)Cont’d
4π 2T 2 ⎢ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎥
2
⎢⎜ f − 2 ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎝ 4T ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎤
A2T 2 ⎢ cos 2 (π fT ) ⎥
= 2 4⎢ ⎥
4π T ⎢ 1 1 4T 2 f 2 − 1 2 ⎥
⎣ 16 T 4
( ) ⎦
⎡ ⎤
A2T 2 cos 2 (π fT ) ⎥
= 2 ⎢
π ⎢ ( 4T 2 f 2 − 1)2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
dg (t )
2.15 a)The Fourier transform of R j 2π fG ( f )
dt
dg (t )
Let g '(t ) =
dt
∞ ∞
∫ g (t ) dt = ∫ G( f )
2 2
By Rayleigh’s theorem: df
−∞ −∞
∫t g (t ) dt ⋅ ∫ f 2 G ( f ) df
2 2 2
∴W T 2 2
=
(∫ )
2 2
g (t ) dt
=
( ∫ g (t ) dt )
2
4π 2
2
2
⎡ t 2 g * (t ) g '(t ) − tg (t )g '* (t )dt ⎤
≥⎣
∫ ⎦
( )
2
16π 2 ∫ g (t ) dt
2
2
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎣ ∫ t ⋅ dt ( g (t ) g (t ) ) dt ⎥⎦
d *
=
( )
2
16π 2 ∫ g (t ) g * (t )dt
1
∴W 2T 2 ≥
16π 2
1
∴WT ≥
4π
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.15 b) For g (t ) = exp(−π t 2 )
g (t ) R exp(−π f 2 )
∞ ∞
∴W 2T 2 = −∞
∞
−∞
∫ exp(−2π t
2
)dt
−∞
∞
1 π
Using a table of integrals:
∫x exp(−ax 2 )dx = for a > 0
2
0
4a a
∞
1 1
∴ ∫ t 2 exp(−2π t 2 )dt =
−∞
4π 2
∞
1 1
∫
−∞
f 2 exp(−2π t 2 )df =
4π 2
∞
1
∫ exp(−2π t )=
2
−∞
2
2
⎛ 1 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
4π 2⎠
∴T W = ⎝
2 2
1
2
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4π ⎠
1
∴TW =
4π
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.16.
∞ ∞ ∞
∫ x(t ) dt < ∞ and ∫ h(t ) dt < ∞, which implies that ∫ h(t ) dt < ∞ .
2
Given:
−∞ −∞ −∞
∞ ∞ ∞
Y( f ) = H( f )X ( f )
∞ ∞
∫ Y ( f ) df = ∫ X ( f )H ( f ) ⋅ X
2 *
( f ) H * ( f )df
−∞ −∞
∞
= ∫
2 2
X ( f ) H ( f ) df
−∞
∞ 2 ∞ ∞
∫ ≤ ∫ ∫
2 4 4
Y ( f ) df X ( f ) df H ( f ) df
−∞ −∞ −∞
<∞
∞
∴ ∫ Y( f ) df < ∞
2
−∞
∞ ∞
∫ Y( f ) df = ∫ y (t ) dt
2 2
By Rayleigh’s theorem:
−∞ −∞
∞
∴ ∫ y (t ) dt < ∞
2
−∞
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.17.
The transfer function of the summing block is: H1 ( f ) = [1 − exp(− j 2π fT ) ] .
1
The transfer function of the integrator is: H 2 ( f ) =
j 2π f
( 2π f )
2
1
=− [1 − 2 exp(− j 2π fT ) + exp(− j 4π fT )]
( 2π f )
2
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.18.a) Using the Laplace transform representation of a single stage, the transfer function
is:
1
H 0 (s) =
1 + RCs
1
=
1+τ 0s
1
H0 ( f ) =
1 + j 2π f τ 0
These units are cascaded, so the transfer function for N stages is:
N
⎛ 1 ⎞
H ( f ) = ( H ( f )) =⎜
N
⎟
⎝ 1 + j 2π f τ 0 ⎠
T2
b) For N→∞, and τ 02 =
4π 2 N
⎛ 1 ⎞
ln H ( f ) = N ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 + j 2π f τ 0 ⎠
= − N ln (1 + j 2π f τ 0 )
⎛ jfT ⎞
= − N ln ⎜ 1 + ⎟
⎝ N⎠
jfT
let z = , then for very large N , z < 1
N
⎡∞ 1 ⎤
− N ln(1 + z ) = − N ⎢ ∑ ( −1) z m ⎥
m +1
⎣ m =1 m ⎦
⎡∞ 1 m +1 ⎛ fT ⎞ ⎤
m
= − N ⎢ ∑ ( −1) ⎜ j ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢ m =1 m ⎝ N ⎠ ⎦⎥
(next page)
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.18 (b) Cont’d
⎛ ⎡∞ 1 m +1 ⎛ fT ⎞ ⎤ ⎞
m
⎛ fT f 2T 2 ⎞
lim ⎜ − N ⎢ ∑ ( −1) ⎜ j ⎟ ⎟ ⎥ ⎟ = − N ⎜ j + ⎟
N →∞ ⎜
⎝ ⎢
⎣ m =1 m ⎝ N ⎠ ⎥
⎦ ⎠ ⎝ N 2N ⎠
1
= − f 2T 2 − j N fT
2
1
∴ H ( f ) = exp(− f 2T 2 ) exp(− j N ft )
2
1
∴ H ( f ) = exp(− f 2T 2 )
2
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
T
2.19.a) y (t ) = ∫ x(τ )dτ
t −T
This is the convolution of a rectangular function with x(τ). The interval of the
rectangular function is [(t-T),T], and the midpoint is T/2.
⎛t⎞ T
rect ⎜ ⎟ R Tsinc( fT ), but the function is shifted by .
⎝T ⎠ 2
∴ H ( f ) = Tsinc( fT ) exp(− jπ fT )
1 1
b)BW = =
RC T
T T
H( f ) = exp(− j 2π f )
1 + j 2 RCπ f 2
⎛ ⎞
T ⎜ 1 ⎟
= ⎜ 1 ⎟ exp(− jπ fT )
RC ⎜ + j 2π f ⎟
⎝ RC ⎠
T ⎛ 1 T ⎞ T
∴ h(t ) = exp ⎜ − (t − ) ⎟ u (t − )
RC ⎝ RC 2 ⎠ 2
⎛ 1 T ⎞ T
= exp ⎜ − (t − ) ⎟ u (t − )
⎝ T 2 ⎠ 2
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.20. a) For the sake of convenience, let h(t) be the filter time-shifted so that it is
symmetric about the origin (t = 0).
N −1 N −1
−
2 2
H ( f ) = ∑ wk exp(− j 2π fk ) + ∑w k exp(− j 2π fk ) + w0
k =1 k =−1
N −1
2
= 2 ∑ wk cos(2π fk )
k =1
Let G(f) be the filter returned to its correct position. Then
⎛ N −1 ⎞ ⎛ N −1 ⎞
G ( f ) = H ( f ) exp(− j 2π f ⎜ ⎟) , which is a time-shift of ⎜ ⎟ samples.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
N −1
∴ G ( f ) = exp ( − jπ f ( N − 1) ) 2 ∑ wk cos(2π fk )
2
k =1
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.21 Given an ideal bandpass filter of the type shown in Fig P2.7, we need to find the
response of the filter for x(t ) = A cos(2π f 0t )
1 ⎛ f − fc ⎞ 1 ⎛ f + fc ⎞
H( f ) = rect ⎜ ⎟+ rect ⎜ ⎟
2B ⎝ 2B ⎠ 2B ⎝ 2B ⎠
1
X ( f ) = [δ ( f − f 0 ) + δ ( f − f 0 ) ]
2
If f c − f 0 is large compared to 2B, then the response is zero in the steady state.
However:
⎛ A A A A ⎞
x(t )u (t ) R ⎜ + δ ( f − f0 ) + + δ ( f + f0 ) ⎟
⎝ j 2π ( f − f 0 ) 2 j 2π ( f + f 0 ) 2 ⎠
Since f c − f 0 is large, assume that the portion of the amplitude spectrum lying inside the
A
passband is approximately uniform with a magnitude of .
4π ( f c − f 0 )
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Taking the envelope by retaining the positive frequency components, shifting them to the
origin, and scaling by 2:
⎧ ⎛ ⎛π ⎞ ⎞
⎪ A exp ⎜ − j ⎜ 2 ⎟ − j 2π ft0 ⎟
⎪ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠ if − B < f < B
Y ( f ) ⎨
⎪ 2π ( f c − f 0 )
⎪⎩0 otherwise
AB
y (t ) = sinc [ 2 B(t − t0 )]
jπ ( f c − f 0 )
AB
∴ y (t ) sinc [ 2 B(t − t0 ) ] sin(2π f ct )
π ( fc − f0 )
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2.22
H ( f ) = X (− f ) exp( j 2π fT )
A T
X(f ) = [δ ( f − fc ) + δ ( f + f c )] ∗ Tsinc( fT ) exp(− j 2π f )
2 2
AT
= [sinc(T (f − fc )) + sinc(T (f + fc ))] exp(− jπ fT )
2
N
Let f c = for N large
T
Y( f ) = H( f )X ( f )
AT
= X (− f ) exp( j 2π fT ) exp(− jπ fT ) ⎡sinc (T ( f − f c ) ) + sinc (T ( f + f c ) ) ⎤⎦
2 ⎣
A2T 2
= exp( j 2π fT ) ⎡sinc (T ( f − f c ) ) + sinc (T ( f + f c ) ) ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣sinc ( T (− f − f c ) ) + sinc (T (− f + f c ) ) ⎤⎦
4 ⎣
A2T 2
= exp( j 2π fT ) [sinc(− fT − N ) + sinc(− fT + N )][sinc( fT − N ) + sinc( fT + N )]
4
But sinc(x)=sinc(-x)
A2T 2
∴Y ( f ) = exp( j 2π fT ) [sinc( fT − N ) + sinc( fT + N )]
2
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2.23 G(k)=G
1 N −1
2π
gn =
N
∑ G (k ) exp( j
k =0 N
k ⋅ n)
G N −1 2π
= ∑
N k =0
exp( j
N
k ⋅ n)
G N −1 2π 2π
= ∑
N k =0
cos( j
N
k ⋅ n) + j sin( j
N
k ⋅ n)
G N −1
If n = 0, g (n) = ∑1 = G
N k =0
For n ≠ 0 , we are averaging over one full wavelength of a sine or cosine, with regularly
sampled points. These sums must always be zero.
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2.24. a) By the duality and frequency-shifting properties, the impulse response of an ideal
low-pass filter is a phase-shifted sinc pulse. The resulting filter is non-causal and
therefore not realizable in practice.
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2.24 (d)
Δt Overshoot (%) Ripple Period
T/100 100 No visible ripple.
T/150 16.54 1/100
T/200 ~0 No visible ripple.
Discussion
Increasing B, which also increases the filter’s bandwidth, allows for more of the high-
frequency components to be accounted for. These high-frequency components are
responsible for producing the sharper edges. However, this accuracy also depends on the
sampling rate being high enough to include the higher frequencies.
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2.25
The overshoot figures better for the raised cosine pulse that for the square pulse. This is
likely because a somewhat greater percentage of the pulse’s energy is concentrated at
lower frequencies, and so a greater percentage is within the bandwidth of the filter.
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2.26.b)
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2.26 b)
If B is left fixed, at B=1, and only T is varied, the results are as follows
BT Max. Amplitude
5 1.194
2 1.23
1 1.34
0.5 0.612
0.45 0.286
As the centre frequency of the square wave increases, so does the bandwidth of the signal
(and its own bandwidth shifts its centre as well). This means that the filter passes less of
the signal’s energy, since more of it will lie outside of the pass band. This results in
greater overshoot.
However, as the frequency of the pulse train continues to increase, the centre frequency is
no longer in the pass band, and the resulting output will also be attenuated.
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c)
BT Max. Amplitude
5 1.18
2 1.20
1 1.27
0.5 0.62
0.45 0.042
Extending the length of the filter’s impulse response has allowed it to better approximate
the ideal filter in that there is less ripple. However, this does not extend the bandwidth of
the filter, so the reduction in overshoot is minimal. The dramatic change in the last entry
(BT=0.45) can be accounted for by the reduction in ripple.
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2.27
a)At fs = 4000 and fs = 8000, there is a muffled quality to the signals. This improves
with higher sampling rates. Lower sampling rates throw away more of the signal’s high
frequencies, which results in a lower quality approximation.
b)Speech suffers from less “muffling” than do other forms of music. This is because a
greater percentage of the signal energy is concentrated at low frequencies. Musical
instruments create notes that have significant energy in frequencies beyond the human
vocal range. This is particularly true of instruments whose notes have sharp attack times.
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2.28
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Chapter 3
3.1
s(t) = Ac[1+kam(t)]cos(2πfc t)
ka
∴ s (t ) = Ac [cos(2π f c t ) +(sin(2π ( f c + fs)t ) + sin(2π ( f c − f s )t )]
2
s(t) is the signal before transmission.
f 106
The filter bandwidth is: BW = c = = 5714 Hz
Q 175
m(t) lies close to the 3dB bandwidth of the filter, m(t) is therefore attenuated by a factor
of a half.
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3.2 (a)
v
i = I 0 [exp(− ) − 1]
VT
Using the Taylor series expansion of exp(x) up to the third order terms, we get:
2 3
v 1⎛ v ⎞ 1⎛ v ⎞
i = I 0 [− + ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ]
VT 2 ⎝ VT ⎠ 6 ⎝ VT ⎠
fc + fm f − fm
Let θ = 2π t , φ = 2π t c
2 2
0.022 9 3
∴ v 3 (t ) = [ (cos(2π f ct ) + cos(2π f mt )) + (cos(2π (2 f c − f m )t ) + cos(2π (2 f m − ft )t )
16 2 2
3 1
+ (cos(2π (2 f c + f m )t ) + cos(2π (2 f m + f t )t )) + (cos(6π f c t ) + cos(6π f mt ))]
2 2
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The output will have spectral components at:
fm
fc
fc+ fm
fc- fm
2fc
2fm
2fc- fm
2fc+ fm
fc- 2fm
fc+2 fm
3fc
3fm
(c)
The bandpass filter must be symmetric and centred around fc . It must pass components
at fc+ fm, but reject those at fc+2 fm and higher.
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(d)
Term # Carrier Message Taylor Coef.
1 0.01 -38.46
2 0.0001 739.6
-6
3 2.25 x 10 -9.48 x 103
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3.10. The circuit can be rearranged as follows:
(a)
(b)
Let the voltage Vb-Vd be the voltage across the output resistor, with Vb and Vd being the
voltages at each node.
Rb Rf Rb − R f
Vb = V , Vd = V , Vb − Vd =V
R f + Rb R f + Rb R f + Rb
Rf Rb − Rb + R f
Vb = −V , Vd = −V , Vb − Vd =V
R f + Rb R f + Rb R f + Rb
∴The two voltages are of the same magnitude, but are of the opposite sign.
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3.16 (a)
1 1
s (t ) = a ⋅ Am Ac cos(2π ( f m + f c )t ) + (1 − a ) Am Ac cos(2π ( f m + f c )t )
2 2
Am Ac
s (t ) = [a(cos(2π f ct ) cos(2π f mt ) − sin(2π f c t ) sin(2π f mt ))
2
+ (1 − a)(cos(2π f c t ) cos(2π f mt ) + sin(2π f c t ) sin(2π f mt ))]
Am Ac
s (t ) = [cos(2π f c t ) cos(2π f mt ) + (1 − 2a ) sin(2π f c t ) sin(2π f mt ))]
2
A
∴ m1 (t ) = m cos(2π f mt )
2
A
m2 (t ) = m (1 − 2a ) sin(2π f mt )
2
b)Let:
1 1
s (t ) = Ac m(t ) cos(2π f c t ) + Ac ms (t ) sin(2π f c t )
2 2
1 1
s (t ) = Ac [1 + ka m(t )]cos(2π f c t ) + ka Ac ms (t ) sin(2π f ct )
2 2
where ka is the percentage modulation.
After passing the signal through an envelope detector, the output will be:
1
⎧⎪ ⎡ 1 2
⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎫⎪
2 2
s (t ) = Ac ⎨ ⎢1 + ka m(t ) ⎥ + ⎢ ka ms (t ) ⎥ ⎬
⎩⎪ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣2 ⎦ ⎭⎪
1
⎧ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎫
2 2
⎤ ⎪⎪ ⎢
ka ms (t ) ⎥ ⎪
⎡ 1 ⎪
= Ac ⎢1 + ka m(t ) ⎥ ⋅ ⎨1 + ⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎬
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎪ ⎢1 + k m(t ) ⎥ ⎪
1
⎩⎪ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎭⎪
a
The second factor in s (t ) is the distortion term d(t). For the example in (a), this
becomes:
1
⎧ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎫
2 2
⎪⎪ ⎢ (1 − 2a ) sin(2π f mt ) ⎥ ⎪⎪
d (t ) = ⎨1 + ⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎬
⎪ ⎢ 1 + 1 cos(2π f mt ) ⎥ ⎪
⎩⎪ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎭⎪
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c)Ideally, d(t) is equal to one. However, the distortion factor increases with decreasing a.
Therefore, the worst case exists when a = 0.
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3.20. m(t) contains {100,200,400} Hz
Ac
The transmitted SSB signal is: [m(t ) cos(2π f ct ) − mˆ (t ) sin(2π f c t )
2
Demodulation is accomplished using a product modulator and multiplying by:
Ac' cos(2π f c't )
(a)
1
vo (t ) =Ac Ac' cos(2π f c't )[m(t ) cos(2π f c t ) − mˆ (t ) cos(2π f c t )]
2
The only lowpass components will be those that are functions of only t and Δf. Higher
frequency terms will be filtered out, and so can be ignored for the purposes of
determining the output of the detector.
1
∴ vo (t ) = Ac Ac' [m(t ) cos(2π f Δt ) − mˆ (t ) sin(2π f Δt )] by using basic trig identities.
4
When the upper side-band is transmitted, and Δf>0, the frequencies are shifted inwards
by Δf.
∴Vo ( f ) contains {99.98,199.98,399.98} Hz
(b) When the lower side-band is transmitted, and Δf>0, then the baseband frequencies are
shifted outwards by Δf.
∴Vo ( f ) contains {100.02, 200.02, 400.02} Hz
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3.22. f1 = f c − Δf − W
f 2 = f c + Δf
v1 (t )v2 (t ) = A1 A2 cos(2π f1t + φ1 ) cos(2π f 2t + φ2 )
A1 A2
= [cos(2π ( f1 − f 2 )t + φ1 − φ2 ) + cos(2π ( f1 + f 2 )t + φ1 + φ2 )]
2
1 ⎛ W + 2Δf ⎞ φ1 − φ2
vo (t ) = A1 A2 [cos(−2π ⎜ ⎟t + ) ⋅ A2 cos(2π f 2t + φ2 )]
2 ⎝ W / Δf + 2 ⎠ W / Δf + 2
1 φ −φ φ −φ
= A1 A22 [cos(−2πΔft + 1 2 − φ2 ) ⋅ cos(2π f 2t + 1 2 + φ2 )]
2 n+2 n+2
1 φ −φ φ −φ
= A1 A22 [cos(−2π ( f c + 2Δf ) + 1 2 − φ2 ) + cos(−2π f c t + 1 2 + φ2 )]
4 n+2 n+2
1 φ −φ
∴ vo (t ) = A1 A22 [cos(−2π f c t + 1 2 + φ2 )
4 n+2
φ1 φ2
− + φ2 = 0
n+2 n+2
rearranging and solving for φ2 :
φ1
φ2 = −
n +1
(b) At the second multiplier, replace v2(t) with v1(t). This results in the following
expression for the phase:
φ1 φ2
− + φ1 = 0
n+2 n+2
φ2
φ1 =
n+3
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3.23. Assume that the mixer performs a multiplication of the two signals.
This system essentially produces a DSB-SC signal centred around the frequency of y1(t).
1
yo (t ) = [cos(2π ( f1 − f 2 )t ) + cos(2π ( f1 + f 2 )t )]
2
f1 = 1 MHz f1 − f 2 = 0.9 MHz
f 2 = 100 kHz f1 + f 2 = 1.1 MHz
The resolution of the system is the bandwidth of the output signal. Assuming that no
branch can be zeroed, the narrowest resolution occurs with a modulation frequency of
100 kHz. The widest bandwidth occurs when there is a modulation frequency of 900
kHz.
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3.24 Given the presence of the filters, only the baseband signals need to be considered.
All of the other product components can be discarded.
(a) Given the sum of the modulated carrier waves, the individual message signals are
extracted by multiplying the signal with the required carrier.
m2 (t ) :
cos(−α1 ) + cos(− β1 ) = 0 α1 = β1 ± π
cos(α 2 − α1 ) + cos( β 2 − β1 ) = 0 (α 2 − α1 ) = ( β 2 − β1 ) ± π
cos(α 3 − α1 ) + cos( β3 − β1 ) = 0 (α 3 − α1 ) = ( β 3 − β1 ) ± π
Similarly:
m3 (t ) :
(α1 − α 2 ) = ( β1 − β 2 ) ± π
(α 3 − α 2 ) = ( β 3 − β 2 ) ± π
m4 (t ) :
(α1 − α 3 ) = ( β1 − β 3 ) ± π
(α 2 − α 3 ) = ( β 2 − β 3 ) ± π
(b) Given that the maximum bandwidth of mi(t) is W, then the separation between fa and
fb must be | fa- fb|>2W in order to account for the modulated components corresponding to
fa- fb.
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3.25 b) The charging time constant is (rf + Rs )C = 1μ s
The discharge time constant is: Rl C = 100μ s . This is twice the period of the carrier wave,
and should provide some smoothing capability.
From a maximum voltage of V0, the voltage Vc across the capacitor after time t = Ts is:
T
Vc = V0 exp(− s )
Rl C
Using a Taylor series expansion and retaining only the linear terms, will result in the
T
linear approximation of VC = V0 (1 − s ) . Using this approximation, the voltage will
Rl C
decay by a factor of 0.94 from its initial value after a period of Ts seconds.
From the code, it can be seen that the voltage decay is close to this figure. However, it is
somewhat slower than what was calculated using the linear approximation. In a real
circuit, it would also be expected that the decay would be slower, as the voltage does not
simply turn off, but rather decreases over time.
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3.25 c)
The high-pass filter applied to the envelope detector eliminates the DC component.
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Problem 3.25. MATLAB code
function [y,t,Vc,Vo]=AM_wave(fc,fm,mi)
%Problem 3.25
%Inputs: fc Carrier Frequency
% fm Modulation Frequency
% mi modulation index
Vc=zeros(1,length(y));
Vc(1)=0; %inital voltage
for k=2:length(y)
if (y(k)>(Vc(k-1)))
Vc(k)=y(k);
else
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Vc(k)=Vc(k-1)-0.023*Vc(k-1);
end
end
for k=2:length(y)
Vo(k)=beta*Vo(k-1)+beta*(Vc(k)-Vc(k-1));
end
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Chapter 4 Problems
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Problem 4.7.
s (t ) = Ac cos(θ (t ))
θ (t ) = 2π f c t + k p m(t )
∴ s (t ) = A c cos(2π f c t + β m(t ))
= Ac [cos(2π f c t ) cos( β cos(2π f mt )) − sin(2π f c t ) sin( β cos(2π f mt ))]
for small β :
cos( β cos(2π f mt )) 1
sin( β sin(2π f mt )) β cos(2π f mt )
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Problem 4.14.
v2 = av12
s (t ) = Ac cos(2π f c t + β sin(2π f mt ))
= Ac cos(2π f c t + β m(t ))
v2 = a ⋅ s 2 (t )
= a ⋅ cos 2 (2π f c t + β m(t ))
a
= ⋅ cos(4π f c t + 2 β m(t ))
2
The square-law device produces a new FM signal centred at 2fc and with a frequency
deviation of 2β. This doubles the frequency deviation.
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4.17. Consider the slope circuit response:
The response of |X1(f)| after the resonant peak is the same as for a single pole low-pass
filter. From a table of Bode plots, the following gain response can be obtained:
1
| X 1 ( f ) |=
⎛ f − fB ⎞
2
1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ B ⎠
For the slope circuit, B is the filter’s bandwidth or cutoff frequency. For convenience, we
can shift the filter to the origin (with X 1 ( f ) as the shifted version).
1
| X 1 ( f ) |=
2
⎛ f ⎞
1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝B⎠
d | X 1 ( f ) | k
=− 3
df f = kB B(1 + k ) 2 2
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Because the filters are symmetric about the central frequency, the contribution of the
second filter is identical. Adding the filter responses results in the slope at the central
frequency being:
d | X ( f ) | 2k
=− 3
df f = kB B(1 + k )
2 2
In the original definition of the slope filter, the responses are multiplied by -1, so do this
here. This results in a total slope of:
2k
3
B(1 + k ) 2 2
As can be seen from the following plot, the linear approximation is very accurate
between the two resonant peaks. For this plot B = 500, f1=-750, and f2=750.
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Problem 4. 23
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Problem 4.24
( )
P ( f ) = F ⎣⎡ c exp −π c 2t 2 ⎦⎤ F ⎡⎣ rect ( t / T ) ⎤⎦
= c exp ⎡⎣ −π f 2 c 2 ⎤⎦ Tsinc [ fT ]
where we have used the convolution theorem
Problem 4.25
BT = 2 ( 59.7 + 50 )
= 219.4 kHz
Δf 59.7
The 1-percent FM bandwidth is given by Figure 4.9 with β = = = 1.19 . From the
W 50
BT
vertical axis we find that = 6 , which implies BT = 6(59.7) = 358.2 kHz.
Δf
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Problem 4.26.
a)
b)By experimentation, a modulation index of 2.408, will force the amplitude of the
carrier to be about zero. This corresponds to the first root of J0(β), as predicted by the
theory.
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Problem 4.27.
a)Using the original MATLAB script, the rms phase error is 6.15 %
b)Using the plot provided, the rms phase error is 19.83%
Problem 4.28
a)The output of the detected signal is multiplied by -1. This results from the fact that
m(t)=cos(t) is integrated twice. Once to form the transmitted signal and once by the
envelope detector.
In addition, the signal also has a DC offset, which results from the action of the envelope
detector. The change in amplitude is the result of the modulation process and filters used
in detection.
⎛ f ⎞
b)If s (t ) = sin(2π f mt ) + 0.5cos ⎜ 2π m t ⎟ , then some form of clipping is observed.
⎝ 3 ⎠
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The above signal has been multiplied by a constant gain factor in order to highlight the
differences with the original message signal.
c)The earliest signs of distortion start to appear above about fm =4.0 kHz. As the
message frequency may no longer lie wholly within the bandwidth of either the
differentiator or the low-pass filter. This results in the potential loss of high-frequency
message components.
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4.29. By tracing the individual steps of the MATLAB algorithm, it can be seen that the
resulting sequence is the same as for the 2nd order PLL.
b)For smaller kv, the lock-in time is longer, but the output amplitude is greater.
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c)The phase error increases, and tracks the message signal.
For this question, K0=100 kHz, but tracking degrades noticeably around 60-70 kHz.
This is substantially different from the original error signal, and cannot be seen as an
adequate approximation. Of particular interest is the fact that this equation is
substantially more sensitive to changes in φ than the previous one owing to the presence
of the gain factor kv
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Chapter 5 Problems
( x − μ x )2
1
5.1. (a) Given f ( x) = exp(− )
2πσ x2 2σ x2
and exp(−π t 2 ) R exp(−π f 2 ) , then by applying the time-shifting and scaling properties:
1
F( f ) = 2πσ x2 exp(−π ( 2πσ x2 ) 2 π f 2 ) exp( j 2π f μ x )
2πσ 2
x
(b)The value of μx does not affect the moment, as its influence is removed.
1
φx (ν ) = exp(− ν 2σ x2 )
2
∞
x2
exp( x) = ∑
n=0 n !
d nφx (ν )
E[ X n ] =
dν n v =0
⎛ 1⎞ σ ν
∞ k
2k 2k
∴ φx (ν ) = ∑ ⎜ − ⎟ x
k =0 ⎝ 2⎠ k!
d nφx (ν )
For any odd value of n, taking leaves the lowest non-zero derivative as ν2k-n.
dν n
When this derivative is evaluated for v=0, then E[ X n ] =0.
For even values of n, only the terms in the resulting derivative that correspond to ν2k-n =
ν0 are non-zero. In other words, only the even terms in the sum that correspond to k = n/2
are retained.
n!
∴ E[ X n ] = σ x2
(n / 2)!
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5.2. (a) All the inputs for x ≤0 are mapped to y = 0. However, the probability that x > 0
is unchanged. Therefore the probability density of x ≤0 must be concentrated at y=0.
∞
(b) Recall that ∫
−∞
f x x)dx = 1 where f x ( x) is an even function. Because fy(y) is a
Therefore, the integral over the delta function must be 0.5. This means that the factor k
must also be 0.5.
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5.3 (a) p y ( y ) = p y ( y | x0 ) P( x0 ) + p y ( y | x1 ) P( x1 )
Assume: P( x0 ) = P( x1 ) = 0.5
1
∴ p y ( y ) = [ p y ( y | x0 ) + p y ( y | y1 )
2
1 ( y + 1) 2 ( y − 1) 2
py ( y) = [exp(− ) + exp( − )]
2 2πσ 2 2σ 2 2σ 2
∞
(b) P ( y ≥ α ) = ∫ p y ( y )dy
α
( y − μ )2
y
1
Φ μ ,σ 2 ( y ) = ∫
−∞ 2πσ 2
exp(−
2σ 2
)dy
1
∴ P( y ≥ α ) = [Φ −1,σ 2 (−α ) + Φ1,σ 2 (−α )]
2
1 y−μ
But, Φ μ ,σ 2 ( y ) = [1 + erf ( )]
2 σ 2
1 ⎛ −α + 1 ⎞ ⎛ −α − 1 ⎞
∴ P( y ≥ α ) = [2 + erf ⎜ ⎟ + erf ⎜ ⎟]
2 ⎝σ 2 ⎠ ⎝σ 2 ⎠
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Problem 5.4
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Problem 5.5
⎣ ⎦
= E ⎡⎣( Z (t ) ± Z (t + τ ) )( Z *(t ) ± Z *(t + τ ) ) ⎤⎦
= E [ Z (t ) Z *(t ) ± Z (t ) Z *(t + τ ) ± Z *(t ) Z (t + τ ) + Z (t + τ ) Z *(t + τ ) ]
= E ⎡ Z (t ) ⎤ ± E [ Z (t ) Z *(t + τ )] ± E [ Z *(t ) Z (t + τ ) ] + E ⎡ Z (t + τ ) ⎤
2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= 2E ⎡ Z (t ) ⎤ ± 2 Re {E [ Z *(t ) Z (t + τ ) ]}
2
⎣ ⎦
= 2 RZ (0) ± 2 Re { RZ (τ )}
Thus Re { RZ (τ )} ≤ RZ (0) .
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Problem 5.6 (a)
E[ Z (t1 ) Z * (t2 )]
= E[( A cos(2π f1t1 + θ1 ) + jA cos(2π f 2t1 + θ 2 )) ⋅ ( A cos(2π f1t2 + θ1 ) + jA cos(2π f 2t2 + θ 2 ))]
A2 E[cos(ω1t1 + θ1 ) cos(ω1t2 + θ1 )]
A2
= E[cos(ω1 (t1 − t2 )) + cos(ω1 (t1 + t2 ) + 2θ1 )]
2
The expectation over θ1 goes to zero, because θ1 is distributed uniformly over [-π,π].
This result also applies to the term A2 [cos(ω2t1 + θ 2 ) cos(ω2t2 + θ 2 )] . Both cross-terms go
to zero.
A2
∴ R(t1 , t2 ) = [cos(ω1 (t 1 −t2 )) + cos(ω2 (t1 − t2 ))]
2
− jA2 E[cos((ω1t1 − ω2t2 )) + cos((ω1t1 + ω2t2 ) + 2θ1 ) + jA2 E[cos((ω2t1 − ω1t2 )) + cos((ω1t1 + ω2t2 ) + 2θ1 )]
jA2
[cos(ω2t1 − ω1t2 ) − cos(ω1t1 − ω2t2 )]
2
A2
∴ RZ (t1 , t2 ) = [cos(ω1 (t1 − t2 )) + cos(ω2 (t1 − t2 )) + j cos(ω2t1 − ω1t2 ) − j cos(ω1t1 − ω2t2 )]
2
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Problem 5.7
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Problem 5.8
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Problem 5.9
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Problem 5.10
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Problem 5.11
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Problem 5.12
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Problem 5.13
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Problem 5.14
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Problem 5.15
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Problem 5.16
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Problem 5.17
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Problem 5.18
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Problem 5.19
Problem 5.20
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Problem 5.21
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Problem 5.22
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Problem 5.23
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Problem 5.24
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Problem 5.25
Problem 5.26
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Problem 5.27
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Problem 5.28
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Problem 5.29
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Problem 5.30
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Problem 5.31
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Problem 5.32
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Problem 5.33
(a) The receiver position is given by x(t) = x0+vt Thus the signal observed by the
receiver is
⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤
r (t , x) = A( x) cos ⎢ 2π f c ⎜ t − ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ c ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ x + vt ⎞ ⎤
= A( x) cos t ⎢ 2π f c ⎜ t − 0
⎣ ⎝ c ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ f v⎞ x ⎤
= A( x) cos ⎢ 2π ⎜ f c − c ⎟ t − f c 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎝ c ⎠ c⎦
fc v
The Doppler shift of the frequency observed at the receiver is f D = .
c
(b) The expectation is given by
π
1
E ⎡⎣exp ( j 2π f nτ ) ⎤⎦ = ∫ exp ( j 2π f τ cosψ ) dψ
2π
D n n
−π
π
1
=
2π ∫π exp ( j 2π f τ sinψ ) dψ
−
D n n
= J 0 ( 2π f Dτ )
where the second line comes from the symmetry of cos and sin under a
-π/2 translation.
Eq. (5.174) follows directly from this upon noting that, since the expectation result is
real-valued, the right-hand side of Eq.(5.173) is equal to its conjugate.
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Problem 5.34
The histogram has been plotted for 100 bins. Larger numbers of bins result in larger
errors, as the effects of averaging are reduced.
The error increases further out from the centre. It is also important to note that the
random numbers generated by this MATLAB procedure can never be greater than 5.
This is very different from the Gaussian distribution, for which there is a non-zero
probability for any real number.
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5.34 Code Listing
%Problem 5.34
%Set the number of samples to be 20,000
N=20000
M=100;
Z=zeros(1,20000);
for i=1:N
for j=1:5
Z(i)=Z(i)+2*(rand(1)-0.5);
end
end
sigma=sqrt(var(Z-mean(Z)));
%Calculate a histogram of Z
[X,C]=hist(Z,M);
l=linspace(C(1),C(M),M);
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5.35 (a) For the generated sequence:
μˆ y = −0.0343 + j 0.0493
σˆ y2 = 5.597
The theoretical value of σ y2 =5.56. See 5.35 (c) for the calculation.
5.35 (b)
From the plots, it can be seen that both the real and imaginary components are
approximately Gaussian. In addition, from statistics, the sum of tow zero-mean Gaussian
signals is also Gaussian distributed. As a result, the filter output must also be Gaussian.
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5.35 (c)
y (n) = ay (n − 1) + w(n)
Y ( z ) = aY ( z ) z −1
1
∴ H ( z) = R h( n) = a u ( n)
n
−1
1 − az
1
-1
Rh(z) = H(z)H(z ) = −1
(1 − az )(1 − az )
a z −1 1 1
= −1
+
1 − a 1 − az
2
1 − a 1 − az
2
σ w2
ry (n) = an −∞ < n < ∞
1 − a2
From the plots, the measured and observed autocorrelations are almost identical.
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Chapter 6 Solutions
Problem 6.3
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Problem 6.4
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Problem 6.5
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Problem 6.6
Problem 6.7
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Problem 6.8
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Problem 6.9
Problem 6.10
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Problem 6.11
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Problem 6.12
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Problem 6.13
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Problem 6.24
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Problem 6.15
Problem 6.16
Problem 6.17
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Chapter 7 Problems
Problem 7.1
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Problem 7.2
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Problem 7.3
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Problem 7.4
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Problem 7.5
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Problem 7.6
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Problem 7.7
Problem 7.8
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Problem 7.9
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Problem 7.10
Problem 7.11
Problem 7.12
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Problem 7.13
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Problem 7.14
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Problem 7.15
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Problem 7.16
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Problem 7.17
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Problem 7.18
Problem 7.19
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Problem 7.20
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Problem 7.21
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Problem 7.22
The maximum slope of the signal s (t ) = A sin ( 2π ft ) is 2πfA. Consequently, the
maximum change during a sample period is approximately 2πAfTs. To prevent slope
overload, we require
100mV > 2π AfTs
= 2π A(1kHz ) /(68kHz )
= 0.092 A
or A < 1.08 V.
Problem 7.23
(a) Theoretically, the sampled spectrum is given by
∞
Ss ( f ) = ∑ H ( f − nf )
n =−∞
s s
where Hs(f) is the spectrum of the signal H(f) limited to f ≤ f s / 2 . For this
example, the sample spectrum should look as below.
-5 kHz 0 5 kHz f
(b)
The sampled spectrum is given by
5
x 10
2.5
2
Amplitude Spectrum
1.5
0.5
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency (kHz)
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There are several features to comment on:
(i) The component at +4 kHz is due to aliasing of the -6 kHz sinusoid; and
the component at -4kHz is due to aliasing of the +6 kHz sinusoid.
(ii) The lower frequency is at 2 kHz is six times larger than the one at 4 kHz.
One would expect the power ratio to be 4:1, not 6:1. The difference is due
to relationship between the FFTsize (period) and the sampling rate. (Try a
sampling rate of 10.24 kHz and compare.)
(b) The spectrum with a 11 kHz sampling rate is shown below.
5
x 10
2.5
2
Amplitude Spectrum
1.5
0.5
0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Frequency (kHz)
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Problem 7.23
(a) The expanding portion of the μ-law compander is given by
exp ⎡⎣log(1 + μ ) υ ⎤⎦ − 1
m=
μ
(1 + μ ) exp ⎡⎣ υ ⎤⎦ − 1
=
μ
(b)
(i) For the non-companded case, the rms quantization error is determined by step size.
The step size is given by the maximum range over the number of quantization steps
2A
Δ= Q
2
For this signal the range is from +10 to -1, so A = 10 and with Q = 8, we have Δ = 0.078.
From Eq. ( ) , the rms quantization error is then given by
1 2 −2 R
σ Q2 = mmax 2
3
1
= (10) 2 2−16
3
= 0.0005086
and the rms error is σQ – 0.02255.
(ii) For a fair comparison, the signal must have similar amplitudes.
The rms error with companding is 0.0037 which is significantly less. The plot is shown
below. Note that the error is always positive.
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
-0.005
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Rest TBD.
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Problem 7.24
Problem 7.25
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Chapter 8
Problem 8.1
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Problem 8.2
Problem 8.3
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Problem 8.4
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Problem 8.5
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Problem 8.6
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Problem 8.7
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Problem 8.8
Problem 8.9
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Problem 8.10
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Problem 8.11
Problem 8.12
Problem 8.13
Problem 8.14
Problem 8.15
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Problem 8.16
Problem 8.17
Problem 8.18
Problem 8.19
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Problem 8.20
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Problem 8.21
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Problem 8.22
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Problem 8.23
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Problem 8.24
Problem 8.25
Problem 8.26
Problem 8.29
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Chapter 9
Problem 9.1
The three waveforms are shown below for the sequence 0011011001. (b) is ASK, (c) is
PSK; and (d) is FSK.
Problem 9.2
The bandpass signal is given by
s (t ) = g (t ) cos ( 2π f c t )
The corresponding amplitude spectrum, using the multiplication theorem for Fourier
transforms, is given by
S ( f ) = G ( f ) * [δ ( f − f c ) + δ ( f + f c ) ]
= G( f − fc ) + G( f + fc )
Problem 9.3
To be done
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Problem 9.4
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Problem 9.5
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Problem 9.6
**The problem here is solved as “erfc” here and in the old edition, but listed in the
textbook question as “Q(x)”.
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Problem 9.7
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Problem 9.8
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Problem 9.9
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Problem 9.10
Problem 9.11
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Problem 9.12
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Problem 9.13
Problem 9.14
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Problem 9.15
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Problem 9.16
Problem 9.17
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Problem 9.18
Problem 9.19
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Problem 9.20
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Problem 9.21
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Problem 9.22
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Problem 9.23
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Chapter 10 Problems
Problem 10.1
Problem 10.2
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Problem 10.3
Problem 10.4
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Problem 10.5
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Problem 10.6
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Problem 10.7
a)
b)To be done
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Problem 10.8
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Problem 10.9
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Problem 10.10
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Problem 10.11
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Problem 10.12
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Problem 10.13
Problem 10.14
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Problem 10.15
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Problem 10.16
Problem 10.17
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Problem 10.18
Problem 10.19
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Problem 10.20
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Problem 10.21
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Problem 10.22
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Problem 10.23
Problem 10.24
Problem 10.25
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Problem 10.26
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Problem 10.27
Problem 10.28
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Problem 10.29
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Problem 10.30
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