Civil Engineering and Architecture

Unit 2 Residential Design - Summary

2.1.1 Wood Frame Systems 2.1.2 Residential Roof Types

2.1

Common Residential Roof Materials

Understand and apply: Energy Star roof options, roof truss,

rafters, roof pitch/slope related to roof material.

2.1.3 Residential Wall Systems

Wall Options: wood (strong, inexpensive, easy to build),
precast concrete (more options for shapes) or steel
(increasingly common)

2.2.1 Concrete Pad Estimating

1. Determine pad size (yard3)
2.2 2. Multiply by cost of concrete ($ per ½ yard)
3. Determine rebar layout (Placed every two feet (max) on a grid, determine length of
individual bars (ie. 10 ft lengths), lapped 6 in. to maintain strength, stay 3” from edges)
4. Determine Rebar count, unit cost and total cost.
5. Determine sum of concrete and rebar

2.2.2 Shed Cost Estimate

SWBAT fill out a Building Materials Cost Estimate spreadsheet

2.2.3 Heat Loss and Gain

Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems (depending on the temperature
and pressure) by dissipating heat. Three methods of Heat Transfer:
 Thermal Conduction: The process of heat transfer through a
solid by transmitting kinetic energy from one molecule to the
next
 Thermal Convection: Heat transmission by the circulation of a
liquid or gas.
 Radiant Heat: Energy radiated or transmitted as rays, waves, or
in the form of particles.
 2.3.1 Affordable House Design 2.3.2 Green Building and Sustainable Design
2.3
 Triple Bottom Line: People, Planet, Profit

 Habitat for Humanity basics

 Expectations of Habitat
homeowners
 Habitat houses are designed to
meet local needs.
 Energy Star Buildings
 Better Built Team
 Materials conservation through
 Sustainable Design to be considered during
Optimized Value Engineering
Pre-Building, Building and Post-Building Phases

2.3.3 Designing for the Client

Building Codes exist to ensure: Universal Design

 Health, safety, and well-being of the public
 Protection of human life
International Code Council (ICC) oversees:
 International Residential Code (IRC)
 International Building Code (IBC)
 International Mechanical Code The design of products and environments to be usable by all
 International Plumbing Code people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for
adaptation or specialized design.
 International Energy Conservation Code
 ICC Electrical Code
Components of Universal Design:
Equitable Use
Steps for Creating a Floor Plan
1. Bubble Diagram  The design is useful and marketable to individuals with
diverse abilities (not just the disabled)
Flexibility of Use
 The design accommodates a wide range of individual
preferences and abilities
Simple and Intuitive Use
 Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the
user’s experience, knowledge, language skills, or current
concentration level
Perceptible Information
 The design communicates necessary information
2. Quick Sketch effectively to the user regardless of ambient conditions
or the user’s sensory abilities
Tolerance for Error
 The design minimizes hazards and the adverse
consequences of accidental or intended actions
Low Physical Effort
 The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and
with a minimum of fatigue
Size and Space for Approach and Use
 Appropriate size and space is provided regardless of
user’s body size, posture, or mobility
3. Scaled Drawing
2.3.4 Adding up to Green 2.3.5 Residential Foundations
 Provide level, stable surface to safely support building
Energy Star  Transfer building loads to soil
 Joint program: US Environmental Protection Agency  Anchors building from wind, flood, and seismic loads
and the US Department of Energy Design Considerations:
 Goal to save consumers money and protect the  Loads from the structure
environment through energy-efficient products and  Allowable soil bearing pressure
practices.  Frost depth
 Used for appliances, new homes, and home  Flood elevation
improvements  Drainage
 Costs
Foundation Designed to Resist:
 Dead Load - Weight of building
 Live Load - Weight of occupants, furniture, and
equipment
 Lateral Loads – Wind, Seismic activity, Flood

LEED

SWBAT provide an example of a design element that would

earn a house LEED points in each category.
2.3.6 Residential Electrical Codes
 Electricity supplied to building via service drop with
3 wires, 2 carry 120 V AC, 1 neutral or ground
 Building electrical circuits 120V or 240V
 Energy Cost measured at meter in kWh
 Main Panel distributes power
 Building Wires carry power
 Wall Receptacles allow connection for electrical
devices
 GFCI used near water, outlet with internal breaker
 Single Pole Electrical Switch: switch controls one
device such as a light
 Double pole/single throw: one switch to two devices
 Three way switch: two switches to one device.
Common Electric Schematic symbols:
Sample Residential Electrical Code:
 Outlets on walls in every habitable room, so that no
point is more than 6 feet from an outlet.
 Outlets on walls in kitchen/dining room so that no
point is more than 24” from an outlet.
 At least one wall outlet in bathrooms within 36” of
the lavatory basin.
 All receptacles in bathrooms, garages, or outdoors
shall have ground-fault circuit-interrupter
protection.
2.3.7 Residential Site Planning
Solar Orientation (Winter vs Summer, Deciduous vs
conifer trees, passive solar, window orientation)
Wind Orientation (prevailing winds, garage placement,
conifers, crosswinds)
Sound Orientation (evergreens, walls, berms, fences)
View Orientation (optimize or minimize)
Terrain Orientation (drainage)
Existing Features (hide or optimize)
Site Opportunities Map (sketch showing above
considerations)
Landscaping (house climate, native plants)
2.3.11 Calculating Property Drainage
Stormwater: Absorbed, becomes run-off, or detained on
site. Site development increases runoff.
Why minimize Runoff?
 Protect the environment
 Protect property
 Reduce impact on storm drainage systems
Runoff affected by:
 Rainfall intensity
 Soil type
 Slope/topography
 Soil condition (compactness)
 Vegetation
Reducing Storm Water Runoff
 Impervious surface reduction
 Rain gardens and bioretention
 Rooftop gardens
 Vegetated swales, buffers, and strips
 Rain barrels and cisterns
 Permeable pavers or pavement
2.3.8 Residential Water Supply
Water Supply Pressure Calculations
Why Treat Water?
• Nearly all structures require a water supply; relies on
appropriate flow rate, pressure, and water quality
Water Supply System

Sources of Water

Aquifer Surface Water

Requires drilled well More treatment
Less treatment

Water Treatment (Surface requires more treatment)

Water Storage (raised storage, 1 psi = 2.31 feet of water)
Distribution Systems
Loop vs Branch
Distribution: 65-75psi
Residential: 40-80 psi
Commercial/Industrial may
require pumps for higher
pressure.

Static Head
 Potential energy of the water at rest
 Measured in feet of water
 Change in elevation between source and discharge

Static Pressure
 Pressure of water at
rest
 Measured in pounds
per square inch (psi)
 2.31 feet of water = 1
psi

1 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 × = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
2.31 𝑓𝑡
2.3.9 Residential Plumbing 2.3.10 Wastewater Management

Water Supply System - Network of pipes that transport • Reuse (gray water)
hot and cold potable water under pressure • Recycle (Closed loop treatment, Waste water
 Fixture – A device that uses water (sink, toilet, reclamation)
dishwasher, etc.) • Discharge and Treatment
 Water Heater – Large insulated tanks that heat cold • Publically Owned Treatment Works
water to be distributed in the hot water supply lines • On-Site and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
 Trunk Lines – Hot or cold water pipes that serve many Systems
fixtures • How Do Septic Systems Work?
 Branch Lines – Hot or cold water pipes that serve only • Soil Tests
one or two fixtures • Reasons for Failure
 Water Main – Supply pipe installed and maintained
by a public entity and on public property
 Water Service – Pipe from the water main to the
building supply pipes
 Meter – Measures the amount of water transported
through water service
 Valve – A fitting used to control water flow (located
next to the meter)

Drain-Waste-Vent System - Network of pipes that

transport wastewater and sewer gases from the building
 Drain Pipe – A pipe that carries wastewater in a
building
 Vent Pipe – A vertical pipe that provides circulation of
air to and from the drainage system
 Trap – A fitting (usually U-shaped) that provides a seal
to prevent the flow of sewer gases
 Stack – A vertical pipe (waste or vent) that extends
through at least one story
 Cleanout – An access opening to allow cleanout of
the pipe
 Sewage – Any liquid waste containing animal or
vegetable matter, including liquids containing
chemicals
 Sanitary Sewer – A sewer pipe that carries only
sewage
 Storm Sewer – A sewer pipe that carries storm water
or other drainage (but not sewage)
 Building Sewer or Sewer Lateral – Part of the drainage
system from the building to the public, private, or
individual sewer disposal system
 Sewer Main – A sewer pipe installed and maintained
by a public entity and on public property