A Critical Literature Review On Intelligent Building and Environmental Issues in Highrise Buildings in Metro Areas in India

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A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW ON INTELLIGENT BUILDING AND

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN HIGHRISE BUILDINGS IN METRO AREAS IN INDIA
Article · January 2015
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JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.625, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 2, Issue 12, January 2015
A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW ON INTELLIGENT BUILDING AND

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN HIGHRISE BUILDINGS IN METRO AREAS IN INDIA
ILIYAS A KAPADIYA*
JAYESHKUMAR PITRODA**
PROF. CHETNA M. VYAS***
*Student of Final Fear, M.E. (Construction Engineering & Management), B.V.M. Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar,
Gujarat, India
**Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., B.V.M. Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
***Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., A. D. Patel Institute of Technology, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat,
India
ABSTRACT
A building that uses both technology and process, to create a facility that is safe,
healthy, comfortable and enables productivity, well-being of its occupants is called intelligent
building. With lots of energy crisis in today`s world, it is very important for architects,
engineers and construction managers make buildings which are energy efficient, intelligent
by its functions and usage, too. Technologies applied in intelligent buildings will improve
the building environment and functionality for occupants, while reducing operational costs.
An intelligent building has an implicit logic that effectively evolves with changing user
requirements and technology, ensuring continued and improved intelligent operation,
maintenance and optimization. It exhibits key attributes of environmental sustainability to
benefit present and future generations. The notion of the Intelligent Building is the modern
civil engineer's big idea of tackling these deficiencies. An intelligent building must be smart
enough to vary the environment to suit the users and also to provide various means of
communication or network regardless of whether it is internal or external. This paper
provides a review of research era in the area of Intelligent Building.
KEY WORDS: Human Needs, Intelligent Buildings, Engineer, Architects, Technologies
INTRODUCTION
An intelligent building can be defined as “the building that combines the best
available concepts, designs, materials, systems and technologies in order to provide an
interactive, adaptive, responsive, integrated and dynamic, intelligent environment for
achieving the occupants' objectives over the full life span of the building.”
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FACTORS AFFECTING TO INTELLIGENT BUILDING (I.B.)

Sr. Construction planning Sr. Environmental management
No. No.
1 Sourcing local construction materials 1 Optimum use of daylight
2 Efficient use of water 2 Maintaining air quality
3 Efficient landscaping 3 Natural air
4 Materials: Ash bricks, aluminium, glass 4 Installation of air handling unit
5 Use of LED, CFL lighting
Sr Water Management Sr. Waste Management

No. No.
1 Rain Water Harvesting 1 Solid Waste Control Strategies
2 Water Efficient Plumbing and Fixtures 2 Ingress Protection: Preventing dust
and the external elements from
entering the building
3 Water Treatment, Recycling & 3 Separation of non-bio degradable
Minimal Disposal disposables
4 4 Gray Water Handling
Sr. Intelligent building Aspects Sr. Integrating Building Management

No. No.
1 Energy Efficient Building Services 1 Energy Management
2 Information Management 2 Alarm Monitoring
3 Building Automation System 3 HVAC System
4 System Integration 4 Lighting Control
5 Communication Wiring System & 5 Lift Management
Network Design
6 Facility Management
7 Intelligent Building Technology &
Design
BENEFITS OF INTELLIGENT BUILDING (I.B.)

1. Less planning time.
2. Shorter installation times.
3. Increased comfort and energy, efficiency
4. Increased security and protection for people, data and construction processes.
5. Customers can concentrate on the core business.
6. Lower operating expenses.
7. Increased reliability of technical infrastructure.
8. Higher productivity.
9. Increased protection of investment throughout the building’s entire life span.
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10. Minimize project risk, maximize performance.

11. Totally networked: heating, ventilation, air conditioning, intrusion detection, access
control, video surveillance, fire detection, evacuation and extinguishing systems.
PREVIOUS RESEARCH REVIEW BASED ON INTELLIGENT BUILDING(I.B.)

Sharples et al. (1999) described that a new approach to Intelligent Building systems that
utilizes an intelligent agent approach to autonomously governing the building environment.
The role of learning in building control systems, and contrast this approach with existing
intelligent building (IB) solutions. Architecture, utilizes sensory information to learn to
perform tasks related to user comfort, energy conservation, safety and monitoring functions. (47)
Yeh et al. (2000), Iwayemi et al. (2010), Kumaar et al. (2010), Paola et al. (2012), Grindvoll
et al. (2012), Wu Yeh et al. (2014),suggested that wireless sensor networks (WSNs) provide a
convenient way to monitor the physical environment and thus propose of power (intelligent
and personalized energy-conservation system of wireless sensor networks) system which
combines WSNs and appliance control devices to provide personalized energy conservation
services in an intelligent building and for environment control. According to experiences, a
large portion of energy consumed by heating, ventilation, air conditioning, cooling (HVAC)
systems is due to improper use of electrical appliances. In iPower, WSNs are deployed in
rooms of a building to collect environmental information. Such information is reported to a
control server to determine whether to turn off unnecessary electric appliances. According to
experiences, a large portion of energy consumed by heating, ventilation, air conditioning,
cooling (HVAC) systems is due to improper use of electrical appliances. In iPower, WSNs
are deployed in rooms of a building to collect environmental information. Such information is
reported to a control server to determine whether to turn off unnecessary electric
appliances.(33), (4), (3), (6), (22), (32)
Kian et, al. (2001) noted that the importance of understanding the performance of a building
in a holistic sense is undeniable. An office building with apartment and commercial retails
called “intelligent building” is selected for building diagnostics. There are six performance
criteria in building performance evaluation, namely: spatial (functional) comfort, indoor air
quality, visual comfort, thermal comfort, acoustic comfort and building integrity (structural
and material performance). (29)
Yang et al. (2001) stated that the new advances of intelligent building(IB) technologies and
ways of supplementing the decision making process by adopting two methods for economical
and technical aspects of IB applications. The objective of the paper is to raise awareness of
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the importance of maintaining a comprehensive understanding of IB technologies, keeping up

to date with emerging alternatives and being informed of the whole picture of IB
implementations. (25)
Makar et al. (2001) illustrated new technologies and concepts developed in intelligent
buildings, such as advanced multi-function sensors, computer vision systems and wireless
sensors, real-time control via the Internet, and integrated building service systems. These new
technologies and concepts will improve the capability of fire detection systems to
discriminate between fire and non-fire threats and will increase the time and life protection of
intelligent buildings.(34)
Wacks et al. (2002) suggested that a building is judged intelligent when the building
subsystems provide the occupants with productive and comfortable conditions by responding
to and enhancing the workplace environment. Thus, the choices of building subsystem
technologies greatly influence the perception and measure of an Intelligent Building. (31)
Himanen et al. (2003) argued that the authorize independent scientific thinking on the essence
of building intelligence for the purpose of establishing and arguing for the Building
Intelligence Framework (BIF). The BIF is the interplay between the built environment in the
intelligent buildings and the human intelligence. (37)
Hong et al. (2004) investigated that the integration and interoperability of Building
Automation and Control System (BACS) and presents two possible solutions on the basis of
the hierarchy architecture of BACS. Users can supervise and monitor the entire IB system via
the management software, and it could be achieved, such as the HVAC system will stop and
the relevant image of the space can pop-up when a fire alarm arises and lighting is turned on
automatically when an authorized person intends to enter the laboratory identified by the
access control panel. (48)
A report (2005) on the Evaluation of the Technology Roadmap for Intelligent Building
Technologies suggested that the technology road map (TRM) for Intelligent Building
Technologies (the “IBT TRM”) was a collaborative research project between industry and
five Canadian federal government organizations. The TRM initiative had the following five
main objectives: a) Develop a clear definition of “intelligent building technologies” b)
Identify what was currently available in terms of those technologies c) Identify obstacles to
the implementation of IBTs in building projects d) Identify any gaps in industry knowledge e)
Make recommendations to overcome the challenges identified. (24)
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Chen et al. (2005) analyzed that a multi criteria decision-making model for lifespan, energy
efficiency assessment of intelligent buildings (IBs). The decision-making model called IB
Assessor is developed using an analytic network process (ANP) method and a set of lifespan
performance indicators for IBs selected by a new quantitative approach called energy–time
consumption index (ETI). The life span of buildings is composed of a series of interlocking
processes, starting from initial architectural and structural design, through to actual
construction, and then to maintenance and control as well as to the eventual demolition or
renovation of buildings. (57)
Ho et al. (2005) studied that the information concerning the health, safety, and environmental
performance of buildings is not always readily available. This creates a need for building
performance assessment tools. These are the Intelligent Building Index (IBI), the Building
Quality Index (BQI), and the Comprehensive Environmental Performance Assessment
Scheme for Buildings (CEPAS). This study will serve as a guide for practitioners to decide,
for example, people want a comfortable, safe, and hygienic place to live. (14)
Wong et al. (2006) noted two surveys: a general survey and the analytic hierarchy process
(AHP) survey are proposed to achieve the objectives. Results generally suggest that each IB
system was determined by a disparate set of selection criteria with different weightings.
‘Work efficiency’ is perceived to be the most important core selection criterion for various IB
systems, while ‘user comfort’, ‘safety’ and ‘cost effectiveness’ are also considered to be
significant. Advanced building technologies have been developed to improve the building
performance to satisfy a variety of human needs and environmental sustainability. (26)
Mustapha et al. (2006) stated that the Intelligent Building Automation System (IBAS) has the
ability to monitor and control various facilities within the building so as to offer its users or
occupants with effective security, improved productivity, human comfort, and efficient
energy management. This includes Heat, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC), Lighting
Systems, Life and Safety System, and Access Control and design implementation and
development of HVAC and lighting controllers. (40)
La Roche, et al. (2006) suggested that between 40 to 50% of the CO2 in the earth’s
atmosphere is produced during the construction and operation of buildings. The performance
of passive cooling systems can be further improved using a smart controller that monitors and
compares climate and building conditions in real time to adjust the operation of the passive
system and maintain indoor temperatures within specified parameters. At the end all
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buildings should be sustainable, and smart passive cooling systems can help to achieve this
sustainability. (42)
Syracuse et al. (2006) concluded that, vision of Intelligent Buildings Technologies: a) Allows
co-operative installation and operation b) Presumes trust and compatibility c) Applicable to
New, Retrofit and any size d) Should be Application, Technology Independent e) Support by
Developer, Owner and Operator. By using intelligent building: a) Easier to maintain b) Easier
to operate c) Safer e) more energy efficient f) Lower operating costs g) Better value.
Intelligent mean: a) Ability to reuse information b) Draw conclusions and infer actions c)
Does not require standards, but…. d) Thinking building e) Future proof f) Adaptable. In
short, they concluded that: a) Benefits to all parties b) Provides future proofing c) New
Building Code will enhance benefits d) Technology improves consistency, quality e)
Maintenance issues must be incorporated f) Owner commitment easier g) Interoperability
easy. (18)
Chen et al. (2006) reviewed that various systems for building assessment focusing on
intelligent buildings. Based on comparison among currently used intelligent buildings (IB)
assessment systems, it has been identified that rating method has its limitations in the
assessment of IBs. An innovative approach to IB assessment using the analytic network
process, in which both scores and interrelations of indicators can be included. (56)
Georgakarakoul et al. (2006) noted that evaluated levels of previous research on the
application of agent technology to the Intelligent Buildings (IBs). Generally speaking,
intelligent building (IB) is a concept according to which a computerized scheme regulates
building components, utilities, electrical circuits, and HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air-
conditioning) systems so as to monitor building functions, security, energy consumption, and
provide a comfortable environment to the building's residents. (12)
ABB i-bus KNX (2008) reported that modern communication and information systems now
connect people from all corners of the earth on the World Wide Web and are transforming the
working and living environment. Provides simple operation and monitoring thus forming the
long-term basis for lower running costs, efficient facility management and optimum building
maintenance offers a great deal of individual comfort, thereby increasing the value of the
building for tenants and buyers. (1)
Yang et al. (2008) described that the AHP method used to analyze the intelligent building
system of six large-scale shopping malls in Taiwan, and evaluate the intelligence system,
then obtains a sorting. Through this method is a not only prone the appraisal of large-scale
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shopping malls in Taiwan, but also consider the operation benefit of the intelligent building
system. Because alternative retail settings may differ in important economic, social, and
psychological characteristics, the shopping mall may exert a significant influence on
individual and collective consumer behavior. (39)
ALwaer et al. (2009) suggested that (1) identify key issues related to sustainable, intelligent
buildings (environmental, social, economic and technological factors); develop a conceptual
model for the selection of the appropriate key performance indicators (KPIs),(2) test critically
stakeholder perceptions and values of selected KPIs intelligent buildings; and thirdly develop
a new model for measuring the level of sustainability for sustainable intelligent buildings.
The distinction between the notions ‘‘Green’’, ‘‘Intelligent’’ and ‘‘Sustainable’’ is critical in
what underlies valid sustainable buildings. ‘Green’ is part of being sustainable, but tends to
emphasize designs that considers the usefulness of applying solar energy, day-lighting and
natural ventilation and reducing consumption, as well as treatment of any waste by recycling.
(23)
Vandepool et al. (2009) noted that rising electricity prices, climate change and a sagging
economy are driving public and private institutions to focus on energy efficiency in the built
environment. The intelligent building technologies integrate the operational functions of a
building for maximum efficiencies. Energy efficiency and conservation in buildings is a key
component of energy policy. (55)
Callaghan et al. (2009) according to more visible aspects of technology and privacy such as
surveillance cameras, identity/loyalty cards, internet search engines. Intelligent buildings and
environments are based on the use of numerous “invisible”, omnipresent, always on,
communicating computers embedded in everyday artifacts and environments. Intelligent
Buildings and smart environments together with its potential for being turned from a
beneficial technology for both the individual and society into its opposite. (54)
Clicks & Mortar et al. (2010) a report suggested that green and intelligent features are
complementary approaches to a set of common goals: increasing energy efficiency and
reducing operating costs in order to increase net operating income and asset value.
“Innovations in green and smart buildings reduce operating expenses by increasing the
efficient use of electricity, heating, and water. (11)
Iwayemi et al. (2011) studied that the three primary purposes of building energy
management are the reduction/management of building energy use; the reduction of
electricity bills while increasing occupant comfort and productivity; and the improvement of
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environmental stewardship without adversely affecting standards of living. The smart grid is
characterized by the incorporation of intelligence and bidirectional flows of information and
electricity throughout the power grid. The security and privacy problems inherent to smart
grids and pervasive computing environments were discussed and solutions proffered. (7)
Hosein et al. (2011) stated that the emerging technologies, with a view to the sustainable
development of urban areas, the concept of smart house as one of the main constituents of
intelligent building design development is gradually entering the life of a human being. These
facts suggest the need for a smart, adaptable built environment that is equipped with new
technologies, while considering environmental protection, and social issues. Accordingly,
this intelligent phenomenon leads to the creation of a compassionately built environment
designed to ensure the well-being of users based on the incorporation of intelligent
technological values. (8)
Dardarananda et al. (2011) suggested that the unprecedented proliferation of sensors and
control systems over the last decade, many buildings have the ability to measure, sense and
see the exact condition of practically everything in them. This has made intelligent building
management, which is an integration of building, infrastructure, and enterprise systems to
promote sustainable and cost-effective operations, a reality for today. This project
demonstrates that implementing an intelligent building management (IBM) system can be
improving the daily job, reduce operational costs. (52)
David J. et al. (2011) stated that intelligent Buildings (IB) have become increasing popular
to reduce energy, have more reactive and safer buildings, and increase productivity. IB
integrates many systems that were in the past isolated from each other, including fire and life
safety, HVAC, lighting, security, etc. Facilities contain commercial-in-confidence material
and other valued assets; however, IB are integrated through open and common data
communication protocols and hardware, leaving facilities exposed to external and internal
threats. (16)
Korenčiak, et al. (2012) focused on intelligent buildings utilize synergy of software and
hardware representing one of the widest area for application and integration of information
systems, information technologies, communication systems, modern control systems and
control algorithms. Application of automatic building control aims for creation of such
conditions so that technically complicated and complex building could become intelligent.
(17)
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Ann Piette et al. (2012) reviewed that energy security issues and environmental concerns
there is an urgent need to develop techniques that greatly reduce energy use and peak electric
power in buildings while providing or improving the services provided. The models will also
be part of model-based or model predictive control algorithms that optimize control
sequences for buildings or clusters of buildings to minimize environmental impact subject to
comfort constraints, taking into account demand response signals, building-integrated energy
storage, and availability of renewable energy for heating, cooling, ventilation and power
generation. (38)
Wang et al. (2012) illustrated that the intelligent control has become a research hotspot about
automation science and technical problems. To design intelligent building control technology
and manage the whole building and even the whole community intelligently with security,
fire control, all in one card and network information control. Intelligent building is the
intelligent combination of intelligent control, information and working environment, it’s
based on the intersect application of architectural design, behavioral science, information
science, environmental science, social engineering, system engineering, human engineering
and other theoretical disciplines. Intelligent building has become a symbol of modern
architecture, and will be in the face of the internet of things, in the face of the green building
era, and make all preparations to meet the greater development. (30)
Das et al. (2012) studied that in the last decade, the focus of building research has slowly
shifted from sustainable building to Intelligent Building (IB) and both concepts are expected
to merge in order to cater to the growing requirement for a better, productive and efficient
environment comprising of functionality; safety-security; thermal, acoustical, indoor air-
quality, visual comfort and building integrity etc. without consuming excessive energy. As
performance means 4Es of economy, efficiency, effectiveness and efficacy the two most
significant trends are sustainable or green building and Intelligent Building (IB). The
development of a conceptual model for the post occupancy evaluation (POE) framework
exclusively customized for assessing the performance of IB. (49)
Fratu et al, 2012 studied that the Intelligent buildings are designed for long term
sustainability and minimal environmental impact through the selection of recycled and
recyclable materials, construction, maintenance, operations procedures. Providing the ability
to integrate building controls, optimize operations, and enterprise level management results in
a significant enhancement in energy efficiency, lowering both cost and energy usage
compared to non-intelligent projects. (35)
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AnnPiette et al (2012) noted that the address energy security issues and environmental
concerns there is an urgent need to develop techniques that greatly reduce energy use and
peak electric power in buildings while providing services. The future integrated system
should be designed, operated to ensure that buildings are both efficient and demand
responsive for optimal low cost operation. They will model based control system which
optimizes control sequences for clusters of building to minimize environmental impact with
comfort constraints, taking into account available renewable energy, energy storage, cooling,
ventilation, and power generations. (2)
Talon et al. (2013) stated that the Continental Automated Buildings Association (CABA) is a
not-for-profit industry association dedicated to the advancement of intelligent home and
intelligent building technologies. Business executives are investing in intelligent building
technologies to manage energy costs, streamline operations and maintenance, differentiate
their facilities, achieve sustainability and corporate social responsibility goals, and comply
with new building codes and efficiency mandates. Cloud-based energy management
solutions are emerging as a valuable delivery model to manage upfront costs and overcome
resource constraints. (10)
Bull et al.(2013) stated that the creation of intelligent buildings and increasingly sophisticated
building energy management systems (BEMS) are viewed as a step forward in cutting energy
use by limiting the role of the building user. It almost goes without saying now that if
national and international governments are serious about tackling increasing carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions than non-domestic buildings must be targeted. Information and
communication technologies (ICT), referred to as the ‘digital economy,’ offer significant
potential to contribute to these carbon reduction targets within buildings through more
‘intelligent’ systems of managing the energy demand of the building. (46)
Wibowo et al. (2013) studied that the development of a performance evaluation approach for
evaluating intelligent building systems in terms of their contribution to the building's
operational effectiveness and efficiency in the multicriteria group decision making problem.
A fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is used for
determining the performance score of available alternatives. Intelligent buildings are
buildings that are capable of integrating various systems to effectively manage the building
resources in a coordinated mode for maximizing (a) technical performance, (b) investment
and operating cost savings, and (c) flexibility .Through this integration, these intelligent
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buildings are capable of providing a comfortable, flexible and energy efficient living
environment at a minimal cost. (50)
Grønbæk et al. (2014) suggested that the different perspectives range from monitoring and
controlling energy consumption over interactive rooms supports work in offices and leisure in
the home, for buildings providing information to by-passers in plazas and urban
environments. This paper puts forward the hypothesis that the coming decade will witness a
dramatic increase in both quality and quantity of intelligent buildings due to the emerging
field of pervasive computing: the next generation computing environments where computers
are everywhere, for everyone, at all times. ”Intelligent buildings” about buildings and
environments with integrated computing capabilities, since this is becoming an established
term when designing buildings. These research activities will be followed by the
development of a new interdisciplinary education in what we currently denote design. (27)
Nikolaou et al. (2014) stated that sustainability is a term that has become an integral part of
our vocabulary. By this word we understand the protection of the ecosystem through the
protection of its resources. The protection of cultural resources, above all building stocks and
historic urban systems, protected biotopes and man-made landscapes gives a common
framework for architecture, city planning, regional planning and landscape architecture.
Environments which have a high cultural and social quality do not become obsolete. In
addition to the general objective of maximizing the quality of a building, the design process
should also aim at minimizing the resource consumption and the emissions due to the
construction, operation, maintenance, and refurbishment and disposal process. Building
energy management system (BEMS) can contribute to a significant reduction of the energy
consumption of buildings and improved indoor comfort. (51)
Mousavi Takami et al. (2014) noted that the building energy simulation is important for the
study of energy efficiency in buildings. An energy saving control system of lightning, heating
and variable-air-volume air conditioner in intelligent building is simulated in this paper.
Intelligent building is a building with intelligence. Energy management and control system
(EMCS) technology has evolved over the past three decades from pneumatic and mechanical
devices to direct digital controls (DDC) or computer based controllers and systems. IBECS
(internet-based control systems to improve the energy efficiency of buildings) is a practical
networking system that takes advantage of a building's existing IT infrastructure to control
off-the-shelf lighting components and other building equipment through the internet. (28)
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Booy et al. (2014) stated that intelligent agents have often been used within intelligent
buildings for autonomous actuation of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems
(HVAC) within intelligent buildings. Ubiquitous wireless sensors send environmental data
such as temperature, which is then calculated by the agents in compliance to building policies
and stakeholder requirements. In this paper, they describe an organizational semiotic
approach to designing intelligent agents and a proof of concept in MASBO (Multi-Agent
System for Building control); a multi-agent system designed to provide coordinated
management on Building control HVAC systems within an intelligent building. (15)
Aschehoug et al. (2014) stated that the annual solar energy received at the envelope surfaces
of a building is in the same order as the energy needed for operating the building, even at
high latitudes. With the better utilization of this energy, one should potentially be able to
create buildings that are self-sufficient with energy. Much interest has recently been focused
on intelligent facades or intelligent envelopes that by adaptive or responsive actions will
make it possible to utilize more of this energy for building purposes, such as heating, cooling,
ventilation, lighting and electricity supply. The research on intelligent building envelopes
surfaces can incorporate solar systems for thermal and electric energy, day lighting systems,
and natural ventilation. (41)
Nikolaou et al. (2014) suggested that the social and cultural aspects of sustainability include
comfort, well being and safety of the building occupants. In addition to the general objective
of maximizing the quality of a building, the design process should also aim at minimizing the
resource consumption and the emissions due to the construction, operation, maintenance, and
refurbishment and disposal process. BEMS (building energy management system) can
contribute to a significant reduction of the energy consumption of buildings and improved
indoor comfort. Modern control systems provide an optimized operation of the energy
systems while satisfying indoor comfort the incorporation of these techniques in applying
systems represents a major challenge for the future of SMART technologies in buildings. (53)
Su et al. (2014) stated that fire disasters in a higher frequency often cause huge casualties and
property damages. There are many problems in the existing wired fire alarm system, such as
long construction period, large investment, maintenance problems, omissions, higher rate of
false, etc. Cables are one of the weakest links. Once broken when the fire occurs, they will
lead to signal failure in a large scope. Therefore, wireless fire alarm system is urgently
demanded. With the development of WSN technology, it’s possible to use wireless
technology in fire alarm system. Currently, ZigBee technology is one of the most promising
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solutions with the features of low-rate, low–consumption and low-cost. Wireless

communication technology is used in the field of fire alarm, which avoids lines, aging,
corrosion, being worn and other unreliability factors in the wired fire alarm system. (20)
Cerpa et al. (2014) stated that sensor networks will play a fundamental role in future
intelligent buildings. There are two basic areas that we envision this technology having a
critical impact; these are energy conservation and security. Regarding security, it is clear that
having a large number of sensors in the building that can monitor human movement further
increase the levels of security in the building. Having multiple sensing points can provide
greater capability, as is leveraged commonly by sensor arrays such as in radar systems or
binocular vision. (5)
Krogh et al. (2014) stated that information technology until recent years, mainly have been
driven by technological possibilities based on research methods developed within engineering
and natural science. They illustrate this perspective with a point of departure in supporting
work practices for Designers and Architects by examples from our interactive room
laboratory, the iRoom. On the basis of this aesthetic research perspective have become
essential in the further development of IT research regarding the environmental impact and
cultural changes imposed by the use of IT and these aspects can inform and inspire the design
of augmented reality environments and pervasive computing will be one of the major issues
in the coming years of teaching and research with this emerging discipline of e-Design. (45)
Husi et al. (2014) suggested that buildings could operate without continuous human
interference, based on the parameters of the sensors or with the help of intelligent software’s
downloaded to the controls, with distant monitoring systems, separately or all together. The
role of building Mechatronics in intelligent buildings has been the focus of many researches,
and every research in this field seeks the possibilities to reduce the energy consumption and
to increase the amount of the locally produced renewable energy. If the building is able to
supply its tasks automatically without human intervention or with just minimal necessary
human intervention it is called intelligent building. Intelligent building systems include the
following information: a) Applied technology b) The desires of the user c) Developer and
user software framework d) Inside-outside sensors and their parameters e) Climate control f)
Control of the lighting technology g) Control of the energy supply h) The utilization of the
alternative energy sources i) Security system control including alarm system j) The handling
of individual authorities i.e. permissions to stay k) Fire-alarm and fire-fighting l) The control
of doors and windows and their condition display m) The control of the consumer electronic
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devices n) Automatic or manual control of the household appliances o) Computer network p)

High rate of flexibility q) All-inclusive visualization r) All-inclusive control and remote
control. (21)
Following figure:1 shows the research reviewed related to the development of Intelligent
Building and Environmental issues in high rise buildings in metro areas in India.
Figure: 1Development of Intelligent Building and Environmental Issues in High-rise

Buildings in Metro Areas in India
CONCLUSION
There can be possible aspiration to provide an optimized solution of sustainability and
intelligence that will help the agenda of living in a healthy, comfortable, and technologically
advanced world.
1. From a practical perspective, it can provide a way for developers or design teams to value
sustainability of intelligent systems and lay emphasis on a sustainable design strategy. It
can help set up industry standards in the future, which clients can refer to and decide the
best suited intelligent green design for their organizational needs.
2. It can also help to enhance the productivity and effectiveness of organizations by
optimizing energy consumption, increase user satisfaction, minimize operating costs, and
address key environmental issues.
3. An intelligent building can use both technology and process to create a facility towards
safe, healthy and comfortable and enables productivity and well-being of its occupants. It
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can also exhibits key attributes of environmental sustainability to benefit present and
future generations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Authors thankfully acknowledge to Dr. C. L. Patel, Chairman, Charutar Vidya Mandal,
Er.V.M.Patel, Hon.Jt. Secretary, Charutar Vidya Mandal, Mr. Yatinbhai Desai, Jay Maharaj
construction, Dr.F.S.Umrigar, Principal, B.V.M. Engineering College, Dr.L.B.Zala, Head and
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Prof.J.J.Bhavsar, Associate Professor, Civil
Engineering Department, B.V.M. Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
for their motivations and infrastructural support to carry out this research.
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A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW ON INTELLIGENT BUILDING AND

Article · January 2015

Dr. Jayeshkumar Pitroda Chetna Mukeshkumar Vyas

Construction Management Approach View project

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A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW ON INTELLIGENT BUILDING AND

KEY WORDS: Human Needs, Intelligent Buildings, Engineer, Architects, Technologies

FACTORS AFFECTING TO INTELLIGENT BUILDING (I.B.)

Sr Water Management Sr. Waste Management

Sr. Intelligent building Aspects Sr. Integrating Building Management

BENEFITS OF INTELLIGENT BUILDING (I.B.)

10. Minimize project risk, maximize performance.

PREVIOUS RESEARCH REVIEW BASED ON INTELLIGENT BUILDING(I.B.)

the importance of maintaining a comprehensive understanding of IB technologies, keeping up

solutions with the features of low-rate, low–consumption and low-cost. Wireless

devices n) Automatic or manual control of the household appliances o) Computer network p)

Figure: 1Development of Intelligent Building and Environmental Issues in High-rise

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