NACE

Reference to the Peabody Book

Peabody's CONTROL OF PIPELINE CORROSION, 2nd Edition
January 27th, 2007
Revision 1.0
Metric Units
Ohm's Law

E E
E  IR I  R
R I

E  IR

I = Current ( amps ) I = 10.00 A

R = Resistance ( ohms ) R = 100.00 Ω
E = Voltage ( volts ) E = 1000.00 V

E
I 
R

E = Voltage ( volts ) E = 1000.00 V

R = Resistance ( ohms ) R = 100.00 Ω
I = Current ( amps ) I = 10.00 A

E
R
I

E = Voltage ( volts ) E = 1000.00 V

I = Current ( amps ) I = 10.00 A
R = Resistance ( ohms ) R = 100.00 Ω
 Area of a Circle

D 2
2
 D
A  R     
2

2 4
D = Diameter of Circle ( cm ) D = 10.00 cm
R = Radius of Circle ( cm ) R = 5.00 cm
A = Area of Circle ( cm² ) A = 78.54 cm²

Area of Pipe Cross-Section

DO2 DI2
2 2
 DO   DI 
A  RO  RI   
2 2
     
 2   2  4 4
DO = Outer Diameter of Circle ( cm ) DO = 10.00 cm
DI = Inner Diameter of Circle ( cm ) DI = 9.75 cm
RO = Outer Radius of Circle ( cm ) RO = 5.00 cm
RI = Inner Diameter of Circle ( cm ) RI = 4.88 cm
A = Area of Pipe Cross-Section ( cm² ) A = 3.88 cm²

Surface Area of Cylinder ( not including end caps )

S   2RL  DL
D = Diameter of Cylinder ( cm ) D = 10.00 cm
L = Length of Cylinder ( cm ) L = 300.00 cm
S = Surface Area of Cylinder ( cm² ) S = 9424.78 cm²
which is S = 0.9425 m²

Various Prefixes for Powers of Ten

 Series Circuit

RT  R1  R2  R3

R1 = Resistance of Resistor # 1 ( ohms ) R1 = 100.00 Ω

R2 = Resistance of Resistor # 2 ( ohms ) R2 = 200.00 Ω
R3 = Resistance of Resistor # 3 ( ohms ) R3 = 300.00 Ω
RT = Total Resistance ( ohms ) RT = 600.00 Ω

Parallel Circuit

1
RT 
1 1 1
 
R1 R2 R3

R1 = Resistance of Resistor # 1 ( ohms ) R1 = 100.00 Ω

R2 = Resistance of Resistor # 2 ( ohms ) R2 = 200.00 Ω
R3 = Resistance of Resistor # 3 ( ohms ) R3 = 300.00 Ω
RT = Total Resistance ( ohms ) RT = 54.55 Ω

Power Formula

P  EI  ( IR) I  I 2 R
E = Voltage ( volts ) E = 10.00 V
I = Current ( amps ) I = 20.00 A
P = Power ( watts ) P = 200.00 W
 OR 
I = Current ( amps ) I = 20.00 A
R = Resistance ( ohms ) R = 0.50 Ω
P = Power ( watts ) P = 200.00 W
 Color Code For Resistors

Values
Band A Band B Band C Band D
1st Figure 2nd Figure Multiplier Tolerance
Black 0 Black 0 Silver 0.01 Red ±2%
Brown 1 Brown 1 Gold 0.1 Gold ±5%
Red 2 Red 2 Silver ± 10 %
Orange 3 Orange 3 Black 1 None ± 20 %
Yellow 4 Yellow 4 Brown 10
Green 5 Green 5 Red 100
Blue 6 Blue 6 Orange 1,000
Purple 7 Purple 7 Yellow 10,000 

Gray 8 Gray 8 Green 100,000

White 9 White 9 Blue 1,000,000


Example

A = Orange = 3 C = Red = 100

B = Blue = 6 D = Silver = ± 10%
Resistance Value = 3600 Ω ± 10%, or between 3240 Ω and 3960 Ω.

Resistor Calculator

Band A = 3 Orange
Band B = 6 Blue Resistor Value = 3,600 Ω ± 10 %
Band C = 100 Red
Band D = ± 10 % Silver or between 3,240 Ω and 3,960 Ω
 Reference Electrode Conversions

Relative Values of Typical Reference Electrodes to Copper-Copper Sulfate Reference Electrode

Electrode ( Half - Cell ) Name Potential ( Volts )

Copper - Copper Sulfate ( Cu-Cu SO4 ) CSE 0.000
Silver - Silver Chloride ( Saturated ) Ag-AgCl -0.050
Saturated Calomel SCE -0.070
Zinc ( Pure Zinc ) Zn -1.100

Convert a Reading of: -0.567 V

to:
Electrode Conversion Table

Converted To Electrode:
CSE Ag-AgCl SCE Zn
CSE -0.567 V -0.517 V -0.497 V 0.533 V
Reference Ag-AgCl -0.617 V -0.567 V -0.547 V 0.483 V
Electrode SCE -0.637 V -0.587 V -0.567 V 0.463 V
Zn -1.667 V -1.617 V -1.597 V -0.567 V
 Sacrificial Anode Efficiency and Utilization Factor

Magnesium :
0.256WEU F
LM 
I
W = Weight of Anode ( kg ) W = 109.00 kg
E = Current Efficiency E = 0.50
UF = Utilization Factor UF = 0.85
I = Current ( amps ) I = 2.0 A
LM = Life of Magnesium Anode ( yrs ) LM = 5.93 yrs

Zinc :
0.0935WEU F
LZ 
I
W = Weight of Anode ( kg ) W = 109 kg
E = Current Efficiency E = 0.90
UF = Utilization Factor UF = 0.85
I = Current ( amps ) I = 2.0 A
LZ = Life of Magnesium Anode ( yrs ) LZ = 3.90 yrs

Anode Material¹ Consumption Rate² Common Consumption Current Utilization

Rates Used² Efficiency² Factor³
( kg/amp-yr ) ( kg/amp-yr )
Magnesium (H-1 Alloy) 6.80 - 15.86 11.34 0.50 0.85
Magnesium (High Potential) 7.25 - 8.62 7.71 0.50 0.85
Zinc 10.75 10.75 0.90 0.85

¹Anodes installed in suitable chemical backfill.

²Current efficiency with current density. The shown efficiency, and the resulting consumption rate,
are at approximately 322.92 mA/m² of anode surface. Efficiencies are higher at higher current densities
and lower at lower current densities.
³The Utilization Factor for all Galvanic Anodes is 85% ( 0.85 ).
 Dwight's Equation for Single Vertical Anode Resistance to Earth - centimeters

  8L  
RV   ln   1
2L  d  
 = Soil Resistivity ( ohm-cm )  = 10,000 Ω-cm
L = Length of Anode ( cm ) L = 1200.00 cm
d = Diameter of Anode ( cm ) d = 20.30 cm
Rv = Resistance of Single Vertical Anode to Remote Earth ( ohms ) Rv = 6.84 Ω

Dwight's Equation for Distributed Multiple Vertical Anodes Resistance to Earth - centimeters

  8 L  2L 
Rv   ln  1  ln(0.656 N ) 
2NL  d  S 
 = Soil Resistivity ( ohm-cm )  = 10,000 Ω-cm
L = Length of Anode ( cm ) L = 213.36 cm
S = Spacing between Anodes ( cm ) S = 300.00 cm
N = Number of Anodes N = 10 anodes
d = Diameter of Anode ( cm ) d = 20.00 cm
Rv = Resistance of Multiple Vertical Anodes to Remote Earth ( ohms ) Rv = 4.57 Ω

Dwight's Equation for Single Horizontal Vertical Anode (or Pipe) Resistance to Earth - centimeters

   4L2  4L S 2  L2  S S 2  L2 
RH  ln    1
2L   dS  L L 
 
 = Soil Resistivity ( ohm-cm )  = 10,000 Ω-cm
L = Length of Anode ( cm ) L = 213.36 cm
S = Twice the Depth of Anode ( cm ) S = 370.00 cm
d = Diameter of Anode ( cm ) d = 20.32 cm
RH = Resistance of Multiple Vertical Anodes to Remote Earth ( ohms ) RH = 22.52 Ω

Dwight's Equation for Distributed Multiple Horizontal Anodes Resistance to Earth - centimeters

R 
RN  F where F  1 ln( 0.66 N )
N SR
 = Soil Resistivity ( ohm-cm )  = 10,000 Ω-cm
S = Spacing between Anodes ( cm ) S = 0.203 cm
N = Number of Anodes N = 10 anodes
R = Resistance of One Anode ( ohms ) R = 203.20 Ω
F = Multiple Anode Factor F = 146.48
R N = Resistance of Multiple Vertical Anodes to Remote Earth ( ohms ) RN = 2976.39 Ω
 Cable Resistance

RCable LCable
RC 
1000
RCable = Resistance per kilometer ( ohm/km) RCable = 0.833 Ω/km
LCable = Length of Cable - Sum of Positive and Negative Leads ( m ) LCable = 116.89 m
RC = Resistance of Cable ( ohms ) RC = 0.097 Ω

Rectifier Total Circuit Resistance

RT  RGbed  RC  RS
RGbed = Ground Bed Resistance ( ohms ) RGbed = 3.08 Ω
RC = Resistance of Cable ( ohms ) RC = 0.10 Ω
RS = Structure/Pipeline-to-Earth Resistance ( ohms ) RS = 7.53 Ω
RT = Total Circuit Resistance ( ohms ) RT = 10.71 Ω

Rectifier Efficiency Formula

3600 KN
PAC  V AC I AC  OR  PAC 
T
 % Efficiency 
PDC
PAC
 100
PDC  VDC I DC

K = Meter Constant ( Shown on Face of Meter ) K = 0.005

N = # of Revolutions of Disk ( Observe for 60 Seconds Minimum ) N = 4
T = Time of Observation ( sec ) T = 10 sec
PAC = AC Input Power ( watts ) PAC = 7.20 W

V DC = DC Volts ( volts ) VDC = 2.00 V

ADC = DC Amps ( amps ) ADC = 1.00 A
PDC = DC Output Power ( watts ) PDC = 2.00 W

% Efficiency = Percent Efficiency % Efficiency = 27.78 %

Rectifier Current Output Calculator

I Out  Vaccross S factor

shunt

Vaccross Vaccross
shunt = Voltage Reading Measured Across Shunt ( mV ) shunt = 25 mV
S factor = Shunt Factor from Chart ( amp/mV ) S factor = 0.10 A/mV
I Out = Current Output of Rectifier ( amps ) I Out = 2.50 A
 Faraday's Law

Wt  KIT
K = Consumption Rate - Electrochemical Equivalent ( kg/amp-yr ) K = 9.10 kg/A-yr
I = Current ( amps ) I = 0.875 A
T = Time ( yrs ) T = 4.0 yrs
Wt = Weight Loss of Product ( kg ) Wt = 31.9 kg

Consumption Rate K for Various Metals¹

Metal kg/A-yr lb/A-yr
Carbon 1.30 2.86
Aluminum 3.00 6.50
Magnesium 4.00 10.00
Iron/Steel 9.10 20.10
High Silicon/Chromium Iron 0.50 1.00
Nickel 9.60 21.20
Copper (Monovalent) 20.80 45.80
Zinc 10.70 28.60
Tin 19.40 42.80
Lead 33.90 74.70
¹Based on Table 2, Chapter 2, Basic Course manual,
Appalachian Underground Corrosion Short Course

Impressed Current -- # of Anodes Required

KLDesired I Re quired
# Anodes 
U FactorW Anode
K = Consumption Rate ( kg/amp-yr ) K = 0.34 kg/A-yr
LDesired = Desired Lifetime ( yrs ) LDesired = 20 yrs
I Re quired = Current Required ( amps ) I Re quired = 15.00 A
U Factor = Utilization Factor U Factor = 0.60
WAnode = Weight per Anode ( kg ) WAnode = 27.2 kg
# Anodes = # of Anodes to Use # Anodes = 6.25 anodes
rounding up - use  # Anodes = 7 anodes

# of Anodes Required Based on Current Discharge

I Re quired
# Anodes 
MD *
I Re quired = Current Required ( amps ) I Re quired = 14.70 A
MD * = Maximum Discharge per Anode ( amps ) MD * = 2.50 A
* From Anode Manufacturer Data
# Anodes = # of Anodes to Use # Anodes = 5.88 anodes
rounding up - use  # Anodes = 6 anodes
 Coating Resistance Calculations

RCE  AS RP / S

where

AS  DL

ETS 1  ETS 2 ( EOFFTS 1  EON TS 1 )  ( EOFFTS 2  EON TS 2 )

E ave 2 2
RP / S   
IC I TS 1  I TS 2 ( ION TS 1  IOFFTS 1 )  ( ION TS 2  IOFFTS 2 )

D = Diameter of Pipe ( cm ) D = 60.96 cm

L = Length of Test Span ( m ) L = 1609.34 m
AS = Surface Area of Pipe Test Span ( m² ) AS = 3,082.08 m²
EON TS 1 = On Voltage Reading - Test Site 1 ( volts ) EON TS 1 = -2.000 V
EOFFTS 1 = Off Voltage Reading - Test Site 1 ( volts ) EOFFTS 1 = -0.900 V
ETS 1 = IR Drop Voltage Difference - Test Site 1 ( volts ) ETS 1 = 1.100 V
ION TS 1 = On Current Reading - Test Site 1 ( amps ) ION TS 1 = 3.000 A
IOFFTS 1 = Off Current Reading - Test Site 1 ( amps ) IOFFTS 1 = 0.200 A
I TS 1 = IR Drop Current Difference - Test Site 1 ( amps ) I TS 1 = 2.800 A
EON TS 2 = On Voltage Reading - Test Site 2 ( volts ) EON TS 2 = -1.700 V
EOFFTS 2 = Off Voltage Reading - Test Site 2 ( volts ) EOFFTS 2 = -0.850 V
ETS 2 = IR Drop Voltage Difference - Test Site 2 ( volts ) ETS 2 = 0.850 V
ION TS 2 = On Current Reading - Test Site 2 ( amps ) ION TS 2 = 2.800 A
IOFFTS 2 = Off Current Reading - Test Site 2 ( amps ) IOFFTS 2 = 0.100 A
I TS 2 = IR Drop Current Difference - Test Site 2 ( amps ) I TS 2 = 2.700 A
Eave = Voltage Average over Pipe Test Span ( volts ) Eave = 0.975 V
IC = Current over Pipe Test Span ( amps ) IC = 0.100 A
RP / S = Resistance Pipe - to - Soil ( ohms ) RP / S = 9.750 Ω
RCE = Effective Coating Resistance of Pipe Test Span ( ohm-m² ) RCE = 30,050.27 Ω-m²
 2-Wire Current Test over Pipe Test Span

Cathodic Protection Level 2 Training Manual - NACE pg. 4:58

E PS
I PS  where RPS  LPS RP
RPS
D = Diameter of Pipe ( cm ) D = 76.20 cm
t = Thickness of Pipe Wall ( cm ) t = 0.953 cm
L PS = Length of Pipe Test Span ( m ) L PS = 60.96 m
RP = Resistance of Pipe per meter from Table ( µohm/m ) RP = 6.66 µΩ/m
R PS = Resistance of Pipe Test Span ( ohms ) R PS = 0.00040599 Ω
E PS = Measured Voltage Drop over Pipe Test Span ( volts ) E PS = 0.00017 V
I PS = Calculated Current over Pipe Test Span ( amps ) I PS = 0.419 A

Table of Steel Pipe Resistances per Length¹²³

Pipe Size Outside Diameter Wall Thickness Weight Resistance
( in ) ( in ) ( cm ) ( in ) ( cm ) ( lb/ft ) ( kg/m ) ( µΩ/ft ) ( µΩ/m )
2 2.35 0.925 0.154 0.061 3.65 5.43 76.20 256.84
4 4.50 1.772 0.237 0.093 10.80 16.07 26.80 87.93
6 6.62 2.606 0.280 0.110 16.00 28.28 15.20 46.87
8 8.62 3.394 0.322 0.127 28.60 42.56 10.10 33.14
10 10.75 4.232 0.365 0.144 40.50 60.27 7.13 23.39
12 12.75 5.020 0.375 0.148 46.60 73.81 5.82 16.09
14 14.00 5.512 0.375 0.148 54.60 81.26 5.29 17.36
16 16.00 6.299 0.375 0.148 62.60 93.16 4.61 15.12
18 18.00 7.087 0.375 0.148 70.60 105.07 4.09 13.42
20 20.00 7.874 0.375 0.148 78.60 116.97 3.68 12.07
22 22.00 8.661 0.375 0.148 86.60 128.88 3.34 10.96
24 24.00 9.449 0.375 0.148 94.60 140.78 3.06 10.04
26 26.00 10.236 0.375 0.148 102.60 152.69 2.82 6.25
28 28.00 11.024 0.375 0.148 110.60 164.59 2.62 8.60
30 30.00 11.811 0.375 0.148 118.70 176.65 2.44 8.01
32 32.00 12.598 0.375 0.148 126.60 188.41 2.28 7.48
34 34.00 13.386 0.375 0.148 134.60 200.31 2.15 7.05
36 36.00 14.173 0.375 0.148 142.60 212.22 2.03 6.66
¹ Conversions based on 1in = 2.54cm and 1ft = 0.3048m.
² Based on steel density of 489 lbs/ft³ ( 7832 kg/m³ ) and steel resistivity of 18 µΩ/cm.
³ R = 16.061 x resistivity in µΩ/cm = Resistance of 1 ft of Weight per foot of pipe in µΩ.
 4-Wire Current Test over Pipe Test Span

Cathodic Protection Level 2 Training Manual - NACE pg. 4:60

IA
I PS  K  E PS where K
EON  EOFF

EON = Voltage Drop with Current Applied ( volts ) EON = 0.00508 V

E OFF = Voltage Drop with Current Not Applied ( volts ) E OFF = 0.00017 V
IA = Applied Current to Pipe Test Span ( amps ) IA = 10.00 A
K = Calibration Factor ( amp/mV ) K = 2.037 A/mV
E PS = Measured Voltage Drop over Pipe Test Span ( volts ) E PS 0.00017 V
I PS = Calculated Current over Pipe Test Span ( amps ) I PS = 0.346 A
 Conductance

1
C
units are in Siemens ( S ) or microSiemens ( µS )

R 1
units of Siemen ( S ) =


R = Resistance ( ohms ) R = 9.750 Ω

C = Conductance ( S ) C = 0.103 S

Resistivity Calculations

* Area may be Cross - Sectional Area of any material ( i.e. Pipe, Soil, Electrolye, etc. )
* For Soil Box Measurements A & L are made to be the same so they cancel out.

RA

L

Cathodic Protection Level 1 Training Manual - NACE 2000 pg 1:4

A = Area of Cross-Section ( cm² ) A = 1000.00 cm²

R = Resistance ( ohms ) R = 200.000 Ω
L = Length ( cm ) L = 3048.00 cm
 = Resistivity ( ohm-cm )  = 65.617 Ω-cm

Wenner Method

Cathodic Protection Level 1 Training Manual - NACE 2000 pg 4:28

  2aR
a = Spacing of the Pins ( cm ) a = 4.00 cm
R = Resistance Measured - shown on Instrument ( ohms ) R = 450.00 Ω
 = Resistivity of Measured Medium ( ohm-cm )  = 11309.734 Ω-cm
 Layer Resistivity Calculations

Cathodic Protection Level 2 Training Manual - NACE 2000 pg 4:67

Parallel Resistance Formula

Ra Rb
Rc 
Ra  Rb
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3

1avg  2S1 R1  2 avg  2S 2 R2  3avg  2S 3 R3

S1layer  S1 S 2layer  S 2  S1 S 3layer  S 3  S 2
R1layer  R1 R1 R2 R2 R3
R2layer  R3layer 
1layer  2S1layer R1layer R1  R2 R2  R3
 2layer  2S 2layer R2layer  3layer  2S 3layer R3layer

S1 = Layer 1 Spacing - Depth Measured ( cm ) S1 = 159.11 cm

R1 = Layer 1 Resistance Measured - shown on Instrument ( ohms ) R1 = 10.00 Ω
1avg = Layer 1 Average Resistivity ( ohm-cm ) 1avg = 9996.90 Ω-cm
S1layer = Layer 1 Spacing - Depth Measured ( cm ) S1layer = 159.11 cm
R1layer = Layer 1 Resistance Measured - shown on Instrument ( ohms ) R1layer = 10.00 Ω
 1layer = Layer 1 Resistivity ( ohm-cm )  1layer = 9996.90 Ω-cm

S 2 = Layer 2 Spacing - Total Depth Measured ( cm ) S2 = 318.21 cm

R2 = Layer 2 Resistance Measured - shown on Instrument ( ohms ) R2 = 7.40 Ω
 2 avg = Layer 2 Average Resistivity ( ohm-cm )  2 avg = 14795.41 Ω-cm
S 2layer = Layer 2 Spacing - Layer Depth Measured ( cm ) S 2layer = 159.11 cm
R2layer = Layer 2 Parallel Resistance ( ohms ) R2layer = 28.46 Ω
 2layer = Layer 2 Resistivity ( ohm-cm )  2layer = 28452.714 Ω-cm

S 3 = Layer 3 Spacing - Total Depth Measured ( cm ) S3 = 477.32 cm

R3 = Layer 3 Resistance Measured - shown on Instrument ( ohms ) R3 = 3.10 Ω
 3 avg = Layer 3 Average Resistivity ( ohm-cm )  3 avg = 9297.12 Ω-cm
S 3layer = Layer 3 Spacing - Layer Depth Measured ( cm ) S 3layer = 159.11 cm
R3layer = Layer 3 Parallel Resistance ( ohms ) R3layer = 5.33 Ω
 3layer = Layer 3 Resistivity ( ohm-cm )  3layer = 5333.230 Ω-cm
 3layer  3layer

Shunt Types and Values

Shunt Shunt
Shunt Rating
Value Factor
Amps mV Ohms A/mV
Holloway Type
RS 5 50 0.01 0.1
SS 25 25 0.001 1
SO 50 50 0.001 1
SW or CP 1 50 0.05 0.02
SW or CP 2 50 0.025 0.04
SW or CP 3 50 0.017 0.06
SW or CP 4 50 0.0125 0.08
SW or CP 5 50 0.01 0.1
SW or CP 10 50 0.005 0.2
SW 15 50 0.0033 0.3
SW 20 50 0.0025 0.4
SW 25 50 0.002 0.5
SW 30 50 0.0017 0.6
SW 50 50 0.001 1
SW 60 50 0.0008 1.2
SW 75 50 0.00067 1.5
SW 100 50 0.0005 2
J.B Type
Agra - Mesa 5 50 0.01 0.1
Cott or MCM
Red ( MCM ) 2 200 0.1 0.01
Red ( Cott ) 0.5 50 0.1 0.01
Yellow ( MCM ) 8 80 0.01 0.1
Orange ( MCM ) 25 25 0.001 1
 Rudenberg Formula

0.038I  y y 2  x 2  0.0052 I
Vx  log 10  Vx 
y  x  if x > 10y then
x
 

 = Resistivity of Earth ( ohm-cm )  = 1000.00 Ω-cm

y = Length of Anode in Earth ( cm ) y = 152.40 cm
which is y = 1.524 m
x = Distance from Anode ( m ) x = 21.34 m
I = Current of Ground Anode ( amps ) I = 2.0 A
Vx = Voltage Potential at Distance x caused by Ground Anode Current ( volts ) Vx = 0.150 V
 Nernst Equation

EE 
RT  a M
0
ln 
 ne
 
nF  a M  


E 0 = Standard State Half - Cell Electrode Potential - from table ( volts ) E0 = -0.763 V
R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.31434 ( J/mol·K ) R = 8.31434 J/mol·K
T = Absolute Temperature ( K ) ¹ T = 298.15 K
n = Number of Valence Electrons Transferred - from table n = 2
F = Faraday's Constant = 96,485.309 ( C/g·mol ) F = 96485.31 C/g·mol
 ne  ne
aM = Activity of Metal Ions in Solution ² aM = 0.71
aM = Activity of the Metal ( a M = 1 for pure metal ) aM = 1
E = Electrode Potential in Existing Solution ( volts ) E = -0.827 V

¹ Absolute Temperature is -273.15 ºC. Standard Conditions for pure metals in the emf series
are based on one unit activity of metal ions in the electrolyte at 25 ºC with no impurities
in the metal or electrolyte and with reference to a standard hydrogen electrode.

² Activity Coefficients can be found in Chemistry or Engineering handbooks at a molar

concentration of 0.01 mol.

Practical Galvanic Series in Seawater Valence of Common Metals

Standard Electrode
Half-Cell Metal Potential Eº Metal Valence
( volts ) vs. SHE*
Au/Au++ -1.60 to -1.75 -1.55 to -1.70 Aluminum 3
Pt/Pt++ -1.10 -1.05 Copper 2
Cu/Cu++ -1.05 -1.00 Copper 1
H2/2H++ -0.50 to -0.80 -0.45 to -0.75 Iron 3
Pb/Pb++ -0.20 to -0.50 -0.015 to -0.45 Iron 2
Ni/Ni++ -0.50 -0.45 Lead 4
Fe/Fe++ -0.50 -0.45 Lead 2
Zn/Zn++ -0.20 -0.15 Zinc 2
Al/Al++ -0.20 -0.15
Mg/Mg++ -0.20 -0.15

* Standard Hydrogen Electrode ( SHE )

1
2
3
 4


5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17