LEA 3: Introduction to Industrial Security Concepts (BSC-2-Bravo | TTh 08:00AM-09:30AM)

Course Introduction

Security has been defined as the use of “measures designed to safeguard personnel, to prevent
unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, materials, and documents, and to safeguard them against
espionage, sabotage, theft, and fraud (Wainwright, 1987).

Base on that definition, Security is important to everyone especially to:

A. Homeowners, who wants to protect valuable items in their house;

B. Parents, who do not want their child to be harmed while in school;

C. To Employees, who wants to save for a comfortable retirement;

D. Online shoppers, who wants to purchase a gadget via the internet.

E. To Private Companies such as:

A Jewelry Store that keep diamonds in storage;

A Law Firm that holds incriminating evidence against a drug lord; or

An Internet Company that requires personal information and passwords from its users; and
F. The Government that maintains military forces, use intelligence services, legislative civil defense
policies, and implement emergency preparedness measures to serve and protect its citizens (Bobier,
2013).

A basic understanding on the concept and methods of security is a primordial concern of everybody.

The security of any business establishment today is a complex process. Security work involves active and
passive measures so that effective defense can be established against crimes.

Active measures are the physical barriers, security lighting, use of vaults, locks and others. On the other
hand, passive measures are those that will date man from committing such acts for fear of being caught,
charged in court, or get dismissed. Furthermore, security education programs, investigation, fire
prevention seminars, personal security checks are examples of passive security (Peckley & Dulipas,
2008).

Course description

The course covers the study of the concept and principles of industrial security. It includes the role of
security profession in law enforcement administration and public safety, importance of security
personnel in investigation, the concept of criminalistics in the field of industrial security investigation
and crime detection, and the principles applicable to jurisprudence of criminal law, evidence, and
criminal procedure in relation to the legal context of industrial security and related laws.

Learning Objectives

At the end of this self-learning module, the students should be able to:

1. Recognize the history, concepts and principles of industrial security profession;

2. Discuss the different function, responsibilities of private security personnel in relation to Law
Enforcement Administration, Public Safety and Criminal Justice;

3. Explain the role and function of security personnel in crime detection and criminal investigation.;

4. Discuss the concept of criminalistics as a tool in crime detection in relation to industrial security;
and

5. Articulate the principles and jurisprudence of criminal law, evidence, and criminal procedure in
relation to the legal context of industrial security.

REVIEWER!

Basic Security Concept

Historical Background of Security in the Philippines

Historical Background of Security in the Philippines

In the 1950's the private security agencies/guards were under the supervision and control of the
municipal and city mayors. Any civilian could be employed as a security guard without undergoing any
training at all, especially in the handling of firearms. The only requirement then was a permit secured
from the mayor where he was allowed owning and operating agencies.

The Philippine Association of Detective and Protective Agency Operators (PADPAO) was established
as for back as year 1958 with the aim of making itself a freely self governing, self- regulating and self-
policing.
 On June 13, 1969, RA 5487, Otherwise known as " Private Security Agency Law" Was enacted.
Agencies, Co- Guard forces, Government Guard Forces, and their security Guards

With the creation of of the Philippine National Police on Jan. 1, 1991, PCSUSIA was again renamed
PNP Supervisory Office for Security and Investigation Agency (PNPSOSIA) charged with the mission to
provide administrative services and general supervision over the organization, operation, business and
activities of all operating private detective, watchmen, security guards/agencies and company guard
forces and all government guards throughout the country.

To date SOSIA operates under a new name PNP Security Agency Guard Supervisory Division
(PNPSAGSD).

Basic Security Concept

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Security is safety from harm, a term that has different dimensions in psychology, public safety,
defense and military matters, and information access. In finance, a security is a document representing
an investment.

Security, in its semantic and philosophical sense, implies a stable, relatively predictable
environment in which an individual or group may pursue it ends without disruption or harm, and
without fear of such disturbance or injury. The concept of security is an organizational sense as a means
by which safety and stability can civilized, shaped by wide variety of institutional and cultural patterns.

Throughout the ages, men started practicing the utilization of workers and equipment in order to
protect his well-being and property. Thus, the civilized man adopt security measures to have adequate
protection against unsecured and unsafe conditions. This probably led to the establishment of the Police
as an institution today which responsible for law and order as well as public safety.
 The incredible growth of the security industry in the Philippines now a day is evident. Most
companies are using guard forces, protective barriers, communication and electronic hardware and
other state-of-the art protection methods and techniques in their asset protection. However, not every
company or installation can yet escape the emerging complicated security problems like the
deteriorating peace and tranquility, the threat of terrorism and the social conditions of the community.
A determine intruder can sneak in the properties of another while the owner is asleep out on a trip or
anytime of the day and divest all valuable items which he can find. The incidents of fire and other
disaster should also be considered in the asset protection.

Hence, a basic understanding on the concept and methods of security is a primordial concern of
everybody.

Security is a state or quality, condition of being secure, freedom from fear, harm, danger, loss,
destruction or damages, to secure is to make safe or be protected.

The security of any business establishment today is a complex process. Security work involves
active and passive measures so that effective defense can be established against crimes.

Active measures are the physical barriers, security lighting use of vaults, locks and others. On the other
hand, passive measures are those that will dates man from committing such acts for fear of being
caught, charged in court, or get dismissed. Security education programs, investigation, fire prevention
seminars, personal security checks are examples of passive security (Peckley & Dulipas, 2008).

As the world moves on the higher complexity and higher inter-connectedness. The disruption of
business can arise from serious threats, major accidents, or terrorism even natural calamities.
Emergencies and crises challenge the organizations or the management far beyond the normal level of
business activity.

Industrial Security Management (ISM) is the action and measures taken to create a state of safe
environment for the protection of personnel, properties or assets from various perceived threats and
danger using manpower, electronic devices and other forms of security control measures. It is the
process of developing a comprehensive data protection plan. It takes into account all potential threats,
the existing network environment, the future needs of the organization, and lays out a multi-level
blueprint to integrate the security technology needed to combat any threats (Alejo, 2014).
Basic Security Concept

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

Concept of Security

This chapter presents the evolution of term security; related concepts in security; types of
security; major division of security; history of security in the international settings; history of security in
the Philippine settings; security at the present-time; and legal basis of industrial security.

1. Explain the word “secure.” How did this term evolve?

The word secure is derived from the Latin secures which means “safe” or “without care” or from se cura,
wherein se means “free from” and cura means “care.”

To be secure could mean many different things. It could mean being free from danger, risk, injury, fear,
trouble, doubt or anxiety. Being secure could also refer to being dependable, strong, good, impregnable
or inviolable. Or simply, it could mean having peace of mind.

2. Define and explain the word “security.”

Security can be defined as the degree of protection or resistance against harm, danger, loss, and
criminals. As a form of protection, it includes structures and processes that provide or improve security
as a condition (Bobier, 2013).
3. What is the different types of security?

a. Industrial Security- It is a security applied to business groups engaged in industries like

manufacturing, assembling, research and development, processing, warehousing and even agriculture.

b. Bank and Armor Security- A specialized type of physical security in protecting the assets,
personnel and operation of a bank with special emphasis on the precaution and measures to safeguard
the cash and assets while in storage; in transit and during transactions.

c. Hotel Security-It is the protection of assets, guests, personal effect and other properties in a
hotel

d. V.I.P/Personal Security- Type of Security Applied for the protecting top ranking officials of the
company against any harm, kidnapping and other criminal acts.

e. Communication Security- Is the protection resulting from the application of various measures
which prevent or delay the enemy or unauthorized persons in gaining information through the
communication system.

f. School Security-Concern with the protection of the students, faculty members and the school
properties.

g. Operational Security-it is a part of physical security that deals primarily with the protection of
processes, formulas, patents, and other industrial and manufacturing activities from espionage,
infiltration, loss compromise or photocopying

4. What is the major division of security?

The following are the three major division of security:

A. Physical Security- the system of barriers that is placed between the assets being protected through
the potential intruder.

B. Personnel Security- is the sum total of procedures followed, inquiries and criteria applied to
determine the work suitable of a particular applicant or retention or transfer of a particular employee.

C. Document and Information Security-is a physical security involving the protection of documents
and classified matters from loss or access by unauthorized persons, damages, theft and compromise
through disclosure.

Basic Security Concept

Security Hazards

Security Hazards- ( Hazard- a risk or chance of danger)

Security Hazard- Is an act or conditions which results in a situation conducive to a breach of the
protection system and the subsequent loss or compromise of defense information, company secrets, or
damage to personnel, property or facilities.

1. Human Hazards-is an act of condition affecting the safe operation of the facility caused by Human
action accidental or intentional. It includes sabotage, espionage, pilferage and theft, disloyalty,
disaffection, and subversive activity. it is also caused by persons.

2. Natural Hazards- are those caused by natural phenomena, which cause damage, disturbance and
problems of the normal functioning of Human Activities, Including security. it includes floods, typhoons,
earthquakes, lightning storms, volcanic eruption, high velocity winds, tidal waves, etc.
THE EXTENT AND DEGREE OF RISKS TO SECURITY WILL BE DEPENT ON:

Relative Criticality of Operation- Is the importance of the firm with reference to the national economy
and security. example: Open to Public; Condemned building, ,made of wood etc.

Relative Vulnerability- The susceptibility of the plant or establishment to damage, loss or disruption of
operation due to various hazard , Example: Location of the building; machines; poisons, etc.

Pilferage- An act of unlawful taking of personal property belonging to management or person (theft)

Types of Pilferer:

Casual Pilferer- One who steals due to his inability to resist the unexpected opportunity and has little
fear of detection.

Systematic Pilferer- Steals with preconceived plans and takes away any or all types of items or supplies
for economic gain.

Basic Security Concept

PHYSICAL SECURITY

PHYSICAL SECURITY

-The system of barriers that is placed between the assets being protected through potential intruder.

- Physical Security Measures are being used to defined, protect, and monitor property rights and
assets.

Physical Control

1.Discourage undetermined threat;

2.Psychological Deterrents;
3.Delay intruders; and

4.Provide security in depth.

Types Of Barriers

•Natural Barriers- It includes bodies of waters, mountains, marshes, ravines, deserts or other terrain
that are difficult to traverse.

•Structural Barriers- These are features constructed by man regardless of their original intent that tends
to delay the intruder. Examples are wall, doors, windows, locks, cabinets etc.

•Human Barriers – Persons being used in providing a guarding system or by the nature of their
employment and location, fulfill security functions. Also Human barriers is the WEAKEST type of Barrier.

•Animal Barrier- Animals used in partially providing a guarding system. Dogs are usually trained and
utilized to serve as a guard dogs. German Shepherd are best suited for security functions. Goose and
Turkey could also be included. ( Did you know that the most effective animal used as alarm system by
ancient peoples is GOOSE) (ALSO DID you know that Dog’s smelling power is 10,000,000x Stronger than
Human, but they cannot tolerate the smell of gasoline)

•Energy Barrier- It is the Employment of mechanical, electrical, electronic energy imposes a deterrent
entry by the potential Intruder or to provide warning to guard personnel. These are protective lighting
alarm system and any electronic devices used as barriers.

Basic Security Concept

Two General types of Physical Barrier:

Two General types of Physical Barrier:

1.Natural barrier- such as rivers, cliffs, and ravines etc. which delay or make more difficult the entry of
the intruder

2.Man-made barrier- are structural construction like fences, walls, floors, roofs, grills, bars, road blocks,
or other physical means to deter or impede penetration.

Three (3) Lines of Physical Defense

1.First Line of Defense- Perimeter fences/ Barriers

2.Second Line of Defense- Doors, Floors, Windows, Walls, Roofs and Grills and other entries to the
buildings.

3.Third Line of Defense- Storage Systems like Steel Cabinets, Safes, Vaults and interior files.

Perimeter Barriers

- A medium or structure which defines the physical limits of an installation or area to restrict or impede
access thereto. It is any physical barrier used to supplement the protection of an inside or outside
perimeter

- The Main purpose of perimeter barrier is to deny or impede access or exit of unauthorized person.

Types of Perimeter Barriers

1.Wire Fences- Is a type of perimeter barrier made of chain link design with mesh openings not larger
than two inches square, and made of #9 gauge wire or heavier, minimum height which is 8 ft.

2. . Building Wall- Masonry wall should have the same height as the chain link and surmounted by the
barbed wire top guards; if the height is less than the prescribed, additional chain link as topping is
placed to attain the minimum height requirement.

3.. Bodies of Water- It is additional security measures, surrounding the establishment

Basic Security Concept

Wire Fence

Wire Fence
-Can be barbed wire, chain link or concertina. Chain link are for permanent structure, barbed wire is for
semi permanent, and concertina for the least permanent and also can be used as a temporary road
block or impediment during strikes and crowd control. Wire fences are attractive and in low
maintenance cost; they after less hazard to people because of the absence of barbs, and the openings
are small to prevent passage of pilferer article.

Types of Fence

1.Solid Fence- constructed in such away that visual access through the fence is denied. Its advantage is
that it denies the opportunity for the intruder to become familiar with the personnel, activities and the
time scheduled of the movements of the guards in the installation.

ADVANTAGES OF SOLID FENCE

a. Denies Visual Access of the installation to the intruders.

b. Denies the intruder the opportunity to become familiar with the personnel, activities, and time
scheduled of the movement of the guards on the installation.

DISADVANTAGES OF SOLID FENCE

a. It prevents the installation guards from observing the area around the installation.

b. A solid fence creates shadows which may be used by the intruder for cover and concealment.

2.Full- View Fence- It is constructed in such a way that visual access is permitted through the fence.

ADVANTAGES OF FULL-VIEW FENCE

a. Roving patrols and stationary guards are able to keep the area surrounding the installation under
observation.

b. It does not create shadows which provide cover and concealment for the intruder

DISADVANTAGES OF FULL-VIEW FENCE

a. Its allowing visual access to the installation, its personnel, its guards; and its activities
b. It allows the intruder to become familiar with the movements and the time schedule of the guards
patrol; there after allowing him to pick the time for attempting penetration which would be most
advantageous to him.

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Basic Security Concept

Types of Full-View Fence

A.Chain Link Fence

•It must be constructed of 7ft. Material excluding top guard.

•It must be of #9 gauges or heavier

•The mesh openings are not to be larger than 2 inches per side.

•It should be twisted and barbed salvage at top and bottom

•It must be securely fastened to rigid metal or reinforced concrete

•It must reach within 2 inches of hard ground or paving

•On soft ground, It must reach below surface deep enough to compensate for shifting soil or sand.

B. Barbed Wire Fence

•Standard barbed wire is twisted double-strand, 12 gauge wire with 4 point barbs spaces on equal
distance apart.

•Barbed wire fencing should not be less than 7 ft high excluding top guard.

•Barbed wire fencing must be firmly affixed to post high excluding top guard.

•The Distance between strands will not exceed 6 inches and midway between parts.

C. Concertina Wire Fence

•Standard concertina barbed wire is Commercially manufactured wire coil of high strength steel barbed
wire clipped together at intervals to form a cylinder

•Opened concertina wire is 50 ft long and 3 ft. in diameter.

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Basic Security Concept

Perimeter Barrier Openings

The following are some types of perimeter barrier openings which needed to be given considerations in
physical security control:

•Gates and Doors-When not in use and controlled by guards, gates and doors in the perimeter should be
locked and frequently inspected by guards. Lock should be changed from time to time and should be
covered under protective locks and key control.

•Sidewalk Elevators- These provide access to areas within the perimeter barrier and should be locked
and guarded.

•Utilities Openings- Sewers, air intakes, exhaust tunnels and other utility openings which penetrate the
barrier and which have cross sectional areas of 96 square inches or more should be protected by bars,
grills, water filed traps or other structural means providing equivalent protection to that portion of the
perimeter barriers.

•Clear Zones - An unobstructed area or a “clear zone” should be maintained on both sides of the
perimeter barrier. A clear zone of 20 ft. or more is desirable between the barriers and exterior structures
and natural covers that may provide concealment for assistance to a person seeking unauthorized entry.

ADDITIONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

1. Top Guard- Additional overhang of barbed wire paces on vertical perimeter fences upward and
outward with a 45 degree angle with 3 to 4 strands of barbed wires spaced 6 inches apart. This increases
the protective height and prevents easy access.

2. Guard Control Stations- this is normally provided at main perimeter entrances to secure areas located
out-of-doors, and manned by guards on full-time basis. sentry station should be near a perimeter for
surveillance at the entrance.

3. Tower Guards- this is a house like structure above the perimeter barriers. The higher the tower, the
more visibility it provides. It gives a psychological unswerving effect to potential intruders/violators.

4. Barrier Maintenance- Fencing barriers and protective walls should always be regularly inspected by
security. Any sign or attempts to break in should be reported for investigation. Destruction of fence or
sections thereof should be repaired immediately and guard vigilance should be increased.

5. Protection in Depth- in large open areas or ground where fencing or walling is impractical and
expensive, warning signs should be conspicuously placed. the depth itself is protection reduction of
access roads, and sufficient notices to warn intruders should be done. use of animal as guards and
intrusion device can also be good as barriers.

6. Signs and Notices- Control Signs should be erected where necessary in the management of
unauthorized ingress to preclude visible and legible from any approach and in an understood language
or dialect.

Guard and Guard System

A. Functions that must be accomplished by this guard system;

1. Detect Intruders;

2. Sound Alarm;

3. Apprehend unauthorized personnel; and

4. Identify authorized personnel.

Threat- Insecure Conditions are caused by "threats and hazard" A " Threat or Hazard" to security is an
act or conditions that could result to loss. Threats are positive, inimical acts while hazards are passive
inimical conditions that can result in security.

Vulnerability- Is a measure of how open an organization is to attack injury or assault. in terms of a

medical analogy, vulnerability can be equated with the susceptibility of the body to disease or injury.

Risks- Are the probability or the chance that an event leading to a loss will occur. Risk is measured in
percent or more often, is stated verbally like statements such as " it will happen" or there's less than an
even change.

Criticality- In assessing risk, the complementary concept, " criticality" come into play. Criticality is the
measure of the seriousness or gravity of a loss.

Protective Lighting

Purposes of Security Lightings

Purposes of Security Lightings

It improves visibility so that intruders can be seen, identified or apprehended.

It gives psychological fear which serves as a deterrent to thieves, pilferers, trespassers and saboteurs.

It makes easier the routine work of a guard in identifying employees, vehicles and etc, during night
time.

If placed in certain areas, may even reduce the number of stationary guards, and instead, may require
only roving patrols at night.

Security Lighting Techniques

Security lighting should enable a guard to observe clearly the activities around and inside the premises
within his jurisdiction.

In planning, high contrast between intruders and background should be provided. When contrast is
poor, increase intensity will improve guard’s ability to see.

Lighting boundaries and approaches, as well as the area and structure, is useful to discourage
unauthorized entries and reveal identity of persons. Good lighting should reveal well boundaries, areas
glaring to intruders and adequate for the guard to observe.

If lighting at night cannot be provided due impracticability, other means of protection have to be made,
like additional guard post, roving

Protective Lighting

Types of Protective Lighting

Types of Protective Lighting

1.Stationary luminary (continuous)- Most common type, consisting of series of fixed luminous to light a
given area continuously with overlap. These two types are used on the entry gate of employees and
vehicles.

Glare projection type- The Intensity is focused to the intruder while the observer or guard remains in
the comparative darkness. The lighting is toward the approach of an entrance to an installation Lights
with reflectors increase glare.

Controlled lighting- The width of the lighted lighted atop can be controlled and adjusted to suit the
security needs. The lighting is focused sag on a pile of items rather than on the background.
2. Standby lighting- Similar to continuous lighting it can be turned on manually or by special devices or
another automatic means when there is suspicion of entry.

3. Movable lighting- Consist of stationary or portable manually operated search lights which may be
lighted continuously during hours of darkness or only as needed and usually supplementary to either of
the first two types.

4.Emergency lighting- A stand-by lighting which can be utilized in the event of electrical failure either
due to local equipment or commercial power failure.

General Types of Lighting Sources

1. Incandescent lamps- Common Light bulbs in which light is produced by the resistance of a filament to
electric current. for better concentration of light, metal reflectors are used and directed on areas to be
lighted.

2. Mercury vapor lamps- Is a type of gaseous discharge lamp which gives a blue-green color due to the
presence of mercury vapor.

3. Metal halide- It has similar physical appearance to mercury vapor but provides a light source of higher
luminous efficiency and better color rendition.
4. Fluorescent lamp- This provides good color rendition also, high lamp efficiency as well as long life.
However, it cannot project light over long distance and thus are not desirable as flood type lights.

5. High pressure sodium vapor- This has gained acceptance for exterior lighting of parking areas,
roadways, buildings and commercial interior installations.

6. Quartz lamps- a very bright light

Types of Lighting Equipment

1. Floodlights

2. Search lights

3. Fresnel lights

4. Street lights

Protective Lighting

The idea that lighting can provide improve protection for people and facilities is as old as the
civilization. Protective lighting is the single most cost effective deterrent to crime because it creates a
psychological deterrent to the intruders. Security lighting provides sufficient illumination during hours of
darkness.
Chapter 2: Protective Lighting & Chapter 3: Alarm System

Purposes of Security Lightings

Purposes of Security Lightings

It improves visibility so that intruders can be seen, identified or apprehended.

It gives psychological fear which serves as a deterrent to thieves, pilferers, trespassers and saboteurs.

It makes easier the routine work of a guard in identifying employees, vehicles and etc, during night
time.

If placed in certain areas, may even reduce the number of stationary guards, and instead, may require
only roving patrols at night.

Security Lighting Techniques

Security lighting should enable a guard to observe clearly the activities around and inside the premises
within his jurisdiction.

In planning, high contrast between intruders and background should be provided. When contrast is
poor, increase intensity will improve guard’s ability to see.

Lighting boundaries and approaches, as well as the area and structure, is useful to discourage
unauthorized entries and reveal identity of persons. Good lighting should reveal well boundaries, areas
glaring to intruders and adequate for the guard to observe.

If lighting at night cannot be provided due impracticability, other means of protection have to be made,
like additional guard post, roving

Chapter 2: Protective Lighting & Chapter 3: Alarm System

Types of Protective Lighting

Types of Protective Lighting

1.Stationary luminary (continuous)- Most common type, consisting of series of fixed luminous to light a
given area continuously with overlap. These two types are used on the entry gate of employees and
vehicles.
 Glare projection type- The Intensity is focused to the intruder while the observer or guard remains in
the comparative darkness. The lighting is toward the approach of an entrance to an installation Lights
with reflectors increase glare.

Controlled lighting- The width of the lighted lighted atop can be controlled and adjusted to suit the
security needs. The lighting is focused sag on a pile of items rather than on the background.

2. Standby lighting- Similar to continuous lighting it can be turned on manually or by special devices or
another automatic means when there is suspicion of entry.

3. Movable lighting- Consist of stationary or portable manually operated search lights which may be
lighted continuously during hours of darkness or only as needed and usually supplementary to either of
the first two types.

4.Emergency lighting- A stand-by lighting which can be utilized in the event of electrical failure either
due to local equipment or commercial power failure.

General Types of Lighting Sources

1. Incandescent lamps- Common Light bulbs in which light is produced by the resistance of a filament to
electric current. for better concentration of light, metal reflectors are used and directed on areas to be
lighted.

2. Mercury vapor lamps- Is a type of gaseous discharge lamp which gives a blue-green color due to the
presence of mercury vapor.

3. Metal halide- It has similar physical appearance to mercury vapor but provides a light source of higher
luminous efficiency and better color rendition.

4. Fluorescent lamp- This provides good color rendition also, high lamp efficiency as well as long life.
However, it cannot project light over long distance and thus are not desirable as flood type lights.

5. High pressure sodium vapor- This has gained acceptance for exterior lighting of parking areas,
roadways, buildings and commercial interior installations.

6. Quartz lamps- a very bright light

Types of Lighting Equipment

1. Floodlights- These Can be used to accommodate most outdoor security lighting needs, including
the illumination of boundaries, fences and buildings and for the emphasis of vital areas or particular
buildings.

2. Search lights- These are highly focused incandescent lamp and are designed to pinpoint potential
trouble spots.

3. Fresnel lights- These are wide beam units, primary used to extend the illumination in long,
horizontal strips to protect the approaches to the perimeter barrier.

4. Street lights- This lighting equipment received the most widespread notoriety for its value in
reducing crime.\
Chapter 2: Protective Lighting & Chapter 3: Alarm System

Lighting Applications/Lighting Systems

Lighting Applications/Lighting Systems

Fenced Perimeter Lighting- Used to illuminate the fence itself and the area beyond it (the detection
zone). Its objective is to reveal intruder's approach and produce glare towards him, thus reducing his
ability to see in the site. however, it can be difficult to apply because it may create nuisance or hazards.

Area Lighting- building face perimeters consists of faces of buildings on or within 20 ft. of the property or
area line to be protected and where the public may approach the building. Guards may be stationed
inside or outside of the building. Doorways or other insets in the building's face should received special
attention for lighting to eliminate shadows.

Flood Lighting- used to cast a strong light in the walls of buildings so that intruders are visible either in
silhoutte (outline) or by shadows which they can cast.

Gate House Lighting- Installed on active entrances for pedestrians and vehicles to facilitate complete
inspection of passengers, cars, trucks and freight cars as well as their contents and passengers.

Topping-up Lighting- used to illuminate dark areas not adequately it by area or flood lighting. areas and
structures within the installation property lines consists of yards, storage spaces large open working
areas, piers, docks, and other sensitive areas and structures.

AREAS TO BE LIGHTED:

1. Perimeter Fence;

2. Building Face Perimeter ;

3. Pedestrian Gate- Should be lighted about 25 ft. on either side of the gate if possible and the vehicular
gates should be twice that of street lighting is recommended in these application, but floodlights can
also be used if glare is strictly controlled.;

4. Vehicular Gate- Normally manned by guards inspecting credentials, as well as inspecting for
contraband or stolen property, it is critical that the area to be lighted to at least one foot candle.

5. Parking Area- This Include vital building, storage depots. and vulnerable control points in
communication power, light and were distribution system.

6. Thoroughfare- Used for pedestrian vehicles or forklift should be lighted to 0.01 candles for security
purposes.

7. Storage large opened working areas, piers, docks and other sensitive areas.
Chapter 2: Protective Lighting & Chapter 3: Alarm System

PROTECTIVE ALARM

Protective Alarms- It assists the security in detecting, impeding, or deterring potential security threat in
the installation. Its function is to alert the security personnel for any attempt of intrusion into a
protected area, building or compound.

ALARM (Signal)- warning of imminent danger.

ENUNCIATOR- Is a visual or audible-signaling device, which initiates condition of associated circuits.

What are the purposes of Protective Alarm System?

1. To economize;

2. To substitute in place of other security measures; and

3. To supplement by providing additional controls.

Basic Parts of an Alarm System

a. Sensor or Trigger device- It emits the aural or visual signals or both

b. Transmission line- a circuit which transmit the message to the signaling apparatus.

c. Annunciator / Enunciator- it is the signal system that activates the alarm.

What are the function of alarms system?

Detect fire or intrusion;

Emergency notification; and

Monitoring equipment or facility conditions.

What are the common causes of false alarms?

User negligence;

Poor installation or servicing; and

Faulty equipment.

Chapter 2: Protective Lighting & Chapter 3: Alarm System

Types of Alarm System

Types of Alarm System

Central Station System- A type of alarm where the control station is located outside the plant or
installation. When the alarm is sounded or actuated by subscriber, the central station notifies the police
and other public safety agencies.

Proprietary System- Centralized monitor of the propriety alarm system is located in the industrial firm
itself with a duty operator. in case of alarm, the duty operator calls whatever is the primary need;
firefighters, Police, an ambulance or a bomb disposal unit.

Auxiliary Alarm System- Company-owned alarm systems with a units in the nearest police station so that
in case of need, direct call is possible.

Local Alarm-This system consist of ringing up a visual or audible alarm near the object to be protected.
When an intruder tries to pry a window, the alarm thereat goes off.
Local Alarm by Chance System- This is local alarm systemin which a bell or siren is sounded with no
predictable response. These systems are used in residence or small retail establishment which affords a
respond system.

Dial Alarm System- This system is set to dial a predetermined number or numbers when the alarm is
activate. the number selected might be the police or the subscriber's home number, or both. When the
phone is answered, a recording states that an intrusion in progress at the location so alarmed.

Chapter 2: Protective Lighting & Chapter 3: Alarm System

Kinds of Alarm

Kinds of alarm device

1. Audio Detection Device- it will detect any sound caused by attempted force entry. A supersonic
microphone speaker sensor installed in walls, ceilings and floors of the protected area.

2. Vibration detection device- it will detect any vibration caused by attempted force of entry. A
vibration sensitive sensor is attached to walls, ceilings or floors of the protected area.

This is economical and easily installed, high salvage value, and flexible application

3. Metallic foil or wire- it will detect any action that moves that foil or wire am electrically charge
strips of tinfoil or wire is used in the doors, windows or glass surfaces of the protected area
4. Laser Beam Alarm- a laser emitter floods a wall or fencing with a beam so that when this beam is
disturbed by a physical object, an alarm is activated. Mostly Used in a Museum and Storage.

5. Photoelectric or electric eye device- an invisible/visible beam is emitted and when this is disturbed
or when an intruder break contact with the beam, it will activate the alarm.

6. Microwave Motion Detection Device- A pattern of radio waves is transmitted and partially
reflected back to an antenna. If they strike moving object, they return at a different frequency which
results in initiating an alarm signal. Very effective for protection of interior areas. This has a good
coverage =, and not affected by air currents noise sound.

FOOT RAIL ACTIVATOR

Foot rail activators are placed on the floor in such a position that tellers may activate the alarm
by placing the front of their foot engage the activation bar.

Foot rail do not acquire any obvious use of the teller’s hand and their hands may kept in full
view of the robbers for reason of safety, because foot rail can be activated very obtrusively and safely
then will frequently be found in the banks where tellers normally operate while standing up.
Bill Traps

Bill Traps or currency activation devices are usually place in the teller’s cash drawer and
connected to the alarm system using a wire connector. When currency is removed from the devices,
the alarm is activated. Mostly used in BANKS.

The advantage of this devices is that the robbers themselves frequently remove the currency
and activate the alarm. This is particularly helpful when the employees are immediately force to leave
their station without having an opportunity to activate the alarm safety.

Knee or Thigh buttons

These are installed inside the desk or teller station which can be activated by knee or thigh
pressure. They are commonly found in location where personnel usually perform their duties from
seated position.

Foot button

Like the foot rail permit alarm activation in relatively safety while both hands remain clear in
view of the robbers.

Double squeeze buttons

Required pressure on both sides of the device and therefore the probability of accidental alarm
is reduced. For not being so sensitive device.
 Chapter 2: Protective Lighting & Chapter 3: Alarm System

Operation of Intrusion Alarm System

Operation of Intrusion Alarm System

Intrusion devices emit certain signals to the annunciator and operate on the following principles:

Breaking an electric circuit- In a building or compound, all possible point of entry can be wired by using
electrically charged strips or tinfoil or wire. Any action that will move the foil or wire breaks the circuit
and activate an alarm. The alarm can be local, or near the area where circuit is broken, or can be
monitored in a distant enunciator or both.

Interruption of a light beam- This system uses a photoelectric cell, or the “electric eye” which operates
on the principle of light rays. In this system an invisible light beam is transmitted to a special receiver. An
infrared filter over the light source makes the beam invisible to intruders.

Detection of sound and vibration- This can be utilized effectively to safeguard enclosed areas, vaults,
safes, storage bins, file rooms, warehouse and similar enclosures. Sound or vibrations protect
supersensitive tiny microphones.

Space and motion detection- These systems derive their operating principle usually from a physical
phenomenon known as “Doppler Effect”.

Penetration of an electronic or electromagnetic fence- It is an electronic fence consisting of 3 to 5

strands of wire space from 9 to 24 inches above one another which serves as antenna, a monitoring
panel, and an electric circuitry. When power is put on, an Electro-magnetic field is set among the wires
from the top to the ground.

REDUCING FALSE ALARMS

A burglar can initiate a considerable response by police or private security personnel, who may leave
other important duties to race to the scene of the alarm. Therefore, it is important to prevent false
alarms when designing and installing alarm systems.
1. Passive Infrared Detectors- Can be programmed to ignore the first movement detected and to
sound the alarm only when the movement passes through two or more detection zones within a
specified period of time.

2. Dual Technology motion detector- It combines a passive infrared device and a microwave device in
one small unit. The passive infrared sees many detection zones and measures the change in background
temperature as a target moves across them.

INTRUDERS DETECTION SYSTEM (IDS)

These are electronic devices for detecting entry, or in some cases, attempted entry, of an
intruder and signaling an alarm.

Advantages:

1. Provide 24 hours surveillance

2. If used with CCTV, permit guards to remain in protected positions

3. Reduce the need of patrolling

4. Reduce manpower

5. Detect intruders at unmanned sites.

Limitations:

1. If not carefully selected and installed, they can be circumvented or have unacceptable false alarm
rates.

2. They require skilled maintenance

Perimeter Intruder Detection System (PIDS)

These electronic devices for detecting entry or attempted entry across the external perimeter
of a key point or vital point and signaling an alarm.

Advantages and Limitations: They provide similar advantages as in IDS but have the following
limitations:

1. Liable to high false alarm rates

2. Costly to maintain and install

3. May be vulnerable to deliberate alarming

4. Can sometimes be circumvented by knowledgeable intruders.

Protective Lighting

The idea that lighting can provide improve protection for people and facilities is as old as the
civilization. Protective lighting is the single most cost effective deterrent to crime because it creates a
psychological deterrent to the intruders. Security lighting provides sufficient illumination during hours of
darkness.