PROJECT BRIEF been created which adds to the struggle of increasing tourism
and motivating residents to preserve their culture.
INTRODUCTION
Performing venues are recreational facilities that are
utilized to showcase performing arts. An example of this is the
Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP). A renowned institution
for preserving, developing, and promoting the arts. It is essential
to create this kind of establishment as art is a huge influence on
the lives of the people.
SOCIAL ISSUES
The following are the social issues regarding the
theaters throughout the country.
1. Lack of Theaters. There are little to no theaters are built
throughout the country which can be accessed by the
public. Theaters in the Philippines are not suited for the
masses due to its grandeur style and expensive fees.
2. Uncomfortable. As mentioned above, the grandeur
architecture with current performing venues can make
the general public feel uncomfortable as exterior and
interior designs can be considered unconventional.
3. Exclusive. Rather than creating a space that will be
inclusive for everyone to be able to appreciate art, most
theaters implement strict guidelines such as dress
codes that might be hard for the general public to follow.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Pila, Laguna is a third-class municipality that is blessed
with a preserved history. Several establishments that are dated
during the colonization of the Spaniards have continued to stand
still despite of wars, calamities, and the like. However,
recreational facilities such as performing arts centers have not
And so, the proposed performing arts center aims to
increase tourism, preserve, enrich, and promote the history and
culture of Pila, Laguna
RATIONALE
As a type of recreational facility, there are advantages
on having a performance venue. The well-being of a community
may increase through participating in the performing venue.
Thus, creating an inclusive environment. Moreover, as tourism
is improved, visitors may also benefit as they learn the rich
history and culture of the area that was preserved by the past
and current residents of the community. Economically, a
performing venue adds value to the community as more jobs
may be given to its constituents. With numerous benefits that
everyone gets, designing and building performing venues must
be implemented.
OBJECTIVES
The proposed design for the performing arts center aims to
do the following:
1. Create a suitable art-showcasing environment for the
performers, audience, and staff,
2. Increase the tourism of Pila, Laguna and;
3. Promote the history and culture of Pila, Laguna by
incorporating a Philippine Spanish colonial architectural
style.
CONCEPT TRANSLATION
The concept of the proposed design is a modern take on
“Bahay na Bato”. Bahay na Bato is a Filipino architecture during
the Spanish colonial times. The aforementioned structure is still
evident in Pila, Laguna as most houses in the neighborhood
resemble those. To ensure its strength and to be able to last
longer, sturdier materials such as concrete will be used instead
of the usual wooden second floor level.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The proposed performing arts center is designed on the
vacant lot in Pila, Laguna as seen in the site data. Moreover,
the data was only gathered through online means as going
outside is restricted during the pandemic.
Also, the proposed design may or may not be applicable
with other locations as it is designed for the Municipality of Pila,
Laguna.

SITE DATA
VICINITY MAP

Satellite Map of Site

Images Source: Google Maps Image Source: Google Maps
 Images Source: Google Earth Pro

Analysis:

• The site is placed in a long rectangular lot with access

to three roads. Being a community lot, it has the
advantage to be easily seen and be accessed by
potential visitors.

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

Satellite Map of Site

Image Source: Google Maps

Image Source: https://en-ph.topographic-

map.com/maps/swbe/Laguna/

Images of Site
 Source: https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r04a/laguna/pila.html

Land Features

Image Source: http://www.namria.gov.ph/7271-

IISanPablo.html

Analysis:

• From the given maps, it can be seen that the elevation Image Source: HazardHunterPH
throughout Pila is only correlated with one color. Thus,
the assumption that the lot in Pila can be considered flat
or there is little to no difference of elevation.

GEOLOGIC SURVEY

• The municipal center of Pila is situated at

approximately 14° 14' North, 121° 22' East, in the
island of Luzon.
• Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 7.1
meters or 23.4 feet above mean sea level. Distance between Site and Mt. Bayaguitos
The assessment provided shows that there are no elevated
landforms in the area of Pila, Laguna; as the nearest one,
known as Mount Bayaguitos, is situated in the municipality of
Nagcarlan which is 9.2km away from the site.
Soil Type
and one or more pedogenic horizons of alteration or
concentration with little accumulation of translocated materials
other than carbonates or amorphous silica.
Source:
https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs14
2p2_051232.pdf

Definition of Aquepts

Soil Map of Pila. Image Source:

https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/images/Eudasm/Asia/images/m
aps/download/PH2004_2SO.jpg

Order: Inceptisols
Sub-Order: Aquepts Definition of Tropaquepts
Great Groups: Tropaquepts
Image Source:
Inceptisols have a wide range in characteristics and occur in a https://library.wur.nl/isric/fulltext/isricu_i8870_001.pdf
wide variety of climates. They can form in almost any
environment, except for an arid environment, and the
comparable differences in vegetation are great. Inceptisols can
The aforementioned soil type is evident in Pila, Laguna as most
grade toward any other soil order and occur on a variety of
lands are used for farming.
landforms. The unique properties of Inceptisols are a
combination of water available to plants for more than half the
year or more than 3 consecutive months during a warm season
 Rice Field in Pila, Laguna
Image Source: Google Maps
Petrology (Rocks)
A specific data about the rocks present in the site are not Image Source:
available. https://gisweb.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/gisweb/storage/haz
Hazards ard-maps/region-iv-a-
(calabarzon)/laguna/pila/earthquake/ground-
• Ground Rupture: Safe (approximately 33.3 km from the shaking/gsh_2014_043422000_01.png
Unnamed Fault)
All sites may be affected by ground shaking in the event
• Ground Shaking: Prone (Intensity VIII) of an earthquake and can be mitigated by following the
provisions of the National Building code and the Structural
code of the Philippines.

• Liquefaction: Moderately Susceptible


Image Source:
https://gisweb.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/gisweb/storage/haz
ard-maps/region-iv-a-
(calabarzon)/laguna/pila/earthquake/liquefaction/liq_20
14_043422000_01.png
Liquefaction is a phenomenon wherein the ground,
especially near the river, lake and coasts, behaves like liquid
similar to quicksand due to very strong shaking. Liquefaction
hazards can be mitigated by following the provisions of the
National Building Code and the Structural Code of the
Philippines.
• Earthquake-Induced Landslide: Safe
Earthquake-induced landslides are the downward slope
movement of rocks, solid and other debris commonly
triggered by strong shaking.
• Nearest Active Volcano: Banahaw (23.5 km)
Active volcanoes are those that erupted within historical
times (within the last 600 years). Accounts of these
eruptions were documented by man within the last 10,000
years based on the analyses of material from young
volcanic deposits.
• Lahar: Safe
Susceptibility of Pila, Laguna to Lahar.
Image Source:
https://gisweb.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/gisweb/earthquake-
volcano-related-hazard-gis-information
Lahars (an Indonesian term), sometimes called volcanic
mudflows or debris flows, are slurries of volcanic sediment,
debris and water that cascade down a volcano’s slopes
through rivers and channels. Lahars in tropical areas are
mainly generated by torrential rainfall on unconsolidated
deposits from a past eruption. Lahar Hazard assessments
are long-term lahar hazard projections based on the
volcano’s morphology, eruption history, as well as its
tendency for rapid morphologic changes during periods of
intense and/or prolonged rainfall, or after a major lahar
event. Lahar threat to people’s lives can be addressed by 1)
observing or implementing legal easement adjacent to
riverbanks, as provided in existing laws, ordinances, and
land-use plans, and 2) community preparedness and
evacuation plan. At-risk communities must learn to evacuate
themselves when lahar threats are imminent.
• Pyroclastic Flow: Safe
Susceptibility of Pila, Laguna to Pyroclastic Flows.
Image Source:
https://gisweb.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/gisweb/earthquake-
volcano-related-hazard-gis-information
Pyroclastic density currents range from pyroclastic flows to
pyroclastic surges depending mainly on particle
concentrations, with pyroclastic flows being denser and
therefore ground-hugging currents.
Source: https://hazardhunter.georisk.gov.ph/reports/hazard-
assessments
Analysis:
• Having a soil type that is suitable for farming can be
useful in planting vegetation throughout the lot. The
vegetation, then, may not only increase the
sustainability of the project but also can be used for
future community-related projects.
• Being safe from most of the geological hazards does not
mean that the materials that will be used are those of
brittle and light-weight characteristics.
• The site is still susceptible to liquefaction Intensity VIII
earthquakes.
o People are panicky. People find it difficult to
stand even outdoors. Many well-built buildings
are considerably damaged. Concrete dikes and
foundation of bridges are destroyed by ground
settling or toppling. Railway tracks are bent or
broken. Tombstones may be displaced, twisted
or overturned. Utility posts, towers and
monuments mat tilt or topple. Water and sewer
pipes may be bent, twisted or broken.
Liquefaction and lateral spreading cause man-
made structure to sink, tilt or topple. Numerous
landslides and rockfalls occur in mountainous
 and hilly areas. Boulders are thrown out from
their positions particularly near the epicenter.
Fissures and faults rapture may be observed.
Trees are violently shaken. Water splash or stop
over dikes or banks of rivers. Source:
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/eart
hquake/earthquake-intensity-scale
• And so, sturdy materials and building techniques
that can withstand the aforementioned earthquake must
be utilized.

HYDROLOGIC SURVEY
Approximate distance from the site to a portion of Santa Cruz
Water Features River (near body of water)
Images Source: Google Maps

Barangay Pinagbayanan in Pila, Laguna sits beside the waters

of Laguna Lake. From the project site, the lake is approximately
2.35 kilometers away. Santa Cruz River is also a body of water
near the site, which is approximately 4.51 kilometers away.
Hazards

Approximate distance from the site to Laguna Lake (nearest

body of water)
 • Although marked safe from storm surges and landslides,
the lot is still susceptible to flood and to severe wind.
Image Source: HazardHunterPH
• And so, the materials for the project must be flood
• Flood: Most likely suitable for development (needs resistant and can withstand cases of severe wind.
further validation)
CLIMATE DATA
The implementation of appropriate mitigation measures as
Climate Type: 1. Dry from November to April, wet for the rest
deemed necessary by project engineers and LGU building
of the year.
officials is recommended for areas that are susceptible to
various flood depths. Site-specific studies including the
assessment for other types of hazards should also be
conducted to address potential foundation problems. Source: https://www.cropsreview.com/climate-types.html

• Rain-Induced Landslide: Low Susceptibility (No

identified landslides) Köppen Climate Classification: Tropical Monsoon Climate -
ample rainfall like of a tropical rainforest but also experiences
Areas with low susceptibility to rain-induced landslides are hot and high-sun weather as it is located near the equator.
gently sloping areas with no identified landslides.
Implementation of appropriate mitigation measures as
deemed necessary by project engineers and LGU building
Source: https://www.mindat.org/feature-1693870.html
officials is recommended for landslide susceptible areas.
This includes performing site-specific studies to address Solar Angles:
potential foundation/slope stability problems. Monitoring of
signs/evidences of ground movement such as tension
cracks, tilted trees and fences, and bulging road sections in
areas that are moderately to critically susceptible to
landslides should be done regularly and reported to local
authorities and/or the MGB.
Source: https://hazardhunter.georisk.gov.ph/reports/hazard-
assessments
Analysis:

Solar Angles as of 08/19/20 12 nn.

Solar Data:

Solar Data as of 08/19/20 12 nn.

Images Source: SunCalc
Source:
https://www.suncalc.org/#/14.2334,121.3616,17/2020.08.19/11
:56/1/3
Average Temperatures and Precipitation: Maximum Temperatures:

Cloud, Sunny, and Precipitation Days: Precipitation Amounts:

Wind Speed: Pressure:

Wind Rose:

Cloud and Humidity:

Images Source:
https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climate
modelled/pila_philippines_1693870
UV Index: Visibility:

Sun Hours and Sun Days: Images Source: WorldWeatherOnline

Source: https://www.worldweatheronline.com/pila-weather-
averages/laguna/ph.aspx

Analysis:

• As the proposed project is a community lot wherein

visitors are expected to come most of the time, the
proposed performing arts center must be resilient
enough to withstand the days of extreme weather
conditions.
• The materials that must be used should be able to adapt
which weather is present so that the visitors and users
of the project will be comfortable.
FLORA
Approximate Distance from the site to the nearest rice field
(236 m)
Image Source: HazardHunterPH
An abundance of rice fields could be seen on the area of Pila,
Laguna. This richness in rice field was already evident from the
time the Spaniards came. The municipality was named in
reference to the type of soil found in the area which is a mixture
of soil and stones (pila-pila), which form the bunds of rice fields.
(Source:https://web.archive.org/web/20150422043339/http://hi
storyofpila.bayangpinagpala.org/2005/09/glorious-
past_13.html)
Analysis:
• Pila, Laguna is known for their vast farming fields. In
fact, farming is considered as the major sources of
income. Source: http://calabarzon.dilg.gov.ph/132-old-
lgus/old-laguna-lgus/577-pila
• Therefore, various vegetation may be planted
throughout the lot, not only to commemorate the farmers
of Pila but also to increase the sustainability and even
generate income for future projects.
FAUNA
Agricultural animals, such as Carabao and Cow, which are often
used for rice farming, are present in the municipality of Pila,
Laguna. Moreover, the presence of street cats and dogs is also
evident. Other animals commonly used for livelihood, such as
chicken, pig, cow, goat, and carabao are also present in the
area. Cockroaches, mosquitoes, and ants are also common in
the area.
Analysis:
• Livestock and poultry animals may most likely not be
present within the community lot. However, other
friendly animals such as stray cats and dogs may
wander in the lot.
• In case the aforementioned stray animals visit to the lot,
it must be ensured that they do not enter the structure
itself.
• Moreover, to prevent the infestation of cockroaches,
mosquitoes, ants, and other insects, cleanliness must
be achieved within the community lot. In addition, there
 shall be no room for stagnant water that may aid in supply that may be used in restrooms and for the
mosquito breeding. maintenance and of the project facilities.
• Moreover, water fountains may be added for the guests
UTILITIES as source of free drinkable water.

The following utilities are available within Pila, Laguna:

TRANSPORTATION
• Electric Power
o MERALCO: 230 V, 60 Hz, 3-phase electricity Situated near the municipal hall and the town plaza,
o PHILPODECO (Bulk power supplier to several modes of transportation are available within the vicinity.
MERALCO) Ranging from public transportation such as tricycles and
• Water jeepneys up to privately owned vehicles such as motorcycles
o Laguna Water and SUVs. In addition, large vehicles such as buses and trucks
• Information and Communications Technology may also pass on wide roads.
o Internet Service Providers: Infinivan, Cablelink,
PLDT, Smart Telecom, Velcoms Network, Sun Travel Time and Distance to Nearest Facility:
Telecom
o Telephone Companies: PLDT, Smart, Globe,
Sun
o Cable: Pila Cable TV Corporation
• Solid Waste: There is an ongoing Solid Waste
Management Plan managed by the local government
units in Pila, Laguna. Source:
http://nswmc.emb.gov.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2016/07/nswmc-reso-218-pila-
laguna.pdf
• Sewage
o Laguna Water

Analysis:

• With a reliable electric power supply, the outlets, lighting,

appliances, and the like shall be utilized properly to
avoid wasting power.
• Although water shortages have not been reported within
the site, it is still essential to keep an ample water
Church: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Pila, Grocery: Mini Puregold
Laguna

Market: Pamilihang Bayan ng Pila Bank: Rural Bank of Magdalena

 Sports Facility: Pila Gymnasium
Medical Center: Pila Health Center

Food and Drinks: Dexter’s Pizza

Educational Institution: Pila Elementary School
Emergency Response: Pila Municipal Hall PUBLIC BUILDINGS, FACILITIES, AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Churches:

Images Source: Google Maps

Analysis:
• The maximum travel time from the site to another facility
is six minutes. This is an advantage as it shows that the
site can be easily seen by people around it.
• Food and Emergency Establishments are also nearby
and so in times of hunger or emergency, it would be a
walking distance to buy food or get help.
• Provided that there is a nearby church in front of the lot,
churchgoers may opt to visit the community lot after their
service for recreation purposes.
Markets and Groceries: Banks:
Educational Institutions:
Emergency Services:

Medical Centers:
 Food and Drinks:

Sports Facilities:

Images Source: Google Maps

Analysis:
• As seen from the pictures above, the site is surrounded
by several establishments.
• Although it grants easy access to the other
establishments, the design must also be able to stand
out on its own as it is a Performing Arts Center.
• Thus, visitors that may either be from or out of town must
be able to quickly locate the proposed project.

POPULATION
Census:

Images Source: PhilAtlas

As of the 2015 census, the population of the Municipal of Pila is

around 50,289.
Demographics:

Image Source: https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-

calculate-population-growth

The calculated population for Pila, Laguna in 2020 is 54,179.

Analysis:
Image Source: PhilAtlas
Based on the 2015 census, the age group most
recorded ranges from 5-9 with a total of 5,280 individuals. On
the other hand, the least age group recorded from the census
are those who are 80 and over, with a total of 304. In addition,
the median age considered in Pila is 25.
Source: https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r04a/laguna/pila.html
Projections:
Compared to the 2010 census, there has been a 1.49%
growth rate. And so, to determine the projected population for
2020, the population growth formula can be applied.
• From the data above, it was shown that children from 5-
9 comprises most of the population of the town. Thus,
the design of the performing arts center must not
discomfort the children.
• Although those of 80 and over make up the least of the
total population, design considerations must also be
applicable to Senior Citizens as well as for PWDs even
if it was not stated.
• It was also reported that the median age of the
population is 25. This is important as the median age
can also mark as the guide for the design consideration.
Making the design not only applicable to those who are
young or old but also for those in between.
• Considering the amount of people that will be visiting or
using the performing arts center, the lot must be utilized
to comfortably accommodate the largest probable
number of visitors and users.

HISTORY AND CULTURE
Pila was considered to be the center of trade and culture
several centuries before the advent of Spanish colonization.
Archeological finds in Pila represent a considerable quantity of
exquisite Chinese porcelains (many of them were accordingly
completely unknown in the western collections) including
vibrant figurines and scholar's tools like miniature pouring
vessels, brush washers and writing implements used in the art
of calligraphy. The ancient Pilenos tempered their mercantile
spirit with aesthetics and spiritual values. Without neglecting the
production and improvement of local earthenware, they
accumulated works of art, which date back to Dynasties of the
Northern Sung (960-1127 A.D.), the Southern Sung (1127-1s80
A.D.) and the Yuan (1280-1368 A.D.).
According to historians, pre-Hispanic Pila was one of the
biggest barangay in domains in Southern Luzon. Its leader was
not only the local chief but also the regional Datu. The original
territory once covered the present towns of Morong (from which
the town of Pililla or Pilang Morong separated in 1583); Baras
separated from Morong in 1588); Baras separated from Morong
I n 1588); Tanay (i.e. separated from Pililla in 1606); Jala-jala
whose old name was also Pila (i.e. separated from Pililla in
1786) and Talim Island, which until now, has a sitio Pila. The
descendants of Pila Datu also regarded as the founders of the
other towns of the present province of Rizal. Around 1375, due
to some calamity of weather most probably flooding, the original
seat of Pila had to be abandoned and the barangay transferred
to Pagalangan, which signifies “the place of Reverence”. The
Franciscan chronicle, Plasencia (1589) gathered that the Datu
of Pila, "with his own gold" purchased the new site from another
chief who had owned it and who thus moved to another place.
The Datu then farmed out the arable land among the nobles and
the freemen who, in return paid him an annual rent of a hundred
gantas of rice.
Two hundred years later in 1572, the Spanish conquistadors,
led by Don Juan de Salcedo, "discovered" Pila in Pagalangan
after the "pacification" of Manila. The original settlement
according to historians was located in Pinagbayanan. The
second settlement was called "Pagalangan" which was
reportedly the place discovered by the legendary Conquistador
Juan Salcedo. The original site of Pagalangan was part of
Victoria. Victoria was then originally part of the Pila. As earlier
settlements and surrounding agricultural lands were perennially
flooded by lake water, the settlers moved out of Pagalangan in
the 18th century to its present location now part of Barangay
Sta. Cruz. In recognition of its extensive territory and sphere of
influence as well as the nobility of its people in background and
customs, the town was conferred by the special title. "La Noble
Villa de Pila" and adorned with a coat of arms. A villa was next
in rank to a city, which could also be declared to villa. A villa is
a Spanish territorial classification as well as institution. It is little
known in the Philippines, even among historians, because it
was sparsely granted in these parts during the Colonial Period.
Though small in number, the villas were huge in significance as
the centers for regional consolidation as well as, when linked
together, the general dissemination of Spanish rule, commerce
and culture in the archipelago.
The area of Barangay Sta. Cruz was then part of the hacienda
owned by the Don Felizardo, Don Miguel, and Don Rafael de
Rivera, prominent Spanish-Portuguese families during the
colonial days. The family donated the land occupied the
present-day church plaza and town hall. Pila was also being
referred to as "Bayang Pinagpala" because despite calamities
and armed conflicts through the centuries that passed, Pila has
endeavored to be preserved its present colonial Spanish
settings. Thus, the National Historical Institute declared the
historic town center of Pila in Laguna as a national Historical present during the 21st century, still value its history, culture, and
Landmark. In NHI Resolution No. 2, Series of 2000 the specific tradition.
area declared included area bounded by General Luna Street
in the north, M.H. del Pilar Street in the east, Mabini Street in
the south, and Bonifacio Street in the west, and including the
Pila Elementary School, and the Juan Fuentes and Santiago
Fernandez houses as a National Historical Landmark.

Source: http://calabarzon.dilg.gov.ph/132-old-lgus/old-laguna-
lgus/577-pila

Analysis:

• Most of the establishments and houses in Pila are

influenced by the Spanish colonial style.
• Filipino architecture such as Bahay na Bato still manifest
in the neighborhood.
• Thus, incorporating the Spanish colonial style and
Filipino architecture to the design of the proposed
project will make the town people not only appreciate the
style but also to be comfortable as it is something they
frequently see around the town.
DREAMS AND AMBITIONS OF THE PEOPLE
The town center of Pila, Laguna has been officially part of the
four National Historical Landmarks of the Philippines. A lot of
structures, both private and for public use, have been preserved
which dates back from the Spanish period.
This preservation made the small municipality of Pila a tourist
destination, which would not be possible withouth its own
people. Hence, the motivation of the people to keep and take
care of the sites relating the present to the past is evident. The
people of Pila, Laguna, although venturing the advancements
San Antonio de Padua Church in Pila Laguna (Image Source:
https://canadianfilipino.net/news/a-new-place-for-cremation-
ashes-in-church) and Alava Ancestral House (Image Source:
https://outoftownblog.com/pila-laguna-national-historical-
landmark/)
Analysis:
• It is evident that the residents of Pila take pride of its
historical background.
• Most of the built structures mimic the old existing
historical houses.
• They also aim to preserve the historical structures such
as the aforementioned data.
• And so, styles gearing towards modern and industrial
concepts might not fit the town.
• Thus, the design of the proposed performing arts center
must adapt to the current establishments of the town and
must not feel foreign to the town people.
 SWOT ANALYSIS materials and safety measures from the Fire Safety Code
and the National Building Code must be utilized.
1. Strengths
• The site has access to three sides of the road which is ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
an indicator of an ideal location for a public lot.
PERFORMING ARTS CENTER ACTIVITIES
2. Weaknesses ACTIVITY FREQUENCY
• With the existence of several establishments near the Cleaning
Workshop
lot, it may be difficult for visitors out of town to find the
Rehearsal
performing arts center. Thus, the proposed design must
be able to stand out from its nearby establishments while
maintaining its style.

3. Opportunities
• Having a rich historical and cultural background can ENGINEERING DESIGN CONCEPTS
serve as a guide for the design. Having to create a project
that will reflect on their history and culture will not only
preserve their culture but will also improve the tourism of
the town.
• With a suitable soil for farming, vegetation may be
possible that can be used to generate income for the
maintenance of the project as well as for future
community projects

4. Threats
• As the site is susceptible to floods and rain-induced
landslides, chosen materials must be flood resistant.
Proper drainage systems must also be utilized to prevent
flooding within the area.
• To prevent the destruction of the site due to probable
liquefaction and Intensity VIII Earthquakes, sturdy