4/5/2012

Using SAP2000 Software Package in

Earthquake Engineering (Part II: Pushover)

QD = 4.5 kips/ft
Same frame but 
different loading QD = 10.5 kips/ft

QD = 10.5 kips/ft

Loads on structures:
- Static (e.g. self-weight)
- Dynamic (e.g. earthquake)
Structures’ response:
- Linear (constant stiffness)
- Nonlinear (variable stiffness)

→Structural Analysis Approaches:

- Linear static (ELF)
((least accurate; least complex)
p )
- Linear dynamic (response spectra)
- Nonlinear static (pushover)
- Nonlinear dynamic (time history)
(most accurate; most complex)

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Pushover analysis:
Applying a force distribution to the structure in an
incremental fashion while monitoring the
occurrence of nonlinear behavior and plotting the
base shear (Vb) versus control node displacement
(uN).

compromise the simplicity of linear static approaches

and accuracy of nonlinear dynamic methods.

1- Nonlinearity sources:
- Geometrical (P-Delta effects)
(consider or not: codes)
- Material
(too many material’s behavior models)

2- Nonlinearity modeling:
- Concentrated - Distributed

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Plastic hinge properties:

- running section analysis and coming up with M-φ curves

Plastic hinge properties:

- using codes’ tabulated properties

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3- Lateral load pattern:

- a single concentrated force at the top
(good for one-story buildings)

- in proportion to the standard code procedure:

Fx   wxhx /  wxhx  V

- in proportion to the product of story masses and

predominant mode shape of the elastic model of the
structure
Fx   wxx /  wxx  V

4- Control node:
- For common buildings, the control node could be
selected as roof (top) story node

h
- Pushover l i is
analysis i stoppedd when
h the
h structure reaches:
h
pre-defined displacement
or
ultimate capacity

5- Gravity loads should be applied prior to the

application of lateral loads

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6- Check at performance point :

The global response of the structure and individual
component deformations are compared to limits in
li ht off the
light th specific
ifi performance
f l off the
goals th system
t

Using SAP2000 for Pushover Analysis

We will use the same frame (elastic beams), just
modify dead loads:

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1- Run Modal Analysis

 1 .0 
 
 (1 )
  0 .7 5 9 
 0 .3 4 5 
 

Select lateral load pattern:

1 0 0 0 
 
Fx   759  k ip s
 345 
 

2- Lateral Load Case

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3- Modify Dead Load Case

3- Define Push Load Case

1
2

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3- Define Push Load Case

1 2

4- Assign Plastic Hinges

Select column elements:

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4- Assign Plastic Hinges

4- Assign Plastic Hinges

Select beam elements:

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5- Run

6- Results Output
Display displacement:

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6- Results Output
Display pushover curve:

7- Checking Hinges Status

Looking for 0.5 ft roof displacement:

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7- Checking Hinges Status

At 0.5 ft roof displacement: the performance level

of the system is Collapse Prevention (CP)

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