11/9/2020

Hydraulics Engineering
Lec #2 : Surface Profiles and Backwater
Curves in Channels of Uniform
sections

Dr. Muhammad Usman Rashid

Department of Civil Engineering

Steady Flow in Open Channels

 Specific Energy and Critical Depth

 Surface Profiles and Backwater Curves in

Channels of Uniform sections

 Hydraulics jump and its practical applications.

 Flow over Humps and through Constrictions

 Broad Crested Weirs and Venturi Flumes

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Types of Bed Slopes

 Mild Slope (M)

yo>yc
So<Sc yo1
yc
 Critical Slope (C) So1<Sc
yo=yc
yo2
So=Sc Break

So2>Sc
 Steep Slope (S)
yo<yc
So>Sc

Occurrence of Critical Depth

 Change in Bed Slope Dropdown Curve
Control Section
yo1
 Sub-critical to Super-Critical yc

 Control Section So1<Sc

Break where yo2

Slope changes
So2>Sc

 Super-Critical to Sub-Critical
Hydraulic Jump
 Hydraulics Jump
yo1
yc
yo2
So1>Sc
So2<Sc

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Occurrence of Critical Depth

 Change in Bed Slope
 Free outfall yb~ 0.72 yc
yo
 Mild Slope yc

So<Sc

Brink 3~10 yc

 Free Outfall
 Steep Slope
yc

So>Sc

Non Uniform Flow or Varied Flow.

 For uniform (normal)flow through open
channel, dy/dl is equal to zero.
However for non uniform flow the yo1
gravity force and frictional yc
resistance are not in balance.
Thus dy/dl is not equal to zero So1<Sc
which results in non-uniform flow. yo2
 There are two types of non Break
uniform flows. In one the changing
condition extends over a long So2>Sc
distance and this is called
gradually varied flow. In the other
the change may occur over very
abruptly and the transition is thus
confined to a short distance. This
may be designated as a local non
uniform flow phenomenon or
rapidly varied flow.

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Energy Equation for Gradually Varied Flow.

Theoretical EL

V12 hL
2g S EL
HGL V22
2g
y1 Sw
Water Level
y2
L
Z1 So

X Z2
Datum

V 2 V 2
Z 1  y1   1  Z 2  y 2   2  hl
2g 2g

Energy Equation for Gradually Varied Flow.

V12 V22
y1   y2   Z1  Z 2  hL
2g 2g

S
hL
, So 
Z1  Z 2   Z1  Z 2  for   5o
L X L
Now
E1  E2  So L SL
E1  E2
L  (1)
S  So
Where L  length of water surface profile
An approximate analysis of gradually varied, non uniform flow can be achieved by
considering a length of stream consisting of a number of successive reaches, in
each of which uniform occurs. Greater accuracy results from smaller depth
variation in each reach.

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Energy Equation for Gradually Varied Flow.

The Manning's formula is applied to average conditions in each reach to
provide an estimate of the value of S for that reach as follows;

1 2 / 3 1/ 2 V1 V2
Vm  Rm S Vm 
n 2
V 2n2 R R
S  m4 / 3 Rm  1 2
Rm 2

In practical depth range of the interest is divided into small increments,

usually equal, which define the reaches whose lengths can be found by
equation ( 1 )

Water Surface Profiles in Gradually Varied Flow.

Theoretical EL

V12 hL
2g EL
HGL V22
2g
y1 Sw
Water Level
y2
L
Z1 So

X
Z2
Datum

2
V
T o ta l H ea d  Z  y 
2g

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Water Surface Profiles in Gradually Varied Flow.

Differentiating the total head H w.r.t distance in horizontal direction x.
dH dZ dy d  q 2 
    
dx dx dx dx  2gy 2 
Considering cross  section as rectangular
dH dZ dy  q2 
  1 3 
dx dx dx  gy 
 S  S o  F 
dy 1
N
2

 FN 
q2
dx gy3
ve sign shows that total head along direction of
flow is decreasing.
dy So S
or  (2) Equation (2) is dynamic Equation for
dx 1 FN 2 gradually varied flow for constant value
dy of q and n
For uniform flow 0
dx If dy/dx is +ve the depth of flow
So  S increases in the direction of flow and
 2
0
1 FN vice versa

Water Surface Profiles in Gradually Varied Flow.

For a wide rectangular channel
Ry dy So  S

dx 1 F 2
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
V y S or
n  Consequently, for constant q
1 and n, when y>yo, S<So, and
q  y 5 / 3 S 1/ 2 or the numerator is +ve.
n Conversely, when y<yo, S>So,
n2 q2 and the numerator is –ve.
S  10/ 3
y
For uniform flow in rectangular
 To investigate the denominator
channel we observe that, if F=1,
n2 q2 dy/dx=infinity; if F>1, the
So  10/ 3 denominator is -ve; and if F<1,
yo the denominator is +ve.
10/ 3
S  y o 
  
So  y 

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Classification of Surface Profiles

 Mild Slope (M)  Type 1: if the stream
yo>yc surface lies above both
So<Sc
the normal and critical
 Critical Slope (C) depth of flow. (M1, S1)
yo=yc
So=Sc
 Type 2: if the stream
 Steep Slope (S) surface lies between
yo<yc normal and critical depth
So>Sc of flow. (M2, S2)
 Horizontal (H)
So=0  Type 3: if the stream
surface lies below both
the normal and critical
 Adverse (A) depth of flow. (M3, S3)
So=-ve

Water Surface Profiles

Mild Slope (M)
dy So  S Ve
1: y  yo  yc    Ve  M1
dx 1 FN Ve
: yo  y  yc dy So  S Ve
2    Ve  M2
dx 1 FN Ve
yo  yc  y dy So  S Ve
3:    Ve  M3
dx 1 FN Ve

Note:
For Sign of Numerator computer
yo & y
For sign of denominator compare
yc & y yc
If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa

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Water Surface Profiles

Steep Slope (S)
dy So S Ve
1: y  yc  y o     Ve  S1
dx 1 FN Ve
dy So S Ve
2: yc  y  y o     Ve  S2
dx 1 FN Ve
dy S  S Ve
3: yc  yo  y  o   Ve  S3
dx 1 FN Ve

Note:
For Sign of Numerator computer
yo & y
yc
For sign of denominator compare
yc & y
If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa

Water Surface Profiles

Critical (C)
dy So S Ve
1: y  yo  yc     Ve  C1
dx 1 FN Ve
dy So S Ve
2: yo  yc  y     Ve  C3
dx 1 FN Ve

C2 is not possible

Note:
For Sign of Numerator computer
yo & y yo=yc
For sign of denominator compare
yc & y
If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa

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Water Surface Profiles

Horizontal (H)
dy S  So Ve
1: yo()  y  y c    Ve  H2
dx 1 FN Ve
dy S  So Ve
2: yo()  yc  y    Ve  H3
dx 1 FN Ve

H1 is not possible bcz water has to lower down

Note:
For Sign of Numerator computer
yo & y
For sign of denominator compare
yc & y yc
If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa

Water Surface Profiles

Adverse (A)
dy S  So Ve
1: yo()  y  yc    Ve  A2
dx 1 FN Ve
dy S  So Ve
2: yo()  yc  y    Ve  A3
dx 1 FN Ve

A1 is not possible bcz water has to lower down

Note:
For Sign of Numerator computer
yo & y
For sign of denominator compare
yc
yc & y
If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa

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Problem 11.59
 A rectangular flume of planer
timber (n=0.012) is 1.5 m wide Rectangular Channel
and carries 1.7m3/sec of water.
The bed slope is 0.0006, and
n  0.012
at a certain section the depth is B  1.5m
0.9m. Find the distance (in one
reach) to the section where Q  1.7m3 /sec
depth is 0.75m. Is the distance
upstream or downstream? So  0.0006
y1  0.9m
y2  0.75
y

Problem 11.59
Solution
Since
E1  E 2 Rm  0.3925m
L 
S  So Vm 1.385m
2
V n 2 Vm2 n 2
& S m & S  0.000961
Rm 4/3
Rm 4 / 3
E1  E2
A1  1.5x0.9  1.35m2 Now L 
S  So
A2  1.5x0.75  1.125m2
 V1   V22 
2

 1
y    2
y 
P1 1.5  2x0.9  3.3m 2g   2g 
L  
P2 1.5  2x0.75  3m S  So
R1  A1 / P1 0.41  317.73m Downstream
R2  A2 / P2 0.375
V1  Q / A1  1.26m / sec
V2  Q / A2  1.51m / sec

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Problem 10.52

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Assignment # 02

 Problems:
10.15.1, 10.43, 10.49, 10.57,10.61

 Date of Submission: 18-11-2020 (Wednesday)

 The slope of a stream of a

rectangular cross section is
 Given That
So=0.0002, the width is 50m, and the
value of Chezy C is 43.2 m1/2/sec. So  0.0002
Find the depth for uniform flow of
8.25 m3/sec/m of the stream. If a B  50m
dam raises the water level so that at C  43.2m1/ 2 /sec
a certain distance upstream the
increase is 1.5m, how far from this q  8.25m3 / sec/m
latter section will the increase be
only 30cm? Use reaches with 30cm Ao
q  yo C So
Po
depth.
0.3m 1.5m
50y o
8.25  yo 43.2 0.0002
50  2yo
yo
yo  6.1m

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Problem 11.66 V=C(RS)1/2

y A P R V E E1-E2 Vm Rm S S-So ΔL ΣΔL

m m2 m m m/s m m m/s m m/m m/m m m

7.6 380 65.2 5.82 1.09 7.66

0.295 1.11 5.74 0.000115 -0.000085 -3454.33 -3454.33

7.3

7.0

6.7

6.4

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