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Content of chapter

1. Basic elasticity
1.1. Stress
1.2. Equilibrium
SOLID MECHANICS 1.3. Boundary Conditions
1.4. Principle stresses
1.5. Mohr’s Circle of Stress
1.6. Strains
Dr. LE Thi Tuyet Nhung 1.7. Compatibility equations
Email: nhung.lethituyet@hust.edu.vn 1.8. Hooke’s Law
1.9. Problems

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Crack Tip Stress

(STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS)
1. Basic elasticity
Geometric irregularities (changes
1.1 Stress
in cross-sections) are a must in
most of machine components:
Shoulders for bearings, Key slots
for mounting gears and pulleys,
threads, and splines. Any change
in cross-section alters the stress
distribution and increases the
stress.
Discontinuities are
called stress raisers
and areas where they
occur are called stress
concentration
Stress distribution near a hole in a plate
loaded in tension.

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1. Basic elasticity 1. Basic elasticity

1.1 Stress 1.1 Stress Stress matrix
 xx xy  xz 
     yx yy

 yz 
 zx zy zz 


Or: in the form of vector

 xx 
  Direct
 yy  stresses
 
    zz 
 
 xy 
  yz  Shear
  stresses
 xz 

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1. Basic elasticity 1. Basic elasticity

1.1 Stress 1.1 Stress
Compression
Traction / tension Average normal stress

Average normal
stress

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1.1.1. Direct / Normal Stress 1.1.2. Shear Stress

 Shear stresses are produced by equal
Direct Stress = Applied Force (P) and opposite parallel forces not in line.
Cross Sectional Area (A)  The forces tend to make one part of the
material slide over the other part.
 Units (SI): N/m2 (Pa), kPa, MPa, GPa
 Shear stress is tangential to the area
 US units: Force (P) in pounds (lb) or
kilopounds (kip); Cross section (A) in square over which it acts.
inches (in2)  Stress: pounds per square
inch (psi) or kilopound per square inch (ksi)
 http://www.convertunits.com/SI-units.php

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1.1.2 Shear Stress 1.1.2. Shear Stress

Example: A BEAM Ex: Some Engineering Applications

Equilibrium shear load:

Suppose: uniform / section

shear stress:

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1.1.2. Shear Stress Complementary Shear Stress

Ex: Engineering Application

P = P’

P 1
Q
2

a
Shear stress
F: shear force
(internal force)
2 S R
1
Consider a small element, PQRS of the material in the
last diagram. Let the shear stress created on faces PQ
13
and RS be  1 14

Complimentary Shear Stress Complimentary Shear Stress

Concluded
 Let t be the thickness of the material at  Thus: Whenever a shear stress occurs on a
right angles to the paper and lengths of plane within a material, it is automatically
sides of element be a and b as shown. accompanied by an equal shear stress on the
 For equilibrium, clockwise couple = perpendicular plane.
anticlockwise couple  The direction of the complementary shear
 i.e. Force on PQ (or RS) x a = Force on stress is such that their couple opposes that
QR (or PS) x b of the original shear stresses.

1 x bt x a 2 x at x b
i. e.  1  2 15 16

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Example 1 1.1.3. Safety factor

Problem:
• 2 members are joined by a glue at Ultimate tensile strength A: initial cross area

angle θ
 Which stresses generated on
inclined interface plane? Ultimate normal load
 Calculate the stresses?

Working
load/design
load

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Example 1 (cont.) Problem: Example Problem:

• 2 members are joined by a glue at • 2 members are joined by a glue at
angle θ angle θ
• Ultimate stresses:  U  22 MPa • Ultimate stresses:  U  22 MPa
 U  11MPa  U  11MPa

 Determine range of angles θ, if  Determine range of angles θ, if

safety factors: shear stress =4.27, safety factors: shear stress =4.27,
normal stress=5.28 normal stress=5.28

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Example 2 Example 2

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1. Basic elasticity
Example 2 1.2. Equilibrium

Forces applied:
+ Surface forces
+ Body forces
(gravitational,
inertial per
unit of volume 
X, Y, Z )

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1. Basic elasticity Eqs (1) demonstration

1.2. Equilibrium
Eqs. (2)
Taking moments about an axis
through the centre of the (Forces) equlibrium of the
element parallel to the z
element in directions x,y,z:
axis

Eqs. (1)

The equations of equilibrium must be

satisfied at all interior points in a
deformable body under a 3D force system.

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Eqs (2) demonstration

Eqs (1) demonstration

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Eqs (2) demonstration 1. Basic elasticity

1.2. Equilibrium: Plane stress

structural components are

fabricated from thin material
sheet

Plane stress (2D case)

Equilibrium (2D plane stress)

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1. Basic elasticity
Demonstration:
1.3. Boundary Conditions
Equilibrium (3D)  ONLY 3 equations for 6 unknowns of stresses 
“Statically Indeterminate problems”
 we NEED: BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

2D
Summations of forces in the
Cosines: directions X,Y give:
2D
l = dy/ds
m = dx/ds

3D

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1. Basic elasticity Demonstration

Plane stress (2D)
1.4. Principal Stresses
Plane stress (2D)
..Element (ECD) is in
equilibrium

Direct stress
We want to
find stresses
on plane (AB).. Shear stress

Direct stress

forces are ignored

(1.8)
Shear stress
Both vary withθ
(1.9)

33 ..Element (ECD) is in equilibrium 34

1. Basic elasticity 1. Basic elasticity

1.4. Principal Stresses 1.4. Principal Stresses
(1.8) maximum or major principal stress

 MAX or MIN
2 solutions

Student do by themselves
minimum or minor principal stress

Shear stress  = 0
2 principle stresses (σI, σII) on 2 perpendicular principal
planes (on which shear stresses =0)

Shear stress  = 0 2 solutions

(comparing with  and    / 2 35 36
Equation 1.9)

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1. Basic elasticity 1. Basic elasticity

1.4. Principal Stresses 1.5. Mohr’s Circle of Stress

And how about maximum SHEAR stress ???  students answer The state of stress at a point in a deformable body may
be determined graphically by Mohr's circle of stress

given    n ,   ?

Q1

2 SOLUTIONS:  Q2
 centre C
 rotate Q1
angle 2 θ  Q  n ,  
Remark:

NB: the planes of maximum shear stress are inclined at 45" to the principal planes 37 38

1. Basic elasticity 1. Basic elasticity

1.5. MOHR’S CIRCLE OF STRESS 1.5. MOHR’S CIRCLE OF STRESS
MAX/MIN. NORMAL STRESSES
RADIUS:  Where it is?

CENTRE (C):

Principle stresses: MAX./MIN. SHEAR STRESSES

 Where they are ???

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1. Basic elasticity 1. Basic elasticity

1.5. MOHR’S CIRCLE OF STRESS 1.5. MOHR’S CIRCLE OF STRESS
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE Direct stresses of 160 N/mm2, tension, and 120 N/mm2,
Direct stresses of 160 N/mm2, tension, and 120 N/mm2, compression, are applied at a particular point in an elastic
compression, are applied at a particular point in an elastic material on two mutually perpendicular planes.
material on two mutually perpendicular planes. The principal stress in the material is limited to 200 N/mm2,
The principal stress in the material is limited to 200 N/mm2, tension.
tension.
UNKNOWN: θ…
Calculate:
+ the allowable value of shear stress
at the point on the given planes

+ the value of the other principal MOHR CIRCLE ?

stress

+ the maximum value of shear stress

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1. Basic elasticity 1. Basic elasticity

1.5. MOHR’S CIRCLE OF STRESS 1.5. MOHR’S CIRCLE OF STRESS
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
Calculate:
+ the allowable value of
shear stress at the point
on the given plane

= P1Q1 = ???

OσT  C: MIDPOINT OF P1P2

 OP1 = 160  OB = 200
 OP2 = -120  MOHR’S CIRCLE: WITH RADIUS = CB
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1. Basic elasticity 1. Basic elasticity

1.5. MOHR’S CIRCLE OF STRESS 1.5. MOHR’S CIRCLE OF STRESS
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
Calculate: Calculate:
+ the value of the other + the maximum value of
principal stress shear stress

??? ???

= OA
=CB

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1. Basic elasticity 1.6.1 Direct / Normal Strain

1.6. STRAINS
 loads applied to a body  deformation will occur  dimension
change
Longitudinal / direct strains direct changes in length
stresses σ
A bar  subjected to axial tensile
loading force, then tensile strain is:
Shear strains changes in angle
shear stresses
  /L
NB:
 strain is dimensionless
 Compressive strain = - /L
 Strain is positive for an
increase in dimension and
negative for a reduction in
dimension.

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1.6.2 Shear Strain 1.6.2 Shear Strain (Cont.)

 For small   
C x C’ D D’
F  Shear strain  change in
right angle
P Q
L  It is dimensionless and is
 S R measured in radians

A B
Shear strain is the distortion produced by shear stress on
an element or rectangular block as above. The shear
strain,  (gamma) is given as:
 = x/L = tan 
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1. Basic elasticity Demonstration

1.6.3. Strains: general case (direct strains)

perpendicular line
elements OA, OB
and OC at a point O
in a deformable body

subjected
to forces
(at O)

DIRECT STRAIN

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Demonstration 1. Basic elasticity

(direct strains) 1.6.3. STRAIN: general case

DIRECT STRAINS SHEAR STRAINS

(see demonstration in Ref.[1])

components of displacement

Eqs (1.18) and (1.20) are derived on the assumption that the displacements
involved are small. Normally these linearized equations are adequate for
most types of structural problem but in cases where deflections are large,
for example types of suspension cable etc., the full, non-linear, large deflection
53 equations must be employed. 54

1. Basic elasticity 1. Basic elasticity

1.7. Compatibility equations 1.7. Compatibility equations
the six strains are defined in terms of three displacement
the body remains continuous during the functions then they must bear some relationship to each other
deformation so that no voids are formed and cannot have arbitrary values.

three single-valued functions for displacement six equations of strain compatibility

the six strains are defined in terms of three

displacement functions then they must bear some
relationship to each other and cannot have arbitrary
values the six equations of strain compatibility which must be
55 satisfied in the solution of three-dimensional problems in elasticity. 56

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1. Basic elasticity 1. Basic elasticity

1.8. HOOKE’S LAW 1.8. HOOKE’S LAW
1D LAW
One-dimensional (1D) Hooke's Law

Robert Hooke, who in 1676 stated,

where F is the applied force, u is the deformation of the elastic body

subjected to the force F, and k is the spring constant (i.e. the ratio of
previous two parameters).

57 Young’s modulus 58

Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

1 ksi=6894757 Pa
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yield stress determination Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

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Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior

• If the strain disappears when the

• Below the yield stress stress is removed, the material is
  E said to behave elastically.
E  Youngs Modulusor
Modulusof Elasticity • The largest stress for which this
occurs is called the elastic limit.
• Strength is affected by alloying,
heat treating, and manufacturing • When the strain does not return
process but stiffness (Modulus of to zero after the stress is
Elasticity) is not. removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.

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Elastic Recovery Elastic and Plastic Strain

Loading Loading
P (e,S) e  ee  e p
Reloading
S
ee 
Stress

Stress
E
Unloading
e p  e  ee
Total Strain
Unloading
The 0.2% offset yield stress
Strain is the stress that gives a plastic
Strain Strain Plastic (permanent) strain of 0.002
elastic strain Elastic
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ep ee 66

1. Basic elasticity
1.8. HOOKE’S LAW Poisson's Ratio (REVIEW)
1D LAW

If the load is in the x-direction,

then strain in the y- and z-
direction will be
εy = εz = -ν*εx

E is the elastic modulus (also known as

Young’s modulus), and G is the shear
modulus. The elastic and shear moduli are
material constants characterizing
the stiffness of the material.
ISOTROPIC
Poisson's ratio is the amount
of transverse contraction, or
negative strain, when strained
in a given direction.

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1. Basic elasticity 1. Basic elasticity

1.8. HOOKE’S LAW 1.8. HOOKE’S LAW
Generalized Hooke's Law (Anisotropic Form) Hooke's Law  Isotropic MATERIALS
3D LAW
metallic alloys and thermoset polymers are considered isotropic
= CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS

material properties are independent of direction

Where:
C is the stiffness
matrix, 2 independent variables (i.e. elastic constants) in their stiffness and
S is the compliance compliance matrices
matrix,
and S = C-1
Young's modulus E and the Poisson's ratio 

Material Properties
6*6 = 36 constants alternative elastic constants K (bulk modulus) and/or G (shear modulus)

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1. Basic elasticity 1. Basic elasticity

1.8. HOOKE’S LAW
1.8. HOOKE’S LAW
Hooke's Law  Isotropic MATERIALS (3D)

Hooke's Law  Isotropic MATERIALS

EXPLICITE RELATIONSHIPS (3D)

2 CONSTANTS: TO DETERMINE
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1. Basic elasticity 1. Basic elasticity

1.8. HOOKE’S LAW 1.9. PROBLEMS
Hooke's Law  Isotropic MATERIALS
Problem 9.a:
EXPLICITE RELATIONSHIPS (2D)

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Solution 9.a: 1. Basic elasticity

1.9. PROBLEMS
Problem 9.b:

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Solution 9.b: 1. Basic elasticity

1.9. PROBLEMS
Problem 9.c:

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Solution 9.c:

APPENDICES

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UNITS
http://www.convertunits.com/from/inch/to/m

1 lb 0.45359237 kg

1 inch 0.0254 m

1 psi 6.894 kPa

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