Machine Tools & Machining

Assignment

Submitted By: Muhammad Arslan

Roll No: 18-MCE-35

Semester: 5th

Submitted To Mam Romeeza Usman

Department of Mechanical Engineering

NFC Institute of Engineering & Fertilizer research Faisalabad
 Question #1
Shaper Machine Definition:

The Shaper Machine is a reciprocating type of machine

tool basically used to produce Horizontal, Vertical or Inclined flat surfaces by means of straight-
line reciprocating single-point cutting tools similar to those which is used in lathe operation.

Working Principle of Shaper Machine:

A shaper machine is working on the following principle:

 A shaper machine holds the Single point cutting tool in ram and workpiece is fixed over the
table.
 The ram holding the tool reciprocates over the workpiece and metal is cut during the
forward stroke called a cutting stroke and
 No metal is cut during its return stroke is called an Idle stroke.
 The feed is given at the end of the cutting stroke.
 Generally, the cutting stroke is carried out at slow speed and the idle stroke is carried at
high speed with the help of quick return mechanism.

In the shaper machine, there is another mechanism called Quick return Motion Mechanism.

So what happens in quick return motion mechanism is,

In the forward stroke, the Slider moves fast and removing the material from the workpiece.

Whereas in the return stroke, the Slider moves faster than the forward stroke that means Quick
return, it takes less time to return, called a return stroke.
Planer Machine:

A planer is a machine tool primarily designed to produce planes and flat

surfaces by a single-point cutting tool. A planer machine is just like a shaper machine but,
it is very large and massive and it is capable of machining heavy jobs which can’t be done by the
shaper.The main difference between planer and shaper is that In a planer, the work is loaded over
the table and reciprocates past the stationary cutting tool and the feed is given by the lateral
movement of the tool but In shaper, the ram holding the tool reciprocates over the stationary
work loaded over the table and feed is given by the crosswise movement of the table.

How Planer Machine Works?

 initially, the tool head of the machine is in a stationary position and the worktable can be
move.
 The tool single point cutting tool is fixed in the tool head and the workpiece is fixed on
the work table.
 Now we switch on the machine that means power supply to the machine and the
worktable moves forward hence it cuts the material and it is called cutting stroke.
 The worktable moves downward there is no cutting of material so this is called the return
stroke.
 The process will be continued unless you change the power supply or others.

Planer Machine Mechanism:

Kinematics and its mechanism involve transformation and
transmission of rotation of the motor into reciprocating motion of the work table and the
transverse motions of the tools.

The reciprocation motion of the table that gives cutting motion to the job, is obtained by a rack-
pinion mechanism. The rack is fitted with the table and the pinion is fitted on the output shaft of
the speed gearbox
Slotting Machine:

A slotting machine is a machine which is used to slot materials made of

metal and wood. It can make slots on heads of screws, bolts and other automobile components as
well as other similar parts. The main purpose of is to shape and cut hard materials like metal and
wood. These are generally used in heavy industries like electrical, construction, furniture,
automotive etc. These are considered as heavy duty robust machines specially designed for quick
and accurate metal productions. These are well known for their high performance, low
maintenance cost and longer functional life. It is one of the important machine tools in the sheet
metal industries as well in electrical, furniture and construction industries. It is also known as
vertical shaper consisting of base, column and table, ram and tool head assembly, saddle and
cross slide, rams drive mechanism and feed mechanism.

How Does a Slotting Machine Work?

It can take up all the cutting forces because its base is rigidly built. The vertical column has a
front face and has guide ways in the reciprocating ram. That reciprocating ram supports the tool
head to which the tool is attached. The material is mounted on the table which can be
given horizontal and vertical rotary feed motion.
Slotter Machine Mechanism:
 Hydraulic Drive (Greater speed Flexibility, Smoother operation, Stroke length can be
adjusted )
 Variable Speed Motor Drive (In this Multi-speed arrangement)

Hydraulic Drive:

 A speed motor drives a hydraulic pump that delivers oil at a constant pressure to the line.
 A regulating valve admits oil under pressure to each end on the piston alternately.
 At the same time allowing oil from the opposite end of the piston to return to the
reservoir.
 The piston is pushed by the oil and being connected to ram by piston rod, pushes the ram
carrying the tool.
 The admission of oil to each end of the piston, alternately, is accomplished with the help
of trip dogs and pilot valves.

Variable Speed Motor Drive:

 In this type of slotter, speed is obtained by different gears present in the gearbox and the
shaft rotates with the help of an electrical motor.
 Basically it is used in modern large slotting machines.
Question# 2
Press Machine:
Press machine is a metal forming machine tool. Which is designed to form or cut metal
by applying mechanical force or pressure. With the help of a press machine, you can form metal
in any desired shape without removal of chips. The presses are exclusively intended for mass
production work.The main advantage of using these types of machine is that they are the fastest
and most efficient way to form any sheet metal into the finished product.

Working principle of press machine:

Presses deliver energy through a force that acts over a distance or stroke. One important
application is in metal forging manufacture. The energy of the press is used to close the die,
forging the part within. Press machine tools apply force/energy to the work differently than drop
hammers.
 Question #3

Forming process

 Metal forming: Large set of manufacturing processes in which the material is deformed
plastically to take the shape of the die geometry. The tools used for such deformation are
called die, punch etc. depending on the type of process.
 Plastic deformation: Stresses beyond yield strength of the workpiece material is
required.
 Bulk forming: It is a severe deformation process resulting in massive shape change. The
surface area-to-volume of the work is relatively small. Mostly done in hot working
conditions.

Cutting Tool:

A cutting tool in metal working can be defined as “any tool that is used
to remove metal from the work piece by means of shear deformation”. Frequently, it also refers
as a tool bit. In order to perform effective cutting operation, the cutting tool must be made of a
material harder than the work material to be cut. Also, the tool must be able to withstand the heat
generated during machining process.
The major classifications of cutting tools are following:
(i) According to Construction:
 Solid tool.

 Carbide tipped tool.

(ii) According to Number of Cutting Edges:

 Single point tool

 Multipoint tool.

 Formed (Tailor designed) tool.

(iii) According to Shape:

 Square.

 Circular.

 Left hand.