Module Code: PASAY-ELS-Q2-W3-D1

Name: _____________________________________________ Track/Strand: _______________

Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASAY CITY

MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Second Quarter / Week 3 / Day 1

GENERAL MECHANISMS AND FORMS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

IN PLANTS

Objectives: 1. Understand the general mechanisms of asexual reproduction in plants and

2. Identify the different forms of asexual reproduction in plants

Many plants are able to propagate themselves using asexual reproduction. Asexual
reproduction produces plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant without
mixing male and female gametes that takes place. Traditionally, these plants survive well
under stable environmental conditions when compared with plants produced from sexual
reproduction because they carry genes identical to those of their parents.

MECHANISMS OF ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

Natural methods of asexual

reproduction include strategies that plants
have developed to self-propagate. Many
plants—like ginger, onion, gladioli, and
dahlia—continue to grow from buds that
are present on the surface of the stem. In
some plants, such as the sweet potato,
adventitious roots or runners can give rise
to new plants (Figure 2). In Bryophyllum
and kalanchoe, the leaves have small buds
on their margins. When these are detached
from the plant, they grow into independent
plants; or, they may start growing into
independent plants if the leaf touches the
soil. Some plants can be propagated
through cuttings alone.
FIGURE 2. A stolon, or runner, is a stem that
runs along the ground. At the nodes, it forms
adventitious roots and buds that grow into a new
plant.
Artificial Methods of Asexual Reproduction
methods are frequently employed to give rise to
new, and sometimes novel, plants. They
include grafting, cutting, layering, and micro
propagation .

Cutting
Plants such as coleus and money plant are propagated through stem cuttings, where a portion of
the stem containing nodes and internodes is placed in moist soil and allowed to root. In some
species, stems can start producing a root even when placed only in water. For example, leaves of
the African violet will root if kept in water undisturbed for several weeks.

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Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

Grafting has long been used to produce novel

varieties of roses, citrus species, and other plants.
In grafting, two plant species are used; part of the
stem of the desirable plant is grafted onto a rooted
plant called the stock. The part that is grafted or
attached is called the scion. Both are cut at an
oblique angle (any angle other than a right angle),
placed in close contact with each other, and are
then held together Figure 3. Matching up these two Figure 3.
surfaces as closely as possible is extremely
important because these will be holding the plant
together. The vascular systems of the two plants
grow and fuse, forming a graft. After a period of
time, the scion starts producing shoots, and

Layering is a method in which a stem

attached to the plant is bent and covered with
soil. Young stems that can be bent easily
without any injury are preferred. Jasmine and
bougainvillea (paper flower) can be
propagated this way Figure 4. In some plants,
a modified form of layering known as air
layering is employed. A portion of the bark or
outermost covering of the stem is removed
and covered with moss, which is then taped.
Some gardeners also apply rooting hormone.
After some time, roots will appear, and this
portion of the plant can be removed and Figure 4. In layering, a part of the stem is
transplanted into a separate pot. buried so that it forms a new plant.

Micro propagation (also called plant tissue culture) is a method of

propagating a large number of plants from a single plant in a short
time under laboratory conditions (Figure 5). This method allows
propagation of rare, endangered species that may be difficult to grow
under natural conditions, are economically important, or are in
demand as disease-free plants.
To start plant tissue culture, a part of the plant such as a stem, leaf,
embryo, anther, or seed can be used. The plant material is thoroughly
sterilized using a combination of chemical treatments standardized
for that species. Under sterile conditions, the plant material is placed
on a plant tissue culture medium that contains all the minerals,
vitamins, and hormones required by the plant. The plant part often
gives rise to an undifferentiated mass known as callus, from which
individual plantlets begin to grow after a period of time. These can be Figure 5. Micro
separated and are first grown under greenhouse conditions before propagation is used to
propagate plants in
they are moved to field conditions.
sterile conditions.
(credit: Nikhilesh
Sanyal)

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Budding. The word bud means small outgrowth. In the process of

budding, a small bud grows on the body of parent organism and
FORMS OF ASEXUAL
when the time comes it detaches itself to form a new organism.
REPRODUCTION IN
Hydra and yeast undergoes the process of budding.
PLANTS (Natural
Method)

Spore formation
The method of spore formation occurs in both
unicellular and multi-cellular organisms. This
process takes place in plants. In spore
formation, the parent plant produces hundreds
of reproductive units called spores in its spore
case. When this spore case of the plant bursts,
these spores travel in air and land on food or
soil. Here they germinate and produce new
plants.
Fungi like Rhizopus, Mucor, etc., are examples
of spore formation.
Regeneration
Regeneration is an asexual method of reproduction.
In this process, if the body of a parent organism gets
cut, then each cut part can regenerate and form a
whole new organism from its body parts. This
happens because when the body of an organism that
can undergo regeneration gets cut then the cells of
cut body part divide rapidly and form a ball of cells.
These cells then move to their proper places to form
organs and body parts.
Regeneration occurs in both plants and animals.

Fragmentation
Fragmentation occurs in multicellular
organisms, be it plants or animals. In this
process the multicellular organism breaks
into two or more pieces on maturation. Each
piece than grows into a new organism.
Spirogyra which is a plant and sea
anemones which is a sea animal undergoes
the process of fragmentation.

Vegetative Propagation
This form of asexual reproduction occurs in plants
only. In vegetative propagation, parts of old plant like
stems, roots and leaves are used to grow a new plant.
The buds which are present in dormant state in old
plant are provided with suitable conditions like
moisture and warmth so that they grow and develop to
form a new plant.
Plants that undergo vegetative propagation are green
grass, Bryophyllum, money plant, potato plant, onion,
banana, etc.
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Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________
ACTIVITY NO.1. MECHANISMS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
DIRECTIONS: Differentiate natural method from artificial method based on the descriptions given.

Description Natural Method Artificial Method

Plants have developed to
self-propagate.
Plants like ginger, onion,
gladioli, and dahlia—continue
to grow from buds that are
present on the surface of the
stem.
A part of the stem is buried
so that it forms a new plant
Micro propagation is used to
propagate plants in sterile
conditions
After some time, roots will
appear, and this portion of
the plant can be removed
and transplanted into a
separate pot.

ACTIVITY NO. 2. FORMS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

DIRECTIONS: Study the pictures given in the first column. Match Column A (descriptions) with Column B
(forms) based on the given image.

IMAGE OF PLANT SPECIES DESCRIPTION FORM

A small bud grows on the body of
parent organism and when the time
comes it detaches itself to form a
new organism.
The parent plant produces
hundreds of reproductive units
called spores in its spore case
The body of a parent organism gets
cut, then each cut part can
regenerate and form a whole new
organism from its body parts
Each piece than grows into a new
organism

Parts of old plant like stems, roots

and leaves are used to grow a new
plant.

ACTIVITY NO. 3. CRITICAL THINKING

1. Are organisms affected negatively by asexual reproduction? If so, explain.
___________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.

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Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

GENERALIZATION:

➢ In natural asexual reproduction, roots can give rise to new plants, or plants
can propagate using budding or cutting.
➢ layering: a method of plant propagation in which a bent stem is covered
with soil in order to generate new roots
➢ grafting: process of attaching part of a stem from one plant onto the root of
another plant
➢ micro propagation: practice of rapidly multiplying plant material to produce
a large number of progeny plants using plant tissue culture methods
➢ cutting: placing part of a stem containing nodes or internodes in water or
moist soil in order to produce new plants
➢ Five forms of asexual reproduction in plants; Budding, Spore
Formation, Regeneration, Fragmentation and Vegetative Propagation

ASSESSMENT:
DIRECTIONS: Read the questions carefully and answer it correctly.
For numbers 1-5 only

a. b. c. d. e.
1. Which form of asexual reproduction exists both in plants and animals??
2. A form of asexual reproduction visible in green grass, Bryophyllum, money
plant, potato plant, onion, banana is called _____________.
3. A form happens because when the body of an organism gets cut then the cells of cut
body part divide rapidly and form a ball of cells is called ______________.
4. Which type of reproduction happens in fungi like rhizopus and mucor?
5. What method is takes place when a small bud grows on the body of parent organism
and when the time comes it detaches itself to form a new organism.
6. Which methods are frequently employed to give rise to new, and sometimes novel
plants?
For numbers 7-10 only
a. Micro propagation b. Grafting c. Layering d. Cutting
7. Which method occurs when two plant species used part of the stem of the
desirable plant is grafted onto a rooted plant called the stock?
8. It is a method of propagating a large number of plants from a single plant in a
short time under laboratory conditions?
9. It is a method in which a stem attached to the plant is bent and covered with soil
10 Plants such as coleus and money plant are propagated through , where a
portion of the stem containing nodes and internodes is placed in moist soil and allowed
to root.

WRITER: ROSEMINDA K. TAPONG - KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL PASAY CITY

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 Module Code: PASAY-ELS-Q2-W3-D2

Name: _____________________________________________ Track/Strand: _______________

Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASAY CITY

MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Second Quarter / Week 3 / Day 2

GENERAL MECHANISMS AND FORMS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

IN PLANTS

Objectives: 1. Understand the general mechanisms of sexual reproduction in plants and

2. Identify the different forms of sexual reproduction in plants

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants involves the production of male and female gametes,
the transfer of the male gametes to the female ovules in a process called pollination. After
pollination occurs, fertilization happens and the ovules grow into seeds within a fruit.

MECHANISMS AND FORMS

OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IN PLANTS
Methods of Pollination
Pollination takes two forms: self-pollination
and cross-pollination. Self-pollination
occurs when the pollen from the anther is
deposited on the stigma of the same
flower, or another flower on the same plant.
Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen
from the anther of one flower to the stigma
of another flower on a different individual of
the same species.
Self-pollination leads to the production of
plants with less genetic diversity, since
genetic material from the same plant is used to
form gametes, and eventually, the zygote. In
contrast, cross-pollination—or out-
crossing—leads to greater genetic diversity
because the microgametophyte and
megagametophyte are derived from different
plants.

Figure 1. Insects, such as bees,

are important agents of pollination.
(Credit: modification of work by Jon
Sullivan)
Other agent of pollination are
bats, birds, wind, and water.

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Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

Double Fertilization
After pollen is deposited on the stigma, it must germinate and grow through the style to reach
the ovule. The microspores, or the pollen, contain two cells: the pollen tube cell and the
generative cell. The pollen tube cell grows into a pollen tube through which the generative
cell travels. The germination of the pollen tube requires water, oxygen, and certain chemical
signals. As it travels through the style to reach the embryo sac, the pollen tube’s growth is
supported by the tissues of the style. In the meantime, the generative cell divides to form two
sperm cells. The pollen tube is guided by the chemicals secreted by the synergids present in
the embryo sac, and it enters the ovule sac through the micropyle. Of the two sperm cells, one
sperm fertilizes the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote; the other sperm fuses with the two
polar nuclei, forming a triploid cell that develops into the endosperm. Together, these two
fertilization events in angiosperms are known as double fertilization (Figure 7). After fertilization
is complete, no other sperm can enter. The fertilized ovule forms the seed, whereas the tissues
of the ovary become the fruit, usually enveloping the seed.

Development of a Seed
The mature ovule develops into the seed. A typical
seed contains a seed coat, cotyledons, endosperm,
and a single embryo (Figure 9).The seed, along
with the ovule, is protected by a seed coat that is
formed from the integuments of the ovule sac. In
dicots, the seed coat is further divided into an outer
coat known as the testa and inner coat known as
the tegmen.

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Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

Figure 10. As this monocot grass
seed germinates, the primary root, or
radicle, emerges first, followed by the
primary shoot, or coleoptile, and the
adventitious roots.
Figure 11. Upon germination in dicot
seeds, the epicotyl is shaped like a hook
with the plumule pointing downwards.
This shape is called the plumule hook,
and it persists as long as germination
proceeds in the dark.

Development of Fruit and Fruit Types

After fertilization, the ovary of the flower usually develops into the fruit. Fruits are usually
associated with having a sweet taste; however, not all fruits are sweet. Botanically, the term
“fruit” is used for a ripened ovary. In most cases, flowers in which fertilization has taken place
will develop into fruits, and flowers in which fertilization has not taken place will not. Some fruits
develop from the ovary and are known as true fruits, whereas others develop from other parts
of the female gametophyte and are known as accessory fruits. The fruit encloses the seeds and
the developing embryo, thereby providing it with protection. Fruits are of many types,
depending on their origin and texture. The sweet tissue of the blackberry, the red flesh of the
tomato, the shell of the peanut, and the hull of corn (th e tough, thin part that gets stuck in your
teeth when you eat popcorn) are all fruits. As the fruit matures, the seeds also mature.

Figure 12.
Fruits and seeds are dispersed by various means. (a) Dandelion seeds are dispersed by
wind, the (b) coconut seed is dispersed by water, and the (c) acorn is dispersed by animals
that cache and then forget it. (Credit a: modification of work by “Rosendahl”/Flickr; credit b:
modification of work by Shine; credit c: modification of work by Paolo Neo)

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Name: _____________________________________________ Track/Strand: _______________

Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

ACTIVITY NO.1. MECHANISMS OF POLLINATION

DIRECTIONS: Differentiate self-pollination method from cross pollination method using the images
below.

ACTIVITY NO. 2. DOUBLE FERTILIZATION

DIRECTIONS: Analyze the images and write below their respective descriptions.

ACTIVITY NO. 3. CRITICAL THINKING

1. Explain the limitations of self-pollination and cross pollination.

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Name: _____________________________________________ Track/Strand: _______________

Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

GENERALIZATION:
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants involves the production of male and female gametes, the
transfer of the male gametes to the female ovules in a process called pollination. After pollination
occurs, fertilization happens and the ovules grow into seeds within a fruit.
• Self-pollination occurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower,
or another flower on the same plant. Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one
flower to the stigma of another flower on a different individual of the same species
• Self-pollination leads to the production of plants with less genetic diversity, since genetic
material from the same plant is used to form gametes, and eventually, the zygote. In contrast, cross-
pollination—or out-crossing—leads to greater genetic diversity because the microgametophyte
and megagametophyte are derived from different plants.
• After fertilization is complete, no other sperm can enter. The fertilized ovule forms the seed, whereas
the tissues of the ovary become the fruit, usually enveloping the seed.
• The fruit has a single purpose: seed dispersal. Seeds contained within fruits need to be dispersed far
from the mother plant, so they may find favorable and less competitive conditions in which to germinate
and grow.

•
ASSESSMENT:
DIRECTIONS: Read the questions carefully and answer it correctly.
For numbers 1-6 only
a. self-pollination b. cross pollination c. double fertilization d. fruit and seed development
1. Which form of sexual reproduction explains the germination of the pollen tube requires water, oxygen,
and certain chemical signals as it travels through the style to reach the embryo sac ?
2. It occurs in flowers where the stamen and carpel mature at the same time, and are posi tioned so
that the pollen can land on the flower’s stigma is known as ______.
3. Which form of sexual reproduction requires the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the
stigma of another flower on a different individual of the same species?
4. Which form of sexual reproduction occurs in sweet tissue of the blackberry, the red flesh of the
tomato, the shell of the peanut, and the hull of corn ?
5. When the primary root or radicle emerges first, followed by the primary shoot, or coleoptile, and the
adventitious roots exists in what type of reproduction?
6. The fertilized ovule forms the seed, whereas the tissues of the ovary become the fruit is best
explained in _______.
7-10 identify image and classify to which form of sexual reproduction.

7. 8. 9. 10.

REFERENCES:
1. Book: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS; PHOENIX
2. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology2/chapter/asexual-reproduction-in-plants/

WRITER: ROSEMINDA K. TAPONG - KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL, PASAY CITY

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 Module Code: PASAY-ELS-Q2-W3-D3

Name: _____________________________________________ Track/Strand: _______________

Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASAY CITY

MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Second Quarter / Week 3 / Day 1

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

This module should be able to explain what is asexual reproduction, understand the general
mechanisms of asexual reproduction in animals; and identify the different forms of asexual
reproduction in animals.

BINARY FISSION
FISSION

MULTIPLE
FRAGMENTATION FISSION
ASEXUAL

BUDDING

PARTHENOGENISIS

REPRODUCTION

EXTERNAL OVIPAROUS
FERTILIZATION
SEXUAL

INTERNAL VIVIPAROUS
FERTILIZATION

OVIVIPAROUS

REPRODUCTION IN ANIMAL
The animal kingdom is as diverse as the plant kingdom particularly in terms of how
they reproduce. Many animals reproduce sexually but lower forms reproduce via asexual
reproduction.

WHAT IS ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION?

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – is a type of reproduction in animals that occur with a single
parent and produces offspring by cell division or splitting of one cell into two.

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FORMS OR TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

1. FISSION – is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration
of those parts to separate entities resembling the original. Fission may be:
a. Binary Fission- in which a single organism produces two parts
b. Multiple Fission- in which a single entity produces multiple parts.
c. Transverse Fission- involves direct reproduction in which each portion
regenerates missing parts to become a complete new animal depending on the axis
of separation

2. BUDDING- Process outgrowth or callus projecting from the parent and eventually buds
off

3. FRAGMENTATION- Pieces of the parent breaks off and develops into a new animal

4. PARTHENOGENESIS- Mechanism of asexual reproduction in which female offspring

develops from unfertilized eggs

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Name: _____________________________________________ Track/Strand: _______________

Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

Activity 1
Reveal the terms in column A by replacing the number with the vowels.
A(1) E(2) I(3) O(4) U(5)

1.
1 S 2 X 5 1 L Single individual produces
offspring

2.
F R 1 G M 2 N T 1 T 3 4 N Pieces of the parent breaks
off and develops into a new
animal

3.
B 3 N 1 R Y Process in which an
organism
divides into two and grow
into a
new organism

4.
B 5 D D 3 N G Process outgrowth or callus
projecting from the parent
and eventually buds off

5.
P 1 R T H 2 N 4 G 2 N 2 S 3 S Mechanism of asexual
reproduction in which female
offspring develops from
unfertilized eggs

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Name: _____________________________________________ Track/Strand: _______________

Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

Activity 2
Asexual Reproduction in Animals

Match each diagram to the type of asexual reproduction in animals and their
descriptions.
Use the choices given below

TYPE OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Parthenogenesis binary fission fragmentation
Transverse fission budding

DESCRIPTION
A. The organism split into two separate organism.
B. A new individual grows on the body of its parent.
C. Multiple pieces of the parent breaks off and develops into a new organism.
D. The organism divides into two, leaving one piece headless and the other tailless
each piece grows the missing body parts.
E. Females egg develop into a new organism without being fertilized by a sperm cell.

ANIMALS DESCRIPTION TYPES

1.

2.

3.

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4.

5.

Activity 3
Put a check mark (√) if the statement is
correct and cross out (x) if not.
_________1. Binary process in which an organism
divides into two and grow into a new
organism.
_________2. Regeneration is the process where
pieces of the parent breaks off and
develops into a new animal.
_________3. Females egg develop into a new
organism without being fertilized by a
sperm cell called parthenogenesis.
_________4. Clone is a term used from genetically
similar organism.
_________5. Star fish is an example of budding.

Marife M. Magdato
Pasay City West High School

References:
Quipper School
Exploring Life Through Science Series

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Name: _____________________________________________ Track/Strand: _______________

Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASAY CITY

MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Second Quarter / Week 3 / Day 4

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

This module should be able to explain what is sexual reproduction, understand the general
mechanisms of sexual reproduction in animals; and identify the different forms of sexual reproduction
in animals.

BINARY FISSION
FISSION

MULTIPLE
FRAGMENTATION FISSION
ASEXUAL

BUDDING

PARTHENOGENISIS

REPRODUCTION

EXTERNAL OVIPAROUS
FERTILIZATION
SEXUAL

INTERNAL VIVIPAROUS
FERTILIZATION

OVIVIPAROUS

REPRODUCTION IN ANIMAL
There are varieties of organism in animal kingdom, that means they possess different modes of
reproduction depending on the complexity of their morphology and physiology .
WHAT IS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION?
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – Sexual reproduction in animals is the production of new living organism
by combining two gametes from different organism, one male producing motile gamete that must
fused with the egg cell from female organism.

THREE FUNDAMENTAL STEPS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF ANIMALS:

• Gametogenesis: production of gametes
• Spawning or mating: bringing gametes together
• Fertilization: fusion of gametes

TYPES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

1. OVIPAROUS ANIMALS- lay their egg, with little or no other embryonic development within the parent.

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Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

2. VIVIPAROUS ANIMALS-bringing forth live young that have developed inside the body of the parent.

Activity 1
A. Match the parent of the animal to its offspring. Write the letter of
your answer on the space provided.

PARENT OFFSPRING

a. kitten

______1.

b. calf

_______2

c. cub

______3.

d. chick

______4.

e. eaglet

_______5.
f. foal
g. duckling
h. joey
i. fingerling
j. tadpole

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Name: _____________________________________________ Track/Strand: _______________

Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

B. Match the offspring to its parent animal. Write the letter of your answer
on the space provided

OFFSPRING PARENT

a. cat

______1.

b. cattle

_______2

c. cheetah

_______3.

d. chicken

________4.

e. kangaroo

_______5.
f. eagle
g. fish
h. frog
i. horse
j. duck

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Name: _____________________________________________ Track/Strand: _______________

Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

Activity 2. Sexual Reproduction in Animals

Classify the following animals as viviparous or oviparous. Write on the space given.

ANIMALS CLASSIFICATION

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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Name: _____________________________________________ Track/Strand: _______________

Teacher: ____________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________

Activity 3. Sexual Reproduction

Using the diagram below classify if the statement is correct or not as related to the
descriptions of sexual reproduction in animals. Write True if it is correct and False if incorrect.

__________1. Offsprings are different from the parent organism.

__________2. This process creates a variety of genetic make-up which is the driving force
behind evolution.

__________3. Sexual reproduction requires three parents.

__________4. Asexual reproduction produces a greater chance of variation within a species

than sexual reproduction would.

__________5. This variation improves the chances that a species will adapt to his
environment and survive.

__________6. Only one sperm can fertilize an egg cell.

__________7. Egg cell in human has 46 chromosomes.

__________8. Sperm cell in human has 23 chromosomes.

__________9. In sexual reproduction, not only do you need two gametes for fertilization, one
has to be male, the other female.

__________10. Genetic “errors” happen more frequently because meiosis is more complex
than mitosis and diploid organisms have more chromosomes to double.

Writer: Marife Magdato

PC West HS

References:
Quipper School
Exploring Life Through Science Series

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