MAIN TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

SPECIFICATIONS
WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS?
1. PRESCRIPTIVE SPECIFICATIONS
PROVIDE DETAILS ON THE TYPES OF
MATERIALS AND INSTALLATIONS
CONSTRUCTION
NEEDED IN COMPLETING SPECIFICATIONS IS ALSO KNOWN AS “SPECS”,
A PROJECT.
IT IS APRESCRIPTIVE
ADDITIONALLY, DETAILED WORK AND WORKMANSHIP NEEDED IN
COMPLETING
SPECIFICATIONS A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT. REQUIRED DOCUMENTS
ALSO DESCRIBES
DURING THE PHASE
HOW TO MEASURE INSTALLATIONS IS VERY
IN IMPORTANT AS IT IS CONSIDERED AS
ORDER TO PART
ENSURE OFPROJECT
THE PROCESS.
QUALITY
AND STANDARDS.ACCORDING TO THE DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE AND
CONSTRUCTION, A SPECIFICATION IS A WRITTEN DOCUMENT
 GENERAL PROVISIONS.
DESCRIBING THESE THE SCOPE OF WORK, MATERIALS TO
IN DETAILED
PROVISIONS WILL REFENCE
BE USED, METHODS OF INSTALLATION, AND QUALITY OF
NATIONAL OR STATE BUILDING
WORKMANSHIP FOR A PARCEL OF WORK TO BE PLACED UNDER A
CODES AND STANDARDS THAT
CONTRACT.
MUST BE COMPLIED WITH.
 REQUIRED PRODUCTS. LISTS
THE TYPE OF PRODUCTS AND
MATERIALS REQUIRED, BASED
WHO HANDLES CONSTRUCTION SPECS? AS MENTIONED,
ON THE PERFORMANCE AND
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS
STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS.
ARE PREPARED BEFORE
 EXECUTION PROCEDURES.
TYPICALLY, SPECS CONSTRUCTION BEGINS IN THE
DETAILS THEARE PREPARED
METHODS OF BY THE
ARCHITECTINSTALLATION
OR DESIGNERS. GENERALLY, DESIGN PHASE AS PART OF THE
AND HOW TO
ARCHITECTSMEASURE
WILL DELEGATE THEM CONTRACT DOCUMENTS.
QUALITY OR BUT OFTEN
TIMES PROJECT ENGINEERS WILL BE INVOLVED ALTHOUGH THEIR STRCUTURE
EFFECTIVENESS.
DUE TO THEIR BREADTH OF TECHNICAL VARIES PROJECT-BY-PROJECT,
KNOWLEDGE. SOMETIMES, ON LARGE-SCALE TYPICALLY THEY REFLECT
2. PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
PROJECTS, COMPANIES PACKAGES TO BE GIVEN TO
IT DESCRIBES THEWILL EVEN CALL FOR
OPERATIONAL
SPECIALIZED AND PROFESSIONAL SPECIFICATION SUBCONTRACTORS FROM
REQUIREMENTS. FUNDAMENTALLY,
WRITERS CONTRACTORS.
THETO ENSURE ALL DETAILS
PERFORMANCE ARE COVERED.
SPECIFICATIONS
SHOULD DESCRIBE
ALTHOUGH THEY AREIT TO THE
SEPARATED FROM
CONTRACTOR ABOUT WHAT IS
DESIGN DRAWINGS THEMSELVES, SPECS SHOULD
NEEDED FOR THETO
BE COMPLEMENTARY FINAL PRODUCT
THESE DOCUMENTS AND
AND HOW
PREPARED IT SHOULD
IN TANDEM. SO, ESSENTIALLY
IF THE DESIGN
FUNCTION
ADVANCES, ONCE COMPLETED.
SO SHOULD THE SPECIFICATIONS WITH
MORE DETAILS THAT IS BEING ADDED AS PLANS
3. PROPRIETARY
GETTING MORE COMPLEX. SPECIFICATIONS
ALTHOUGH NOT AS COMMON AS
PRESCRIPTIVE AND PERFORMANCE,
PROPRIETARY SPECIFICATIONS
IMPORTANCE ARE
OF CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS
USED IF ONLY ONE SPECIFIC PRODUCT
CAN BE USED FOR THEANCLEARER THE DESCRIPTION IS, THE MORE LIKELY
INSTALLATION.
IT WILL BE EXECUTED CORRECTLY. SPECIFICATIONS CAN BE
CONSIDERED AS A DATA. WITHOUT RIGHT AND AN ABUNDANCE
DATA, PROJECTS CAN EASILY FAIL. IF SPECIFICATIONS ARE
DONE CORRECTLY, IT REDUCES RISKS. IN CONSTRUCTION,
CONTROLLING RISK IS ESSENTIAL TO MANAGING END-TO-END
PROJECT LIFECYCLE.
4. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
PROVIDE A VERY BRIEF
EXPLANATION ABOUT
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND
CONSTRUCTION WORK.
GENERALLY, ARCHITECT
MENTIONED THESE SPECIFICATIONS
ON A DRAWING, WHICH HELPS FOR
ESTIMATING THE CONSTRUCTION
WORK. THESE SPECIFICATIONS ARE
NOT A PART OF CONTRACT. THESE
SPECIFICATIONS HELP ABOUT
KNOWING THE NAME OF
DIFFERENT MATERIALS, THEIR
RATIOS, AND QUANTITIES.

5. DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS
DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS
CONVEY THE REQUIREMENTS OF
PROJECT TO CONTRACTOR
THROUGH A DETAILED
EXPLANATION OF MATERIALS
AND WORK. IT PROVIDES A
COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT
THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL,
WORKMANSHIP OF CONSTRUCTION
WORK, AND RATIO OF DIFFERENT
MATERIALS, MIXING METHOD,
QUANTITY OF INDIVIDUAL
MATERIAL, HOW TO PREPARE THE
MATERIALS AND CONDUCT THE
INSTALLATION, DIFFERENT TESTING
REQUIREMENTS TO BE FOLLOWED
AND HOW WORK WILL BE
MEASURED.
 STANDARD SPECIFICATION
 SPECIAL SPECIFICATION
WHAT IS QUANTITY SURVEYING?
  QUANTITY SURVEYING IS A TERM OR PROCESSES USED IN THE
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TO TAKE MEASUREMENTS OF
CIVIL WORKS, PREPARE SPECIFICATIONS, AND ESTIMATE
THE COST OF WORKS EITHER FOR EACH TRADE OF WORK OR
FOR THE WHOLE PROJECT.
 THE TERM “SURVEYING” MEANS TO INSPECT, STUDY, REVIEW,
INVESTIGATE, ASSES, AND HENCE “TO MEASURE” THEREFORE
THE TERM “QUANTITY SURVEYING” MEANS “QUANTITY
MEASURING” AS APPLIED TO CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS.
 QUANTITY SURVEYING IS THE APPLICATION OF STANDARD
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT TO QUANTIFY THE AMOUNT OF
VARIOUS ITEMS IN A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT, FOR THE
UNDERTAKING OF VALUATION, AND CERTIFYING PAYMENTS.

THE PURPOSE OF QUANTITY SURVEYING

THE PURPOSE OF QUANTITY SURVEYING OR THE PREPARATION OF BILL OF

QUANTITIES ARE:
• TO ASSIST THE CLIENT TO HAVE AN ACCURATE ESTIMATE OF THE VOLUME OF
WORK
AS WELL AS THE REQUIRED BUDGET.
• TO ASSIST IN THE ACCURATE PREPARATION OF TENDERS, BY PROVIDING
UNIFORM
MEASUREMENT OF QUANTITIES.
• TO GIVE AN ACCURATE CHECKLIST OF WORK ACCOMPLISHED
• TO ASSIST IN THE CERTIFICATION OF PAYMENTS

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION AND

METHOD OF MEASUREMENTS FOR
BUILDING PROJECT
THE FOLLOWING SPECIFICATIONS
AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
ARE PROVIDED TO GUIDE THE
QUANTITY SURVEYOR IN THE
PREPARATION OF QUANTITIES FOR A
BUILDING PROJECT. A TYPICAL
BUILDING PROJECT WILL HAVE THE
FOLLOWING WORK ITEMS.
WHAT IS ESTIMATING?

PROJECT COST ESTIMATION IS THE • BIDDING PHASE: CONTRACTORS

PROCESS OF VALUING ON MONETARY PREPARE DETAILED ESTIMATE TO
EXPRESSION, INCLUDING THE COST OF ALL SUBMIT BIDS. 43
POSSIBLE ENTRANTS NECESSARY FOR THE
• CONSTRUCTION PHASE:
PLANNING, IMPLEMENTING AND
ESTIMATES ARE PREPARED FOR COST
MONITORING STAGES OF THE PROPOSED
FOR COST CONTROL AND FOR
PROJECT UNDER CONSIDERATION. COST
CHANGE ORDER EVALUATIONS.
ESTIMATION IS THE DETERMINATION OF THE
PROBABLE COST OF A PROJECT.
PROJECT COST INCLUDES:
• PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION (PROJECT
APPRAISAL COSTS)
• DESIGN AND SUPERVISION (CONSULTANCY
COST)
• CONSTRUCTION WORKS (CONTRACTOR’S
COST)
• LAND OWNING COST, AND
• MONITORING COSTS

AN ESTIMATE SERVES A NUMBER OF

DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS, DEPENDING ON
THE STAGE OF THE PROJECT, AS SHOWN
BELOW:

• FEASIBILITY: INITIALLY FEASIBILITY OF

THE PROJECT NEED TO BE DETERMINED;
THE FEASIBILITY ESTIMATE IS
CONCEPTUAL.
• SCHEMATIC DESIGN (CONCEPTUAL
DESIGN): SKETCHES ARE PREPARED.
MAJOR ELEMENTS ARE DEFINED; USE A
PRELIMINARY METHOD TO ESTIMATE COST.
COST OF EACH ELEMENT IS ESTABLISHED
(COST PLAN).
• DESIGN DEVELOPMENT: PROGRESSIVELY
THE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT IS DEFINED; A
SERIES OF PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES ARE
DONE DURING THIS PHASE TO ASSURE
ADHERENCE TO COST PLAN.
• CONTRACT DOCUMENT: FINALIZE
DRAWINGS & SPECIFICATIONS; DESIGNER’S
ESTIMATE TO ANTICIPATE AND CHECK

TYPES OF COST ESTIMATION
ESTIMATION CAN BE BROADLY
CLASSIFIED AS PRELIMINARY
(APPROXIMATE) AND DETAILED.
1. PRELIMINARY /APPROXIMATE
COSTING
THIS TYPE OF COST ESTIMATION IS
REQUIRED TO KNOW THE FINANCIAL
POSITION OF THE CLIENT BEFORE
COSTLY DETAILED DESIGNS ARE
CARRIED OUT.
SUCH ESTIMATES ARE BASED ON
PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE AND
COST OF SIMILAR PREVIOUS
WORKS. EXAMPLES OF
APPROXIMATE COST ESTIMATIONS
ARE AS FOLLOWS: COST PER
FUNCTIONAL UNIT, PLINTH AREA
METHOD -COST PER M2, CUBICAL
CONTENT METHOD –COST PER M3.
A. COST PER FUNCTIONAL UNIT
HOSPITAL =COST PER BED,
DORMITORY = COST PER STUDENT,
CINEMA OR THEATRE = COST PER
SEAT, RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
=COST PER AREA, ROAD WORKS =
COST PER KILOMETER LENGTH,
CULVERTS OR BRIDGES = COST PER
PURPOSES OF COST ESTIMATION •
DETERMINE ACTUAL COST PER
UNIT OF ITEM
• IDENTIFYING ENGINEERING
ESTIMATE OF THE WORK FOR
BIDDING PURPOSE
C.•CUBICAL
WORK OUT ECONOMICAL
CONTENT USE –COST
METHOD OF
MATERIALS,
PER M3 LABOR AND EQUIPMENT
• IN CASES
BASED OF VARIATIONS
ON CUBICAL CONTENTS TOOF
DETERMINE
VARIOUS THE EXTRA
BUILDINGS, COST TO
I.E. PLINTH BE
AREA
OFINCURRED
THE BUILDING X HEIGHT X CUBIC
CONTENT RATE. HEIGHT SHOULD BE
• WHEN CHANGES IN COST DUE TO
TAKEN FROM THE TOP OF FLAT ROOF
LEGISLATION HAPPENS, TO WORK
(OR HALFWAY OF THE SLOPED ROOF)
OUT THE ESCALATION IN COST.
TO THE TOP OF CONCRETE IN
FOUNDATION.
2. DETAILED COST ESTIMATE (BASED
ON ITEM RATE)
THIS IS THE MOST RELIABLE AND
ACCURATE TYPE OF ESTIMATE. THE
QUANTITIES OF ITEMS ARE CAREFULLY
PREPARED FROM THE DRAWINGS AND
THE TOTAL COST WORKED OUT FROM
UP TO DATE MARKET RATES.
A DETAIL COST ESTIMATE THUS
REQUIRES:
• QUANTITY SURVEYING AND
 CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS IS ALSO KNOWN AS “SPECS”,
IT IS A DETAILED WORK AND WORKMANSHIP NEEDED IN
IN ORDER TO FACILITATE ESTIMATION,
COMPLETING COST BREAK DOWN
A CONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL.
PROJECT. REQUIRED DOCUMENTS
DURING THE PHASE IS VERY IMPORTANT AS IT IS CONSIDERED AS
PART OF THE PROCESS.
ACCORDING TO THE DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE AND
CONSTRUCTION, A SPECIFICATION IS A WRITTEN DOCUMENT
DESCRIBING IN DETAILED THE SCOPE OF WORK, MATERIALS TO
BE USED, METHODS OF INSTALLATION, AND QUALITY OF
WORKMANSHIP FOR A PARCEL OF WORK TO BE PLACED UNDER A
CONTRACT.
 T H E 1 6 D I V I S I O N S
IT REFERS TO THE 16 DIVISIONS OF
CONSTRUCTION, AS DEFINED BY THE
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS
INSTITUTE (CSI’s) MASTER FORMAT.
MASTER FORMAT 1995 EDITION BEFORE
NOVEMBER 2004. MASTER FORMAT WAS
COMPOSED OF 16 PRIMARY DIVISIONS.
DIVISION 1: GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
 SUMMARY
 PRICE AND PAYMENT
PROCEDURES
 ADMINISTRATIVE
REQUIREMENTS
 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
 TEMPORARY FACILITIES AND
CONTROLS
 PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS
 EXECUTION REQUIREMENTS
 FACILITY OPERATION
 FACILITY DECOMMISSIONING
DIVISION 2: SITE CONSTRUCTION
 BASIC SITE MATERIALS AND
METHODS
 SITE REMEDIATION
 SITE PREPARATION
 EATHWORK
 TUNNELING, BORING AND
JACKING
 FOUNDATION AND LOAD-
BEARING ELEMENTS
 UTILITY SERVICES
 DRAINAGE AND CONTAINMENT
 BASES, BALLASTS, PAVEMENTS
AND APPURTENANCES
 SITE IMPROVEMENTS AND
AMENITIES
 PLANTING
 SITE RESTORATION AND
REHABILITATION
DIVISION 3: CONCRETE
 BASIC CONCRETE MATERIALS
AND METHODS
 CONCRETE FORMS AND
ACCESSORIES
 CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE
 PRECAST CONCRETE
 CEMENTITIOUS DECKS AND
UNDERLAYMENT
 GROUTS
 MASS CONCRETE
 CONCRETE RESTORATION AND
CLEANING
DIVISION 4: MASONRY
 BASIC MASONRY MATERIALS
AND METHODS
 MASONRY UNITS
 STONE
 REFRACTORIES
 CORROSION-RESISTANT
MASONRY
 SIMULATED MASONRY
 MASONRY ASSEMBLIES
 MASONRY RESTORATION AND
CLEANING
DIVISION 5: METALS
 BASIC METAL MATERIALS AND
METHODS
 STRUCTURAL METAL FRAMING
 METAL JOISTS
 METAL DECK
 COLD-FORMED METAL FRAMING
 METAL FABRICATIONS
 HYDRAULIC FABRICATIONS
 ORNAMENTAL METAL
 EXPANSION CONTROL
 METAL RESTORATION AND
CLEANING
DIVISION 6: WOOD AND PLASTICS
 BASIC WOOD AND PLASTIC
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 ROUGH CARPENTRY
 FINISH CARPENTRY
 ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK
 STRUCTURAL PLASTICS
 PLASTIC FABRICATIONS
 WOOD AND PLASTIC
RESTORATION AND CLEANING
DIVISION 7: THERMAL AND MOISTURE
PROTECTION
 BASIC THERMAL AND MOISTURE
PROTECTION MATERIALS AND
METHODS
 DAMPROOFING AND
WATERPROOFING
 THERMAL PROTECTION
 SHINGLES, ROOF TILES, AND
ROOF COVERINGS
 ROOFING AND SIDING PANELS
 MEMBRANE ROOFING
 FLASHING AND SHEET METAL
 ROOF SPECIALTIES AND
ACCESSORIES
 FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION
 JOINT SEALERS
DIVISION 8: DOORS AND WINDOWS
 BASIC DOOR AND WINDOW
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 METAL DOORS AND FRAMES
 WOOD AND PLASTIC DOORS
 SPECIALTY DOORS
 ENTRANCES AND STONEFRONTS
 WINDOWS
 SKYLIGHTS
 HARDWARE
 GLAZING
 GLAZED CURTAIN WALL
DIVISION 9: FINISHES
 BASIC FINISH MATERIALS AND
METHODS
 METAL SUPPORT ASSEMBLIES
PLASTER AND GYPSUM BOARD
 TILE
 TERRAZZO
 CEILINGS
 FLOORING
 ACOUSTICAL TREATMENT
 PAINTS AND COATINGS
DIVISION 10: SPECIALTIES
 VISUAL DISPLAY BOARDS
 COMPARTMENTS AND CUBICLES
 LOUVERS AND VENTS
 GRILLES AND SCREENS
 SERVICE WALLS
 WALL AND CORNER GUARDS
 ACCESS FLOORING
 PEST CONTROL
 FIREPLCES AND STOVES
 MANUFACTURED EXTERIOR
SPECIALTIES
 FLAGPOLES
 IDENTIFICATION DEVICES
 PEDESTRIAN CONTROL DEVICES
 LOCKERS
 FIRE PROTECTION SPECIALTIES
 PROTECTIVE COVERS
 POSTAL SPECIALTIES
 PARTITIONS
 STORAGE SHELVING
 EXTERIOR PROTECTION
 TELEPHONE SPECIALTIES
 TOILET, BATH, AND LAUNDRY
SPECIALTIES
 SCALES
 WARDROBE AND CLOSET
SPECIALTIES
DIVISION 11: EQUIPMENT
 MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT
 SECURITY AND VAULT
EQUIPMENT
 TELLER AND SERVICE
EQUIPMENT
 ECCLESSIASTICAL EQUIPMENT
 LIBRARY EQUIPMENT
 THEATER AND STAGE
EQUIPMENT
 INSTRUMENTAL EQUIPMENT
 REGISTRATION EQUIPMENT
 CHECKROOM EQUIPMENT
 MERCANTILE EQUIPMENT
 COMMERCIAL LAUNDRY AND
DRY CLEANING EQUIPMENT
 VENDING EQUIPMENT
 AUDIO-VISUAL EQUIPMENT
 VEHICLE SERVICE EQUIPMENT
 PARKING CONTROL EQUIPMENT
 LOADING DOCK EQUIPMENT
 SOLID WASTE HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
 DETENTION EQUIPMENT
  HYDRAULIC GATES AND VALVES  KENNELS AND ANIMAL SHELTERS
 FLUID WASTE TREATMENT AND  SITE-CONSTRUCTED INCINERATORS
DIVISION 16: ELECTRICAL
DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT  STORAGE TANKS
  FOOD
BASIC ELECTRICAL
SERVICE MATERIALS
EQUIPMENT  FILTER UNDERDRAINS AND MEDIA
ANS METHODS
 RESIDENTIAL EQUIPMENT  DIGESTER COVERS AND
  UNIT
WIRING METHODS
KITCHENS APPURTENANCES
  DARKROOM
ELECTRICAL POWER
EQUIPMENT  OXYGENATION SYTEMS
  ATHLETIC,
TRANSMISSION AND
RECREATIONAL, AND  HAZARDOUS MATERIAL
DISTRIBUTION
THERAPEUTIC EQUIPMENT REMEDIATION
 LOW-VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION
 INDUSTRIAL AND PROCESS  MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL
 EQUIPMENT
LIGHTING INSTRUMENTATION
  LABORATORY
COMMUNICATIONSEQUIPMENT  RECORDING INSTRUMENTATION
  PLANETARIUM
SOUND AND VIDEOEQUIPMENT  TRANSPORTATION CONTROL
 OBSERVATORY EQUIPMENT INSTRUMENTATION
 OFFICE EQUIPMENT  SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY
 MEDICAL EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT
 MORTUARY THE  SECURITY
NATIONAL ACCEPTED INDUSTRY
EQUIPMENT STANDARD ACCESS AND THE
GUIDING
PREPARATION
 NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT SURVEILLANCE
OF CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS IN NORTH
AMERICA WHICH
 AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT IS CALLED THE  BUILDINGAND
MASTERFORMAT IS
AUTOMATION AND
PUBLISHED
 EXHIBIT EQUIPMENT BY THE CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS
CONTROL INSTITUTE
(CSI) AND CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CANADAAND
 DETECTION (CSC).
ALARM
DIVISION MASTERFORMAT
12: FURNISHINGS2004 IS CURRENTLY THE MOSTSUPPRESSION
 FIRE COMMONLY USED
VERSION
 FABRICS ALTHOUGH MASTERFORMAT 2010 IS NOW BEING DEPLOYED
DIVISION 14: CONVEYING
AND MASTERFORMAT 1995 IS STILL IN COMMON USE EVEN THOUGH SYSTEMS
 ART
CSI COMPLETELY CEASED ITS SUPPORT OFDUMBWAITERS
THE 1995 VERSION AS OF
 MANUFACTUREDCASEWORK
DECEMBER 31, 2009. MASTERFORMAT 2004
 ELEVATORS50 DIVISIONS
CONTAINS
 FURNISHINGS AND ACCESSORIES
AND PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK OF DIVISIONS, SECTIO TITLES ANS A
 FURNITURE  ESCALATORS AND MOVING WALKS
STANDARIZED OUTLINE FORMATION IN WHICH DESIGN TEAMS CAN
 MULTIPLE SEATING ORGANIZE INFORMATION LIFTS
CONSISTENTLY ABOUT A PROJECT.
 SYSTEMS FURNITURE  MATERIAL HANDLING
 INTERIOR PLANTS AND PLANTERS  HOISTS ANS CABLES
 FURNISHING RESTORATION AND  TURNTABLES
REPAIR  SCAFFOLDING
 TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION 13: SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
DIVISION 15: MECHANICAL
 AIR-SUPPORTED STRUCTURES
 BUILDING MODULES  BASIC MECHANICAL MATERIALS AND
 SPECIAL PURPOSE ROOMS METHODS
 SOUND, VIBRATION, AND SEISMIC  BUILDING SERVICE PIPING
CONTROL  PROCESS PIPING
 RADIATION PROTECTION  FIRE PROTECTION PIPING
 LIGHTING PROTECTION  PLUMBING FIXTURES AND
 CATHODIC PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
 PRE-ENGINEERED STRUCTURES  HEAT-GENERATION EQUIPMENT
 SWIMMING POOLS  REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT
 AQUARIUMS  HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR-
 AQUATIC PARK FACILITIES CONDITIONING EUIPMENT (HVAC)
 TUBS AND POOLS  AIR DISTIBUTION
 ICE RINKS  HVAC INSTRUMENTATION AND
CONTROLS