TECHNICAL

DOCUMENTATION:
SPACE PLANNING, CALCULATIONS,
SPECIFICATIONS, QUANTITY SURVEY AND COST
ESTIMATES, AND BUILDING PERMIT

ENGR. MARY FE B. COMEDIDO

Building design documentation is a set of documents which are necessary for
the building and use of a construction work or a part thereof, including
specifications, technical drawings, instructions on maintenance and other
relevant documents (explanatory diagrams, tables and charts for drawings,
expert opinions and survey reports and other documents). In addition to
other information, the building design documentation contains technical
specifications submitted to the local government for application of the
written approval, building permit and authorization for use.
The building design documentation must enable to check the conformance of
the construction work to the requirements established for the construction
works in the laws and legislation established based on them.
The building design documentation is prepared based on the client requests
and needs, terms of reference given by the client and in accordance with
the comprehensive plan, detailed plan or design specifications and
restrictions of the immovable, if any

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OVERVIEW
Based on the nature of the building, the building design documentation generally contains the
following parts in relevant precision: General arrangement part, architectural part, fire safety
part, structural part, heating and ventilation part, water supply and sewage part, electrical
installation part, gas supply part and other significant parts related to the building, if
appropriate.
Parts of the building design documentation are prepared based on the provisions of laws (codes
and regulations), other legislation and technical norms, standards, design work or other norms
or descriptions which use is agreed upon.
Documents of the building design documentation supplement each other. In case of
discrepancies between different documents of the building design documentation, the text of
the specifications shall prevail, followed by the drawings and other documents included in the
building design documentation.
If all required information is specified in the drawings of the operational building design
documentation stage as references and notes, it is not mandatory to submit specifications,
tables, charts and other documents providing additional information. If the specifications are
not submitted, then in case of discrepancies the drawings shall prevail, followed by other
documents within the building design documentation

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 TECHNICAL
DOCUMENTATIONS

O Space Planning
O Calculations
O Specifications
O Quantity Survey and Cost Estimates
O Building Permit

Sample Footer Text 4

 SPACE PLANNING

SPACE PLANNING IS AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF

HOW PHYSICAL SPACE IS USED IN STRUCTURES.
IT CONSIDERS THE PURPOSE OF SPACES AND
WHO WILL USE THEM.

SPACE PLANNING IS A PROCESS THAT TAKES

SEVERAL STEPS, AND IT'S AN IMPORTANT
COMPONENT FOR THE WORK OF DESIGNERS,
ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS.

SPACE PLANNING HELPS ENSURE EFFICIENT USE

OF SPACE WITHOUT WASTING IT
.
SPACE PLANNING
SOME OF THE KEY PROCESSES TO
SPACE PLANNING:
1.COLLECT INFORMATION/CONDUCT
VALIDATION
-LOCATION OF SITE
-FAMILY SIZE AND STRUCTURE
-FAMILY OR INDIVIDUAL
INTERESTS/ACTIVITIES.

SOME OF THE ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED:

- DO THE SPACES HAVE SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
OR NEED TO BE PARTICULAR SHAPES AND
FORMS?
- DO THE SPACES NEED TO BE FLEXIBLE?
- IS TI POSSIBLE TO CREATE A SEQUENCE OF
SPACES (OFFICES, MUSEUMS FOR EXAMPLE)?
- DO THE SPACES HAVE DIFFERENT
REQUIREMENTS IN TERMS OF LIGHT,
VENTILATION, VIEW AND ACCESSIBILITY?
- DO THE SPACES NEED TO HAVE ACCESS
EXTERNAL SPACES?
- MUST ANY OF THE SPACES HAVE PARTICULR
SECURITY OR PRIVACY?
- HOW SHOULD THE SPACES BE CONNECTED?
- WHICH ROOMS NEED TO BE ADJACENT TO
ONE ANOTHER AND WHICH ROOMS NEED TO BE
APART?
SOME OF THE KEY PROCESSES TO SPACE
PLANNING:

THE MORE INFORMATION AND DATA THAT CAN BE

COLLECTED IN THESE EARLIER STAGES, THE EASIER
IT WILL BE TO MAKE THE LEAP FROM DATA TO
DIAGRAMS AND DRAWINGS AS YOU PROCEED THE
SPACE PLANNING PROCESS

2. INTERPRET REQUIREMENTS
-DEVELOP PLAN REQUIREMENTS FROM THE DATA
GATHERED
 CALCULATION
STRUCTURAL CALCULATION
THEY ARE THE MATH BEHIND YOUR BUILDING’S
ABILITY TO STAY UPRIGHT. ENGINEERS USE THEM
TO DETERMINE THE LOADS THAT A BUILDING
MUST WITHSTAND AND THE PROPERTIES OF
MEMBERS THAT COMPRISE ITS STRUCTURE.
THESE INCLUDE PIERS, PILES, FOOTINGS,
COLUMNS, JOISTS, BEAMS, SLABS, TRUSSES, AND
RAFTERS, AS WELL THE VARIOUS CONNECTION
MECHANISMS THAT HOLD THE STRUCTURE
TOGETHER.

HOW STRUCTURAL CALCULATIONS FIT INTO

THE DESIGN PROCESS

ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING IS THE FIRST STAGE

OF THE DESIGN PROCESS. THIS PHASE GIVES
YOU-THE CLIENT- A CHANCE TO SHARE YOUR
VISION WITH THE ARCHITECT, AND
COMMUNICATE YOUR INTENTIONS REGARDING
THE BUILDING’S APPEARANCE, FUNCTION,
AND COST. THE ARCHITECT THEN INTERPOLATES
YOUR CONCEPTIONS INTO THE DESIGN AND
LAYS THEM OUT IN A SET OF DRAWINGS
 CALCULATION

THE NEXT STEP IS TO DESIGN A STRUCTURE

THAT CAN SUPPORT THE BUILDING’S
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES. THE ENGINEERS IN
CHARGE OF THIS PROCESS WILL PERFORM
SEVERAL CALCULATIONS DURING THIS PROCESS

FIRST, ENGINEERS MUST PREDICT WHAT LOADS

THEY EXPECT TO ACT ON THE BUILDING.
REFERRED TO AS SPECIFIED LOADS, THESE
INCLUDE:
LIVE LOADS, WHICH ARE IMPOSED BY THE
OCCUPANTS, FURNITURE, VEHICLES, AND
EQUIPMENT
DEAD LOADS, CAUSED BY THE WEIGHT OF THE
BUILDING ITSELF
LOADS INFLICTED BY THE FORCES OF NATURE,
SUCH AS WIND, EARTHQUAKES, AND
SNOW

ENGINEERS CAN FIND MOST OF THESE LOADS IN

NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
 CALCULATION
NEXT, ENGINEERS MUST WORK OUT THE DESIGN
LOADS – THE LOADS THEY INTEND THE
STRUCTURE TO HANDLE. THESE ARE HIGHER
THAN SPECIFIED LOADS, AS BUILDINGS ARE
TYPICALLY DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND MORE
LOADS THAN THEY ARE LIKELY TO BEAR.

WITH LOADS ESTABLISHED, ENGINEERS CAN

DESIGN THE STRUCTURE. AT THIS STAGE,
BUILDING CODE DIMENSION TABLES WILL BE
USED TO FIND OUT THE APPROPRIATE SIZES
OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. THESE TABLES
ALLOW THE USER TO ARRIVE AT UNKNOWN
VARIABLES, SUCH AS THE DEPTH OF A BEAM OR
THE WIDTH OF A COLUMN, BY LOOKING
UP ESTABLISHED VALUES, SUCH AS DEAD AND
LIVE LOADS.

ENGINEERS WILL ALSO CALCULATE MEMBERS’

STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH. STIFFNESS REFERS
TO A MEMBER’S ABILITY TO RESIST DEFORMATION
WHEN SUBJECTED TO A FORCE. STIFFNESS
IS EXPRESSED AS A RATIO OF FORCE TO
DEFORMATION, AND IS MEASURED IN POUNDS
PER INCH WHEN THE FORCE IS TENSILE OR
COMPRESSIVE, OR POUNDS PER DEGREE FOR
ROTATIONAL, SHEAR, AND TORSIONAL FORCES
 CALCULATION

MATERIAL’S STRENGTH TELLS US THE MAXIMUM

LOAD THAT IT CAN WITHSTAND BEFORE
DEFORMING OR FAILING. TO ARRIVE AT A
MEMBER’S STRENGTH, ENGINEERS WOULD
CALCULATE ITS BENDING OR SHEAR STRESS,
DEPENDING ON WHAT STRESSES ARE EXPECTED
TO ACT ON THE MEMBER.

ONCE THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN IS COMPLETE

AND SENT FOR PLAN CHECK REVIEW BY YOUR
LOCAL BUILDING DEPARTMENT, THE
CORRECTNESS OF STRUCTURAL CALCULATIONS
WILL BECOME AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN
STREAMLINING THE PERMIT PROCESS.
SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS FOR A BUILDING PROJECT
ARE WRITTEN DESCRIPTIONS, AND THE
DRAWINGS ARE A DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION
OF THE CONSTRUCTION WORK REQUIRED FOR
THAT PROJECT. THE DRAWINGS AND
SPECIFICATIONS ARE COMPLEMENTARY.

SPECIFICATIONS ARE ADDRESSED TO THE PRIME

CONTRACTOR. PRESENTING A WRITTEN
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT IN AN ORDERLY
AND LOGICAL MANNER, THEY ARE ORGANIZED
INTO DIVISIONS AND SECTIONS REPRESENTING,
IN THE OPINION OF THE SPECIFICATION
WRITER, THE TRADES THAT
WILL BE INVOLVED IN CONSTRUCTION.

SAMPLE CONTENT OF SPECIFICATIONS:

1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 2. SITE WORK
3. CONCRETE 4. MASONRY
5. METALS 6. WOODS AND PLASTICS
7. THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION
8. DOORS AND WINDOWS 9. FINISHES
10. SPECIALTIES 11. EQUIPMENT
12. FURNISHINGS 13. SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
14. CONVEYING SYSTEMS 15. MECHANICAL
16. ELECTRICAL
QUANTITY SURVEY AND
COST ESTIMATES

IT IS ADVISABLE TO PROVIDE A PROBABLE COST

OF CONSTRUCTION AT COMPLETION OF THE
SCHEMATIC DESIGN, DESIGN DEVELOPMENT, AND
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENT PHASES.
A DESIGN CONTINGENCY IS USUALLY CARRIED IN
COST ESTIMATES. IT CAN BE REDUCED
AS THE DOCUMENTS ARE FURTHER DEVELOPED.
AT COMPLETION OF THE CONSTRUCTION
DOCUMENTS, THE ARCHITECT PREPARES
, OR HAS A CONSULTANT PREPARE, A FINAL AND
MOST ACCURATE ESTIMATE OF CONSTRUCTION
COST, WHICH CAN BE USED FOR
COMPARISON WITH THE BIDS SUBMITTED TO
PERFORM THE WORK
BUILDING PERMIT

MOST JURISDICTIONS REQUIRE A BUILDING

PERMIT FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REMODELING.
THE BUILDING PERMIT, FOR WHICH A FEE IS PAID
BY THE CONTRACTOR OR CLIENT, IS AN
INDICATION THAT DRAWINGS SHOWING THE
WORK TO BE DONE HAVE BEEN PREPARED
BY A REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL AND
SUBMITTED TO THE GOVERNING AUTHORITY HAVE
JURISDICTION OVER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
OF THE PROJECT. FURTHERMORE, IT IS
AN INDICATION THAT THIS AUTHORITY STIPULATES
THAT THE DOCUMENTS MEET THE INTENT OF THE
APPLICABLE BUILDING CODES AND REGULATIONS.
ISSUANCE OF A PERMIT, HOWEVER, DOES NOT
RELIEVE THE GOVERNING AGENCY OF THE RIGHT
TO INSPECT THE PROJECT DURING AND AFTER
CONSTRUCTION AND TO REQUIRE MINOR
MODIFICATIONS. IN ADDITION, WHILE MOST
LOCALES DO NOT PROVIDE FOR A WRITTEN
PERMIT BY THE FIRE DEPARTMENT, THIS AGENCY
IS INVOLVED IN THE REVIEW PROCESS RELATIVE
TO LIFE SAFETY PROVISIONS.
BUILDING PERMIT

IT ALSO HAS THE RIGHT TO INSPECT THE

PROJECT WHEN
CONSTRUCTED AND TO REQUIRE MODIFICATIONS
IF THEY ARE CONSIDERED APPROPRIATE
TO MEET THE INTENT OF THE CODE OR THE
DEPARTMENT’S SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS.
MAJOR ITEMS REVIEWED BY BOTH THE PERMIT-
ISSUING AGENCIES RELATE TO
OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS, BUILDING
POPULATION, FIRE SEPARATIONS, EXITING
REQUIREMENTS, TRAVEL PATHS FOR EXITING,
AREAS OF REFUSE, AND OTHER GENERAL LIFE
SAFETY AND PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES
BUILDING
ENVELOPE SYSTEMS
AND ASSEMBLIES:
FUNDAMENTALS OF PERFORMANCE, AESTHETICS,
MOISTURE TRANSFER, DURABILITY, AND ENERGY AND
MATERIAL RESOURCES

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WHAT IS BUILDING ENVELOPE?

THE BUILDING ENVELOPE IS THE PHYSICAL BARRIER

BETWEEN THE EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR ENVIRONMENTS
ENCLOSING A STRUCTURE.

A BUILDING ENVELOPE IS A SEAL OF PROTECTION FOR THE

PEOPLE AND THINGS INSIDE A STRUCTURE. IT’S LIKE A SHELL
— A BARRIER AGAINST THE WORLD OUTSIDE OF THE
BUILDING.

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WHAT IS BUILDING ENVELOPE?

A BUILDING ENVELOPE IS EVERYTHING THAT SEPARATES THE

INTERNAL BUILDING FROM THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT,
INCLUDING THE ROOF, DOORS, WINDOWS, FLOORS, AND
WALLS. GOOD INSULATION IN THE WALLS, HIGH-EFFICIENCY
WINDOWS, AND SUFFICIENTLY SEALED GAPS INCREASE THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ENVELOPE.

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BUILDING ENVELOPE SYSTEMS ARE DEFINED IN ONE OF
TWO WAYS: TIGHT OR LOOSE.

A TIGHT BUILDING ENVELOPE ALLOWS VERY FEW AIR LEAKS.

THIS IS ACHIEVED BY THE AFOREMENTIONED INSULATION,
SEALANTS, AND ENERGY-EFFICIENT WINDOWS.

WHY CREATE SUCH A TIGHT SEAL? INDOOR

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL. THE TIGHTER THE SEAL
ON THE BUILDING ENVELOPE, OR SHELL, THE MORE
CONTROL PEOPLE HAVE OVER THE INDOOR
ENVIRONMENT.
A TIGHTLY SEALED BUILDING ALLOWS FOR A HIGHER
LEVEL OF COMFORT CONTROL, REDUCED MOISTURE
ISSUES, AND MORE ENERGY EFFICIENCY. OF COURSE,
WITH A TIGHTER SEAL COMES LESS NATURAL
VENTILATION, SO MORE MECHANICAL VENTILATION IS
NEEDED.

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BUILDING ENVELOPE SYSTEMS ARE DEFINED IN ONE OF
TWO WAYS: TIGHT OR LOOSE.

ON THE OTHER HAND, A LOOSE ENVELOPE ALLOWS

FOR MORE NATURAL VENTILATION, SO MORE OUTSIDE
AIR CAN FLOW INSIDE WITHOUT THE NEED FOR
MECHANICAL MEANS. LOOSE ENVELOPES CAN BE
ACHIEVED BY DESIGN, BUT POOR CONSTRUCTION CAN
RESULT IN A LOOSE ENVELOPE AS WELL..
THE DRAWBACKS ASSOCIATED WITH LOOSE BUILDING
ENVELOPES CAN INCLUDE UNWANTED MOISTURE (I.E.,
MOLD AND MILDEW); INDOOR AIR QUALITY
POTENTIALLY BEING AFFECTED BY NEARBY
CONTAMINANTS; OTHER EQUIPMENT IN THE BUILDING
PERFORMING LESS EFFICIENTLY; AND GREATER LOSS
OF AIR CONDITIONING AND HEAT, WHICH RESULTS IN
HIGHER ENERGY USE AND COSTS.

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THERE ARE THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF BUILDING
ENVELOPE,

1. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
2. CLIMATE CONTROL
3. FINISH

STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
SINCE THE BUILDING ENVELOPE INCLUDES THE WALLS
OF THE STRUCTURE, IT MUST BE ABLE TO PROVIDE
SUPPORT, KEEPING THE BUILDING STRUCTURALLY
SOUND.

THE FOUNDATION MUST BE ABLE TO SUPPORT THE

STRUCTURE’S WEIGHT, AND THE WALLS MUST BE
LOAD-BEARING. THE EXTERIOR OF THE BUILDING AND
FOUNDATION SUPPORT MUST MEET LOCAL
REGULATIONS AND BUILDING CODES.

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THERE ARE THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF BUILDING
ENVELOPE,

1. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
2. CLIMATE CONTROL
3. FINISH

CLIMATE CONTROL
CLIMATE CONTROL IS ANOTHER KEY FUNCTION OF A
BUILDING ENVELOPE. AS MENTIONED PREVIOUSLY, THE
ENVELOPE HELPS ENSURE THAT CONDITIONED AIR —
WHETHER COOLED OR HEATED — REMAINS INSIDE
WHILE THE OUTSIDE AIR REMAINS OUTSIDE SO THAT
ENERGY ISN’T WASTED IN THE PROCESS.

LOCAL CLIMATE OFTEN DETERMINES HOW EACH

BUILDING ENVELOPE IS CONSTRUCTED. FOR EXAMPLE,
A STRUCTURE IN A COLD CLIMATE NEEDS MORE
PROTECTION FROM INFILTRATION OF COLD AIR THAN A
BUILDING IN A WARM, HUMID CLIMATE.
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THERE ARE THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF BUILDING ENVELOPE,

1. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
2. CLIMATE CONTROL
3. FINISH

FINISH

WHAT’S “FINISH?” TWO WORDS: CURB APPEAL. ALL

BUILDINGS — WHETHER COMMERCIAL, RESIDENTIAL, OR
INDUSTRIAL — NEED TO MAINTAIN A VISUALLY PLEASING
EXTERIOR.

THAT MEANS THE BUILDING ENVELOPE, SINCE IT IS MADE UP

OF THE STRUCTURE’S EXTERIOR, SHOULD BE DESIGNED WITH
PROPER AESTHETICS IN MIND. SOME LOCALES HAVE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE OUTER APPEARANCE OF THEIR
BUILDINGS, AND THE BUILDING ENVELOPE WILL NEED TO
REFLECT THESE, IN ADDITION TO OFFERING STRUCTURAL
SUPPORT AND CLIMATE CONTROL.

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COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING ENVELOPE

1. FOUNDATIONS
2. WALLS
3. AIR
4. MOVEMENT
5. ACOUSTICS
6. DURABILITY
7. ENERGY

FOUNDATION

THE FOUNDATION MUST BE ABLE TO SUPPORT THE

STRUCTURES WEIGHT AND THE WALSS MUST BE LOAD-
BEARING.
A BUILDING’S FOUNDATION IS USUALLY MADE UP OF A
COMBINATION OF SLABS, FOOTINGS, AND CONCRETE
WALLS. THE PURPOSE OF THE FOUNDATION IS TO
TRANSMIT A BUILDING’S LOADS TO THE GROUND
UNDERNEATH.
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AS PART OF THE BUILDING ENVELOPE, THE FOUNDATION
NEEDS TO OFFER MOISTURE CONTROL (HAVE
WATERPROOFING AND APPROPRIATE DRAINAGE) AND
PREVENT THERMAL ENERGY FROM GETTING INSIDE.

WALLS

ALONG WITH PROVIDING SUPPORT, WALL SYSTEM ELEMENTS

RESIST WATER AND CONDENSATION AND PROVIDE THERMAL
ENERGY.

WALLS ARE AN ESSENTIAL PART OF A BUILDING ENVELOPE

BECAUSE THEY PROVIDE SUPPORT, CONTROL, AND FINISH.

THE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE EXTERIOR

WALLS CREATE THE NECESSARY SUPPORT. WALL SYSTEM
ELEMENTS SUCH AS INSULATION, EXTERIOR CLADDING AND
SHEATHING, A VAPOR BARRIER, AND INTERIOR SHEATHING
HELP WALLS RESIST WATER AND CONDENSATION, ALONG
WITH PROVIDING THERMAL ENERGY CONTROL.

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AIR

AIRTIGHTNESS MUST BE CONSIDERED AND

CONTROLLED IN A STRUCTURE TO MAINTAIN ENERGY.

BUILDING ENVELOPE AIRTIGHTNESS MUST BE

CONSIDERED AND CONTROLLED IN A STRUCTURE.
THE MORE AIR GETTING TO THE INTERIOR SPACE
FROM THE OUTSIDE, THE LOOSER THE ENVELOPE,
WHICH CAN RESULT IN THE HEATING AND
COOLING CHALLENGES MENTIONED PREVIOUSLY.
SOLUTIONS FOR AIR LEAKAGE INCLUDE
SEALANTS, SHEATHINGS, SPRAY FOAMS, AND
MEMBRANES. THESE AIR BARRIER SOLUTIONS CAN
ACCOUNT FOR UP TO 20% OF HEATING AND
COOLING ENERGY IN A BUILDING.

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MOVEMENT

THE BUILDING ENVELOPE MUST BE ABLE TO MOVE

WITH TEMPERATURE CHANGES, VOLATILE WEATHER
AND GROUND MOVEMENT.

EVERY STRUCTURE MOVES. WITH TEMPERATURE

CHANGES, VOLATILE WEATHER, AND GROUND
MOVEMENT, BUILDINGS MOVE. THE BUILDING
ENVELOPE HAS TO BE ABLE TO ALLOW THESE
MOVEMENTS.

A BUILDING ENVELOPE THAT IS TOO RIGID (I.E., WALLS

AND FOUNDATIONS THAT ALLOW NO DIFFERENTIAL
MOVEMENT) CAN RESULT IN CRACKS AND FAILURE
UNDER SMALLER STRESSES THAN A MORE FLEXIBLE
STRUCTURE WOULD.

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ACOUSTICS
INSULATION SHOULD PREVENT EXTERNAL SOUNDS
FROM ENTERING THE BUILDING ENVELOPE.

A BUILDING ENVELOPE DOES MORE THAN HELP

CONTROL THE CLIMATE OF A STRUCTURE WITH
REGARD TO THE COMFORT OF THE OCCUPANTS. THE
ENVELOPE SHOULD ALSO BE INSULATED AGAINST ANY
EXTERNAL SOUNDS.

THE ATTENUATED ACOUSTICS ALLOW THE PEOPLE

WHO ARE WORKING OR LIVING IN THE BUILDING TO
ENGAGE IN ACTIVITIES WITH LESS INTERFERENCE
FROM THE OUTSIDE.

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DURABILITY

THE BUILDING ENVELOPE NEEDS TO BE DURABLE.

BEING A KEY PART OF THE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF
THE BUILDING, THE COMPONENTS OF THE ENVELOPE
NEED TO LAST..

WINDOWS, DOORS, AND THE LIKE, SHOULD BE PLACED

FOR BOTH FUNCTIONAL AND AESTHETIC PURPOSES.
YES, THE ELEMENTS OF THE BUILDING ENVELOPE
MUST PROVIDE THE STRENGTH AND SUPPORT THE
BUILDING NEEDS WHILE ALSO LOOKING ATTRACTIVE.

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ENERGY

CONSTRUCTION TODAY HAS TO TAKE ENERGY

CONSUMPTION INTO ACCOUNT. THIS INCLUDES BOTH
NEW BUILDS AND RETROFITS.

BUILDING DESIGN THAT’S ENERGY EFFICIENT

PREVENTS ENERGY LOSS THROUGH THE BUILDING
ENVELOPE. THE ENVELOPE NEEDS TO RESIST THERMAL
TRANSFER THROUGH RADIATION, CONVECTION, AND
CONDUCTION.

BUILDINGS THAT ARE CONSTRUCTED OR RENOVATED

TO BE ENERGY EFFICIENT ARE MORE PLEASANT TO BE
IN, COST EFFECTIVE, AND ECO FRIENDLY.

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BUILDING MATERIALS AND
ASSEMBLIES: APPROPRIATE SELECTION OF INTERIOR AND
EXTERIOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, FINISHES, PRODUCTS,
COMPONENTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND REUSE MATERIALS

A good design can only be achieved with high quality materials and
therefore materials are the solution for a good function of the
building. The quality of the construction mainly depends on the
materials used. The building materials you choose determine the
overall durability, strength, and character of the building. Therefore,
one must be careful and special when choosing building materials.
The cheapest means of choosing the materials that suit your needs is
to analyze the stability, maintenance, aesthetics, and cost of each
material. There is a wide variety of building materials to choose
from and it can be difficult to find the best options for our different
needs as there are several factors to consider when choosing
building materials.

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BUILDING
MATERIALS
are materials that are used in construction of
buildings, houses and other structures. This
includes traditional materials such as wood and
newer materials that are designed to meet a
variety of modern construction requirements.

A. APPROPRIATE SELECTION OF
INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
1. Aluminum- a strong, lightweight, and
malleable metal, used for window
frames, siding, and exterior wall panels.
The salts corrode the aluminum, which
has poor chemical resistance, so avoid
using aluminum pipes. 32
BUILDING
MATERIALS
2. Brick - Bricks are rectangular blocks that relate to
mortar. Although bricks are traditionally made from
dry clay, they can be made from a variety of
materials. Bricks have extremely high pressure and
heat resistance but can easily break if dropped. The
bricks encompass walls, chimneys, and pavement.
Starting in the 20th century, the construction of new
brick walls has declined due to their tendency to
crumble in earthquakes. However, if you enjoy the
aesthetics of bricks, it is still safe to use them in
buildings if you reinforce them with steel bars.

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BUILDING
MATERIALS
3. Ceramics- Made from a mixture of
minerals and fired at extremely high
temperatures, ceramics are durable, fire
and water-resistant building materials.
Common uses for ceramics are
countertops, bathtubs, sinks, tiles, ceilings,
fireplaces, and fireplaces.

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BUILDING MATERIALS
• 4. Concrete- Concrete mix is a common
building material that includes crushed
stone, gravel, and sand, usually associated
with Portland cement. Although this
composite material has a high compressive
strength and a high thermal mass, it often
requires additional reinforcement due to its
low tensile strength. Load-bearing walls,
concrete blocks reinforced with reinforcing
bars, vertical steel bars that give tensile
strength. Concrete is useful for grouting tiles,
floors, walls, columns, foundations,
sidewalks, paths, and bulk structures such as
dams. Greenhouse gas emissions due to the
calcination process required to make cement.

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 BUILDING MATERIALS

5. Copper- This low maintenance metal

material is corrosion-resistant, strong, and
lightweight, and has high electrical
conductivity. Copper's unique reddish brown
and complex shape make it a popular
material.

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 BUILDING
MATERIALS

6. Glass- Glass can be used as a building

product because of its transparency. Use glass
for windows, walls, skylights, and exterior
walls. There are many types of glass, including
hollow glass, laminated glass, and colored
glass.

Sample Footer Text 37

BUILDING
MATERIALS
7. Plastic- Plastics are plastics made of different
polymers.
Commonly used plastics in construction include acrylic,
polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
and composite plastics. This kind of plastic is light, non-
corrosive, corrosion-resistant, cheap and easy to be
molded into various shapes.
The disadvantage of plastics is that they are non-
flammable, unsuitable for pollution, and will have a
negative impact on the environment if they are not
recycled. Generally, plastics are used in lighting
fixtures, windows, carpets, plumbing systems, wire
insulation, sinks, ceilings, floors, and wall panels.

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BUILDING
MATERIALS

8. Steel- Steel is a metal alloy mainly

composed of iron and a small amount of
carbon. Due to its high strength-to-weight
ratio, structural steel is ideal for framing
skyscrapers and other large structures
such as stadiums and bridges.
Construction products such as nails,
screws, bolts, and other fasteners.

39
BUILDING
MATERIALS
• 9. Stone- a strong and heavy
natural building material with
high compressive strength. It is
usually made by masons when
used as the main building
material of the structure.
• Marble and granite are popular
choices for kitchen countertops.
And supporting structure.

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BUILDING 10. Wood- Wood is a strong natural
MATERIALS material and one of the oldest building
materials. Although its properties vary
from wood type, wood is generally
lightweight, inexpensive, easy to modify,
and provides insulation in cold climates.
The total beam (like the classic two by
four); large pieces of wood are called
beams, and any type of joinery products
(such as lines, siding, doors, etc.) are
called joinery products. Wood materials
are composed of different types of wood,
which are artificially bonded to form
composite wood. Popular wood materials
are plywood, particle board and veneer.
Generally, wood is used for indoor and
outdoor structural frames, walls, floors,
shelves, terraces, roofs, decorative
elements, and fences.
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BUILDING B. FINISHES PRODUCTS COMPONENTS
MATERIALS Finishing material are products used to
achieve the aesthetic structure of the
building. There are four type of finishing
these are floor finishes, wall finishes,
ceiling
A. FLOOR FINISHES
The floor under construction is a flat
surface that can support objects,
passengers, etc. The different soil types
are based on different factors have several
types of flooring used in the construction
of the building, and their choice will
depend on the user's choice, aesthetics,
and from an economic or cost perspective.
power.

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 TYPES OF FLOOR
FINISHES
I. HARD FLOORING (DURABLE, NOISY, MORE
EXPENSIVE)
A. CEMENT OR LIME CONCRETE
-Lime concrete is composite mixture of lime as binding
material, sand as fine aggregate and gravel as coarse
aggregate in appropriate proportions. Lime concrete mix
ratio depends on the type of construction, but in
general, it can be taken up to 1:2 ratio for lime, sand
respectively and up to 1:3 ratio for lime, coarse
aggregate respectively.
-cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for
construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other
materials to bind them together.
Sample Footer Text 43
TYPES OF FLOOR
FINISHES
I. HARD FLOORING (DURABLE, NOISY, MORE EXPENSIVE)
B. STONE ( SLATE, MARBLE, FLAGSTONE, TERRAZZO,
GRANITE)
-Slate is a fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock that is
created by the alteration of shale or mudstone by low-grade
regional metamorphism.
-Marble is a metamorphic rock consisting of carbonate
minerals that recrystallize under the influence of heat,
pressure, and aqueous solutions (most
commonly calcite (CaCO3) or dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and
has a crystalline texture of varying thickness
-Flagstone is a sedimentary rock that is split into layers
along bedding planes.
-Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place or precast,
which is used for floor and wall treatments. It consists of
chips of marble, quartz, granite, glass, or other suitable
material, poured with a cementitious binder (for chemical
binding), polymeric (for physical binding), or a combination of
both.
-Granite tile is made by processing igneous (volcanic) rock
until it has smooth surfaces. The smoothing process can also
bring out hidden beauty in the rock.
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TYPES OF I. HARD FLOORING (DURABLE,
NOISY, MORE EXPENSIVE)

FLOOR C. BRICK
-Brick flooring (also known as brick floor
FINISHES tiles) is a contemporary, warm
alternative to other flooring options,
such as concrete and tile. Brick
flooring is generally defined as a
ground surface constructed using
individual bricks laid like tiles using a
desired brick flooring pattern.
D. CERAMIC TILES
- Ceramic tiles are thin slabs of clay,
water or other inorganic materials,
hardened at high temperatures in a
kiln and usually coated with some kind
of glaze. Ceramic is best known for its
durability and relatively low cost
compared to natural stone.

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 TYPES OF FLOOR
FINISHES
I. HARD FLOORING (DURABLE, NOISY, MORE EXPENSIVE)
E. WOOD
-Wood flooring is any product manufactured from timber that is
designed for use as flooring, either structural or aesthetic. Wood
is a common choice as a flooring material and can come in various
styles, colors, cuts, and species. D.
F. GLASS
- Glass floors are made with transparent glass when it is useful to
view something from above or below; whereas translucent glass
is used when there is no need to view through. In either
case, toughened glass is usually chosen, for its durability and
resistance to breakage.

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 TYPES OF FLOOR
FINISHES
II. RESILIENT FLOORING
A. SHEET VINYL (PLASTIC)
-Sheet vinyl flooring is vinyl flooring that comes in large, continuous,
flexible sheets. A vinyl sheet floor is completely impermeable to water,
unlike vinyl floor tile, which comes in stiff tiles, and vinyl planks, which
come in interlocking strips.
B. CORK
- A cork floor provides a comfortable cushion underfoot because it "gives"
when compressed. Cork is also a natural thermal and acoustic insulator, which
means rooms with cork flooring are naturally warm and quiet. Aesthetically
versatile. Cork flooring is available in tiles and planks in many styles, colors and
sizes.
C. RUBBER
- Rubber Floor Tiles also called Rubber Floor Coverings are made of
synthetic rubber which has been moulded under pressure and
vulcanized at high temperature.

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 TYPES OF FLOOR
FINISHES
II. RESILIENT FLOORING
D. LINOLEUM
-Linoleum is a floor covering made from materials such as
solidified linseed oil (linoxyn), pine resin,
ground cork dust, sawdust, and mineral fillers such
as calcium carbonate, most commonly on
a burlap or canvas backing. Pigments are often added to
the materials to create the desired colour finish.
E. MUD
- Earthen Flooring also commonly known as Adobe flooring
is made up of dirt, raw earth or other unworked ground
materials. In modern times, it is usually constructed with
mixture of sand, clay and finely chopped straw

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 B. WALL FINISHES
I. WALLPAPER
-paper, usually with printed decorative patterns in color, for pasting on
and covering the walls or ceilings of rooms, hallways, etc. any fabric,
foil, vinyl material, etc., used as a wall or ceiling covering.
II. STENCILS
- a piece of material (as a sheet of paper) with lettering or a design
that is cut out and through which ink or paint is forced onto a surface
to be printed.
III. LIME PLASTER
-Lime plaster is a type of plaster composed of sand, water, and lime,
usually non-hydraulic hydrated lime (also known as slaked lime, high
calcium lime or air lime). Ancient lime plaster often contained horse
hair for reinforcement and pozzolan additives to reduce the working
time.
IV. CONCRETE VENEER
-Veneer is a nonstructural facing of brick, stone, concrete masonry or
other masonry material securely attached to a wall or backing.
Veneers provide the exterior wall finish and transfer out-of-plane loads
directly to the backing, but they are not considered to add to the load-
resisting capacity of the wall system. 49
 C. ROOF FINISH
I. SOLAR TILES

-Solar roof tiles, or building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), are thin, photovoltaic
(PV) sheets that can be retrofitted to existing roofing products. This makes it more
aesthetically pleasing and allows architects to consider them in a design without
sacrificing on the building's look.

II. ASPHALT SHINGLES

- An asphalt shingle is a type of wall or roof shingle that uses asphalt for
waterproofing. It is one of the most widely used roofing covers in North America
because it has a relatively inexpensive up-front cost and is fairly simple to install.

III. METAL ROOFING

-A metal roof is a roofing system featuring metal pieces or tiles exhibiting
corrosion resistance, impermeability to water, and long life. It is a component
of the building envelope. The metal pieces may be a covering on a
structural, non-waterproof roof, or they could be self-supporting sheets.

IV. STONE COATED STEEL

-A stone coated metal roof is a roof made from steel or some other metal; the
metal is then coated with stone chips and attached to the steel with an acrylic film.
The goal is a more durable roof that still retains the aesthetic advantages of a more
traditional roofing material. 50
 C. ROOF FINISH
V. SLATE
-a fine-grained rock formed by the metamorphosis of clay, shale, etc., that tends to
split along parallel cleavage planes, usually at an angle to the planes of stratification.
Slate isa thin, flat piece or plate of fine-grained, easily split rock or a similar material,
used especially for roofing or as a writing surface.
VI. RUBBER SLATE
- Rubber slate roofing shingles are manufactured from recycled tires and other rubber
products, along with additives to enhance color and stability. Tires and other rubber
products are ground up and sent through a process that reconstitutes them into a
liquid that can be molded into the shape of slate tiles.
VII. CLAY AND CONCRETE TILES
- concrete tile roof is a lower-cost alternative to traditional clay tiling. It's made from
mixing sand, cement, water, and iron oxide, then shaping and heating the materials to
form tiles.
VIII. GREEN ROOFS
-A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely
covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing
membrane.
IX. BUILT-UP ROOFING
-Built-Up Roofing, or BUR for short, first appeared around the mid 1800's. It is a
roofing system where multiple layers of asphalt get applied between ply sheets (or
felts) over the roof deck and insulation. Exploded diagram of a built-up roof. 51
 C. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
AND REUSE OF MATERIALS
Worldwide, the consumption of raw materials by the
construction industry is increasing day by day, which leads to
the depletion of natural resources, and increases environmental
pollution and CO2 emissions to the environment. Today
units of steel and concrete are widely used and is the basic
building material for the construction industry. These two
building materials are different products and have different
manufacturing processes, which have a significant impact on
the environment. The amount of gray energy and operational
energy used for manufacturing, recycling and reuse is
becoming increasingly important in the construction industry due
to possible shortages of natural resources and inflation in
the energy sector in the near future.

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 THANK YOU

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