Tk5102 Ad DT TPH Advanced Transport Phenomena: "Diffusive and Convective Transport"

TK5102
Ad
Advanced
dTTransportt Ph
Phenomena
“Diffusive and Convective Transport”
I Dewa Gede Arsa Putrawan

Chemical Engineering ITB
1 September 2009 DGA/1
Outcomes
• Students can explain transport properties including the

effects of temperature and pressure on transport properties.
• Students can explain the mechanisms of momentum, heat,
and mass transfers.
• Students can explain the basic concepts underlying
momentum, heat, and mass transfer.
• Students can apply microscopic balances to solve simple
problems in transport phenomena.
• Students can estimate property profiles for simple cases.
1
Basic Concepts
Entity
Entity Unit Dimension

Momentum kg m s-1 M L T-1
Heat J M L2 T-2
Mass kg M
2
Entity concentration
(quantity per volume)
Entity Concentration
Momentum ρv
Heat ρ Cp T
Mass ρ or c
Transport Mechanisms
• Diffusive : transport by intermolecular

forces (without bulk movement) =
molecular transport
• Convective
i : transport by
b bulk
b lk
movement of fluid
3
Flux
• Measurement of transfer rate

• Flow rate of entity per surface area
(quantity per time per area)
• Total flux consists of diffusive flux and
convective flux
Diffusive Flux
• Flow rate of entity per surface area

perpendicular to transport direction
• Diffusivity times concentration gradient
• Symbols (Cartesian coordinate)
» Momentum : τxy
» Heat : qx
» Mass : Jx or Nx
4
Diffusive Flux
z Velocity (vx) Gradient

y
x
y
τyx
τzx
τxx
5
Newton’s Law
x v1
vx Y
y
v2
dvx
τ yx = −μ
dy
Fourier’s Law
x T1
Y
y
T2
dT
q y = −k
dy
6
Fick’s Law
x ρA,1
Y
y ρ A,2
d ρA
j Ay = − DAB
*
dy
Analogy
⎛ Molecular ⎞ ⎛ Concentration ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ( Diffusivity
y ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Flux
Fl ⎠ ⎝ gradient
di ⎠
Property Diffusivity
Momentum μ ν=μ/ρ
Heat k α = k / (ρ Cp)
Mass DAB DAB
7
Dimensionless Numbers
• Prandtl number (Pr) = ν / α = Cp μ / k
• Schmidt number (Sc) = ν / DAB = μ / (ρ DAB)
• Lewis
L i number
b (Le)
(L ) = α / DAB = Sc
S / Pr
P
Transport Properties
• Viscosity
Viscosity, thermal conductivity,
conductivity and mass
diffusivity
• Theory of gas kinetic (for simple gas)
• Empirical (or semi) correlations or diagrams for
complex gas, liquids, and solids
• Empirical
E i i l mixing
i i rules
l for
f mixtures
i t
• Experimental data is the best
8
Viscosity
Depends on temperature
Li id : T↑ → μ↓↓
Liquid
Gas : T↑ → μ↑
Viscosity of water and air (cP)
T (ºC) Water Air (1 atm)
0 1.7870 0.0172
20 1 0019
1.0019 0 0181
0.0181
40 0.6539 0.0191
60 0.4665 0.0200
80 0.3548 0.0209
100 0.2821 0.0217
Viscosity
Gas μ (cP) Temp

Temp. Liquid μ (cP) Temp
Temp.
Air 0.018 293 K Water 100 Room
CO2 0.014 273 K Olive oil 102 Room
0.018 373 K Glycerol 103 Room
CH4 0.011 293 K Juice 105 Room
SO2 0.016 373 K Polymer 106 Melt
H2 0.008 273 K Glass 1015 Melt
O2 0.019 273 K
9
Thermal conductivity of gases
(T = [K]; k = [W/(m K)])
Thermal conductivity of liquids

(T = [K]; k = [W/(m K)])
10
Thermal conductivity of solids
(T = [K]; k = [W/(m K)])
Mass diffusivity for binary gases

(T = [K], DAB = [m2/s])
11
Mass diffusivity for binary liquids
(T = [K], DAB = [m2/s])
Homework I
Richard G.
G Griskey [2002]
1. Problem 1.1
2. Problem 1.7
3. Problem 1.9
4. Problem 1.12
5. Problem 1.15
6. Problem 1.19
12
Analogy
Convective Flux
• Flow rate of entity per flow area

• Concentration times velocity
Entity Concentration
Momentum (ρ v) v
Heat (ρ Cp T) v
Mass ρ v or c v
13
Rate Equation
⎛ Rate of E ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ A
Accumulation
l ti ⎠
⎛ Rate of E ⎞ ⎛ Rate of E ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ entering ⎠ Diff ⎝ leaving ⎠ Diff
⎛ Rate of E ⎞ ⎛ Rate of E ⎞
+⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ entering ⎠Conv ⎝ leaving ⎠Conv
⎛ Rate of E ⎞
+⎜ ⎟
⎝ generation ⎠
Methodology
• Problem analysis
• Microscopic balances
• Newton’s law
• Boundary conditions
• Profiles of transfer flux, transfer rate, and other
variables
• Values of average, maximum, etc.
14
Simple Cases on Momentum Transfer
Momentum Generation
• Forces acting on fluid

» Generation (same direction to fluid flow)
» Consumption (opposite direction to fluid flow)
• Gravity
»F=mg
• Pressure
»F=PA
15
Boundary Conditions
• No slip at solid-fluid
solid fluid interfaces
• Continuity on flux and velocity at a liquid-
liquid interfacial plane
• Zero flux at a liquid-gas interfacial plane
Flow of a falling film
1 September 2009 DGA//32
16
Flow of a falling film
Flow of a falling film:

Momentum entering
• Molecular
( LW )(τ xz ) x = x
• Convective
(WΔxv z )( ρv z ) z =0
17
Momentum leaving
• Molecular
( LW )(τ xz ) x = x + Δx
• Convektive
(WΔxv z )( ρv z ) z = L

Forces acting on fluid
• Gravitation
( LWΔx)( ρg cos β )
18
Momentum balance
( LW )(τ xz ) x = x − ( LW )(τ xz ) x = x + Δx +
(WΔxv z )( ρv z ) z = z − (WΔxv z )( ρv z ) z = L +
( LWΔx)( ρg cos β ) = 0
lim ⎛⎜ (τ xz ) x = x + Δx − (τ xz ) x = x ⎞
⎟ = ρg cos β
Δx → 0 ⎜⎝ Δx ⎟
⎠

Momentum flux profile
dτ xz
= ρg cos β
dx
• BC 1 : τxz = 0 at x = 0
dv z
τ xz = ρgx cos β , τ xz = − μ
dx
19
Velocity profile
dv z ⎛ ρg cos β ⎞
= −⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x
dx ⎝ μ ⎠
• BC 2 : vz = 0 at x = δ
ρgδ 2 cos β ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞2 ⎤
vz = ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2μ ⎢⎣ ⎝ δ ⎠ ⎥⎦

Velocity profile
• Maximum velocity
ρgδ 2 cos β
2μ
• Average velocity
W δ
∫ ∫ v z dxdy
0 0 ρgδ 2 cos β
Wδ
=
3μ
∫ ∫ dxdy
00
20
Velocity profile
• Volumetric velocity
W δ ρgWδ 3 cos β
∫ ∫ v z dxdy =
0 0 3μ
• Shear force
L W
∫ ∫ τ xz x =δ
dydz = ρgδLW cos β
0 0
Flow Through A Circular Tube
21
Flow Through A Circular Tube:
Momentum entering
• Molecular
(2πrL)(τ rz ) r = r
• Convective
( 2πrΔrv z )( ρv z ) z =0

Momentum leaving
• Molecular
(2πrL)(τ rz ) r = r + Δr
• Convective
( 2πrΔrv z )( ρv z ) z = L
22
• Gravitation
(2πrΔrL)( ρg )
• Pressure
(2πrΔr )( p ) z =0 − (2πrΔr )( p ) z = L

• Gravitation and pressure drop
(2πrΔr )( P ) z =0 − (2πrΔr )( P ) z = L
P = p − ρgz
23
Momentum balance
(2πrL)(τ rz ) r = r − (2πrL)(τ rz ) r = r + Δr +
(2πrΔrv z )( ρv z ) z = z − (2πrΔrv z )( ρv z ) z = L +
(2πrΔr )( P0 − PL ) = 0
lim ⎛⎜ (rτ rz ) r = r + Δr − (rτ rz ) r = r ⎞ P0 − PL

⎟= r
Δx → 0 ⎜⎝ Δr ⎟
⎠ L

Momentum flux profile
d (rτ rz ) P0 − PL
= r
dr L
• BC 1 : dvz/dx = 0 = τrz at r = 0
P0 − PL dv
τ rz = r , τ rz = − μ z
2L dr
24
Velocity profile
dv z ⎛ P − PL ⎞
= −⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟ r
dr ⎝ 2 μL ⎠
• BC 2 : vz = 0 at r = R
( P0 − PL ) R 2 ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤
vz = ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
4 μL ⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎥⎦

Velocity profile
• Maximum velocity
( P0 − PL ) R 2
vz =
4 μL
• Average velocity
2π R
∫ ∫ v z rdrdθ
0 0 ( P0 − PL ) R 2
2π R
=
8μL
∫ ∫ rdrdθ
0 0
25
Average Velocity
r dθ dr dA = r dr
d dθ
r dθ
dθ
V L A 2π R
∫ v dV ∫ ∫ v dzdA ∫ ∫ v rdrdθ
z z z
vz = 0
V
= 0 0
L A
= 0 0
2π R
∫ dV
0
∫ ∫ dzdA
0 0
∫ ∫ rdrdθ
0 0

Velocity profile
• Volumetric velocity
2π R
π ( P0 − PL ) R 4
∫
0
∫ vz rdrdθ =
0
8μ L
• Shear force
⎛ dv ⎞
2πRL⎜⎜ − μ z ⎟ = πR 2 ( P0 − PL )
⎟
⎝ dr r=R ⎠
26
Cannon-Fenske Viscometer
• From analysis of flow in a circular tube
π ( ρgΔh) R 4 μ πgΔhR 4
Q= ⇔ =
8μL ρ 8QL
πgΔhR 4
ν= t ⇔ ν = at
8ΔVL
• Taking into account kinetic energy
ν = at + b/t (note: b/t « at)
1 September 2009 53
Homework I (continue)
R Byron Bird et al [2002]

R.
7. Problem 2B.6
8. Problem 2B.7
27
Simple Cases of Heat Transfer
Boundary Conditions
• Temperature at a surface
• Heat flux at a surface
• Continuity of temperature and of the heat flux at
solid-solid interfaces
• Newton's law of cooling at solid-fluid interfaces
» q = h (Tsolid – Tfluid) for cooling solid
» q = h (Tfluid – Tsolid) for heating solid
28
Heat Generation
• Electrical sources
• Viscous dissipation
• Chemical reactions
Heat conduction
with an electrical
source
• Production rate
of heat per
volume of wire
= Se = I2/ke
29
Heat conduction with an electrical source
• Rate of thermal energy in across cylindrical

surface at r
(2πrL)(qr ) r = r
• Rate of thermal energy out across cylindrical
surface at r + Δr
(2πrL)(qr ) r = r + Δr
• Rate of production of thermal energy by

electrical dissipation
(2πrΔrL)( S e )
• Heat balance
lim (rqr ) r = r + Δr − (rqr ) r = r

= Se r
Δr → 0 Δr
30
d (rqr )
= Se r
dr
• BC 1 : dT/dr = 0 at r = 0 (qr = 0 at r = 0)
Se r dT
qr = , qr = − k
2 dr
dT ⎛S ⎞
= −⎜ e ⎟r
dr ⎝ 2k ⎠
• BC 2 : T = To at r = R
Se R 2 ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤
T − To = ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
4k ⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎥⎦
31
• Maximum temperature
Se R 2
Tmax − To =
4k
• Average temperature
2π R
∫ ∫ Trdrdθ
0 0 Se R 2
Tave − To = 2π R
=
8k
∫ ∫ rdrdθ
0 0
• Heat flow at the surface
Qr = R = 2πRL qr r=R
= 2πR 2 LS e
32
Heat conduction
with a viscous heat source
2
⎛ dv ⎞ ⎛ dvz ⎞
Sv = −τ xz ⎜ z ⎟ = μ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ dx ⎠ ⎝ dx ⎠
Heat conduction
• Heat balance 2
⎛V ⎞
WLqx x − WLqx x +Δx + WLΔxμ ⎜ ⎟
⎝b⎠
2
dqx ⎛V ⎞
= μ⎜ ⎟
dx ⎝b⎠
33
Heat conduction
• Solution 2
⎛ μ ⎞⎛ V ⎞ x ⎛ C1 ⎞
2
T = − ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ x + C2
⎝ k ⎠⎝ b ⎠ 2 ⎝ k ⎠
» T = To at x = 0
» T = Tb at x = b
Heat conduction
• Solution
» Θ = χ + 0.5 Br χ (1 – χ)
» Θ = (T – To)/(Tb – To), χ = x/b
» Br (Brinkman number) = μV2 / k(Tb – To)
• Brinkman number
» Importance of viscous heating relative to heat
flow
» There is maximum temperature if Br > 2
34
Composite walls
Composite walls
• Flux
» q = U (Ta - Tb)
• Heat transfer rate
» Q = U A (Ta - Tb)
• Overall heat transfer coefficient
−1
⎛1 n
x 1⎞
U =⎜ +∑ i + ⎟
⎝ ha i =1 ki hb ⎠
35
Composite cylinders
Composite cylinders
• Heat transfer rate

» Q = (2πraL) Ua (Ta – Tb) = (2πrbL) Ub (Ta – Tb)
• Overall heat transfer coefficient
−1
−1 ⎛ 1 ln(ri / ri −1 ) 1 ⎞
n
U a = ra ⎜ +∑ + ⎟
⎝ ra ha i =1 ki rb hb ⎠
−1
⎛ 1 n
ln( r / r ) 1 ⎞
U b = rb−1 ⎜ +∑ i i −1
+ ⎟
⎝ a a i =1
r h k i rb b ⎠
h
36
Heat conduction with chemical heat source
• Thermal energy in by conduction at z
(π R 2 )(qz )
z=z
• Thermal energy out by conduction at z + Δz
(π R 2 )(qz )
z = z +Δz
37
• Thermal energy in by flow at z

(πR 2 ρvCˆ p )(T − To )
z=z
• Thermal energy out by flow at z + Δz
(πR 2 ρvCˆ p)(T − To )
z = z + Δz
• Thermal energy produced
(πR 2 Δz )( Sc)
• Heat balance
qz − qz T −T
z + Δz z
+ ρvCˆ p z + Δz z
= Sc
Δz Δz
• Fourier’s law
d 2T ˆ p dT = Sc
−k + ρvC
dz 2 dz
38
Differential equations for three zones
d 2T I dT I
−k + ρvCˆ p =0
dz 2 dz
d 2T II dT II ⎛ T II − T o ⎞
−k ˆ
+ ρvCp = Sc1 ⎜ ⎟
dz 2 dz ⎜ T −To ⎟
⎝ 1 ⎠
d 2T III dTIII
−k + ρvCˆ p =0
dz 2 dz
Boundary conditions
z = −∞, T I = T1 z = L, T II = T III
z = 0, T I = T II dT II dT III
z = L, k =k
dT I dT II dz dz
z = 0, k =k z = ∞, T III = tertentu
dz dz
39
Dimensionless differential equations
1 d 2Θ I dΘ I z
− 2
+ =0 Z=
B dZ dZ L
1 d 2 Θ II dΘ II T −To
− + = NΘ II Θ=
B dZ 2 dZ T1 − T o
1 d 2 Θ III dΘ III ρvCˆ pL
− + =0 B=
B dZ 2 dZ k
Sc1L
N=
ˆ
ρvCp (T − T o )
1
Dimensionless temperature distribution
Θ I = c1 + c2 e BZ
Θ II = c3e m3Z + c4 e m4 Z , m3 ≠ m4
Θ III = c5 + c6 e BZ
m3 = 0,5 B (1 − 1 − (4 N / B ) )
m4 = 0,5B (1 + 1 − (4 N / B ) )
40
Dimensionless temperature distribution
m3 m4 (e m4 − e m3 )
ΘI = 1 + 2 m4 2 m3
e ( m3 + m4 ) Z
m4 e − m3 e
m e m4 e m3Z − m3e m3 e m4 Z
Θ II = 4 (m3 + m4 )
m42 e m4 − m32 e m3
m 2 − m32
Θ III = 2 m4 2
e ( m3 + m4 )
m4 e 4 − m3 e 3m
Temperature distribution
41
Homework II
Simple Cases of Mass Transfer
42
Fick’s Law
(binary mixtures and constant c)
• Flux relative to mixture (first law)
JA* = – DABVcA = – c DABVxA
• Flux relative to stationary coordinate (second law)

NA = – c DABVxA + xA (NA + NB)
Relations between NA and NB need to know to

solve microscopic balances in mass transfer !
Boundary Conditions
• Concentration at a surface
• Mass flux at a surface
• At solid-fluid interfaces, flux at solid surface may follows
an analogy of Newton’s cooling law
» q = kc (cA,solid – cA,liquid) for solid-to-fluid
» q = kc (cliquid – cA,solid) for liquid-to-solid
43
Diffusion through a stagnant gas film

• Mass balance
dN Az
SN Az z − SN Az z +Δz
= 0 or =0
dz
• Vapor B is stationary (NBz = 0)
dx A
N Az = −cDAB + x A ( N Az + N Bz )
dz
−cDAB dx A
N Az =
1 − x A dz
44
• Mass balance
d ⎛ 1 dx A ⎞
⎜ ⎟=0
dz ⎝ 1 − x A dz ⎠
z = z1 , x A = x A1
z = z2 , x A = x A 2

• Profile of concentration A
z − z1
⎛ 1 − xA ⎞ ⎛ 1 − xA2 ⎞ z2 − z1
⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 − x A1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 − x A1 ⎠
• Profile of concentration B
z − z1
⎛ xB ⎞ ⎛ xB 2 ⎞ z2 − z1
⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ B1 ⎠ ⎝ B1 ⎠
x x
45
• Average concentration
⎛ z2 ⎞ ⎛ z2 ⎞ x −x
⎜ ∫ xB dz ⎟ / ⎜ ∫ dz ⎟ = B 2 B1 = ( xB )ln
⎜z ⎟ ⎜ z ⎟ ln( xB 2 / xB1 )
⎝1 ⎠ ⎝1 ⎠
• Flux (evaporation rate)
cDAB dx A cDAB ⎛ xB 2 ⎞
N Az =− = ln ⎜ ⎟
z = z1
1 − x A1 dz z = z1
z2 − z1 ⎝ xB1 ⎠
pDAB / RT ⎛ pB 2 ⎞
= ln ⎜ ⎟
z2 − z1 ⎝ B1 ⎠
p
Determination of diffusivity
The diffusivityy of the ggas ppair O2-CC14 is beingg determined
by observing the steady-state evaporation of carbon
tetrachloride into a tube containing oxygen. The distance
between the CC14 liquid level and the top of the tube is z2 –
z1 = 17.1 cm. The total pressure on the system is 755 mm Hg,
and the temperature is 0 °C. The vapor pressure of CC14 at
that temperature is 33.0 mm Hg. The cross-sectional area of
the diffusion tube is 0.82 cm2. It is found that 0.0208 cm3 of
CCI4 evaporate in a 10-hour period after steady state has been
attained. What is the diffusivity of the gas pair O2-CC14 ?
46
• Evaporation rate of CCl4

m CCl4 = (0, 0208 cm3 )(1,59 g / cm3 ) /(154 g / mol ) /(10 h)
= 2,15 ⋅10−5 mol / h
• Molar flux of CCl4

N CCl4 = (2,15 ⋅10−5 mol / jam) /(0,82 cm 2 )
= 2, 62 ⋅10−5 mol /(cm 2 h)
• Diffusivity
N CCl4 ( z2 − z1 ) RT
N CCl4 −O2 =
p ln( pO2 ,2 / pO2 ,1 )
(2, 62 ⋅10−5 )(17,1)(82, 06)(273 K )
=
(755 / 760) ln(755 / 722)
= 2.290 cm 2 / h
47
Diffusion with heterogeneous reaction

• Mass balance
dN Az
SN Az z − SN Az z +Δz
= 0 or =0
dz
• One mole B diffuses back for every two moles A
(NBz = -NA/2)
dx A
N Az = −cDAB + x A ( N Az + N Bz )
dz
cDAB dx A
N Az =−
1 − 0,5 x A dz
48
(instantaneous reaction)
• Mass balance
d ⎛ 1 dx A ⎞
⎜ ⎟=0
dz ⎝ 1 − 0,5 x A dz ⎠
z = 0,
0 xA = xA0
z = δ , xA = 0

(instantaneous reaction)
• Concentration profile
p
(1 − 0,5 x A ) = (1 − 0,5 x A0 )1− z / δ
• Flux
cD AB dx A
N Az = −
1 − 0,5 x A dz
2cD AB ⎛ 1 ⎞
= ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
δ ⎝ 1 − 0,5 x A0 ⎠
49
(reaction rate NAz=k1cxA|z=δ)
• Mass balance
d ⎛ 1 dx A ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟=0
dz ⎝ 1 − 0,5 x A dz ⎟⎠
z = 0, x A = x A0
z =δ, N Az = k1cx A atau x A = N Az /( k1c)

(reaction rate NAz=k1cxA|z=δ)
p
z /δ
⎛ 1 N Az ⎞
(1 − 0,5 x A ) = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ (1 − 0,5 x A0 )1− z / δ
⎝ 2 k1c ⎠
• Flux
2cDAB ⎛ 1 − 0,5 N Az /(( k1c) ⎞
N Az = l ⎜⎜
ln ⎟⎟
δ ⎝ 1 − 0,5 x A0 ⎠
2cDAB / δ ⎛ 1 ⎞
≈ ln⎜⎜ ⎟
1 + DAB /(k1δ ) ⎝ 1 − 0,5 x A0 ⎟⎠
50
Diffusion & reaction inside porous catalyst
RA = - k a cA
4πr 2 N Ar − 4πr 2 N Ar + R A 4πr 2 Δr = 0

r r + Δr
lim r N Ar r + Δr − r N Ar r
2 2
= r 2 RA
Δr → 0 Δr
d (r 2 N Ar )
= r 2 RA , RA = −k a c A
dr
r
1 d ( r 2 N Ar )
= − k a c A …..(1)
r2 dr r+Δr
51
• NA = - DA dcA/dr,
/dr DA = effective diffusivity
• Equation (1) becomes
1 d ⎛ 2 dc A ⎞
DA ⎜r ⎟ = k a cA
r 2 dr ⎝ dr ⎠
• Boundary
d condition
di i
cA = cAs at r = R
dcA/dr = 0 at r = 0 (symmetrical)
c A ⎛ R ⎞ sinh κr
=⎜ ⎟ , κ = k a / DA
c As ⎝ r ⎠ sinh κR
• Molar flow at surface r = R
dc A
W As = 4πR 2 N Ar r=R
= −4πR 2 DA
dr r=R
W As = 4πRD Ac As (1 − λ coth λ ), λ = κR
52
• Molar flow without diffusion resistance
WA0 = 4 / 3πR 3 a (− kac As )

• Effectiveness factor : Was/WA0
3
η= (λ coth
h λ − 1),
) λ = ka
k / DA R
λ2
Homework III
53

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Tk5102 Ad DT TPH Advanced Transport Phenomena: "Diffusive and Convective Transport"

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TK5102

“Diffusive and Convective Transport”

I Dewa Gede Arsa Putrawan

1 September 2009 DGA/1

• Students can explain transport properties including the

1 September 2009 DGA/2

1 September 2009 DGA/3

Entity Unit Dimension

1 September 2009 DGA/4

1 September 2009 DGA/5

• Diffusive : transport by intermolecular

1 September 2009 DGA/6

• Measurement of transfer rate

1 September 2009 DGA/7

• Flow rate of entity per surface area

1 September 2009 DGA/9

z Velocity (vx) Gradient

1 September 2009 DGA/10

• Prandtl number (Pr) = ν / α = Cp μ / k

• Schmidt number (Sc) = ν / DAB = μ / (ρ DAB)

1 September 2009 DGA/15

1 September 2009 DGA/16

Gas μ (cP) Temp

Air 0.018 293 K Water 100 Room

CO2 0.014 273 K Olive oil 102 Room

0.018 373 K Glycerol 103 Room

CH4 0.011 293 K Juice 105 Room

SO2 0.016 373 K Polymer 106 Melt

H2 0.008 273 K Glass 1015 Melt

1 September 2009 DGA/18

1 September 2009 DGA/19

Thermal conductivity of liquids

1 September 2009 DGA/20

1 September 2009 DGA/21

Mass diffusivity for binary gases

1 September 2009 DGA/22

1 September 2009 DGA/23

1 September 2009 DGA/25

• Flow rate of entity per flow area

1 September 2009 DGA/28

1 September 2009 DGA/29

• Forces acting on fluid

1 September 2009 DGA/30

1 September 2009 DGA/31

Flow of a falling film

1 September 2009 DGA//32

1 September 2009 DGA/33

Flow of a falling film:

1 September 2009 DGA/34

Flow of a falling film:

1 September 2009 DGA/36

Flow of a falling film:

1 September 2009 DGA/38

1 September 2009 DGA/39

Flow of a falling film:

1 September 2009 DGA/41

Flow Through A Circular Tube

1 September 2009 DGA/42

1 September 2009 DGA/43

Flow Through A Circular Tube:

1 September 2009 DGA/44

1 September 2009 DGA/45