PERANCANGAN SISTEM KERJA DAN ERGONOMI (IEI2H3)

III. Work Design: MOTION STUDY AND MOTION

ECONOMY

Prepared by:
Team teaching (DCO, YGN, IKP, ATU, MUF, YFN)

Prodi S1 Teknik Industri

Fakultas Rekayasa Industri
Universitas Telkom
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PART1

MOTION STUDY: 17 THERBLIG

MOVEMENT

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 Work Design
Includes :

Design of the work workplace layout and

environment
system, involves the
methods and motions
used to perform a task. the tooling and equipment

(e.g., work holders, fixtures, hand tools,

portable power tools, and machine tools).

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 Motion Study
Analysis of operator’s body movement in
executing the job
Using the motion analysis based on the
basic motion element
Objective: minimize, eliminate ineffective
movement
Developed by Gilbreths  “one best way”
 Minimize and simplify manual efforts,
due to the unnecessary motion of the
workers
17 basic motions (therbligs)  8 effective
movement, 9 ineffective movement
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The Founder of Therbligs

Frank Bunker Gilbreth Lilian Moller Gilbreth

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 Motion Study

Objective:

Develop the best work

method -> (ENASE+P)

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17 Therbligs Motion
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 17 Therbligs
1. Mencari (Search/SH/S) –Eyes or hands groping for object; begins as the eye moves in
to locate an object
2. Memilih (Select/ST/SE) – Choosing one item for several; usually follows search

3. Memegang (Grasp/G) – Closing finger around an object; begins as the fingers contact
the object and ends when control has been gained; depends on type of grasp; usually
preceded by reach and followed by move

4. Menjangkau (Reach/RE) – Motion of empty hand to or from object; time depends on

distance moved; usually preceded by release and followed by grasp

5. Membawa, Memindahkan (Move/M) – movement of loaded hand; time depends on

distance, weight, and type of move; usually preceded by grasp and followed by release or
position

6. Memegang untuk memakai (Hold/H) – one hand support object while other does
useful work

7. Melepas (Release load/RL) – relinquishing control of object, typically the shortest of

therblighs
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 17 Therbligs
8. Pengarahan (Position/P) – Orienting object during work, usually preceded by move
and followed by release (as opposed to prior to work for preposition)

9. Pengarahan sementara (Pre-position/PP) – positioning object in predetermined

location for later use; usually occurs in conjunction with move, as in orienting a pen for
writing

10. Memeriksa (Inspect/I) – Comparing object with standard, typically with sigh, but
could also be with other senses

11. Merakit (Assemble/A) – bringing two mating parts together; usually preceded by
position or move; followed by release

12. Lepas rakit (Disassemble/DA) – opposite of assemble, separating mating parts;

usually preceded by grasp and followed by move or release
13. Memakai (Use/U) – manipulating tool for intended use; easily detected as it advances
the progress of work

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 17 Therbligs
Kelambatan yang tak terhindar (Unavoidable delay/UD) – Beyond the operator ‘s
control due to the nature of the operation e.g . Left hand waiting while right hand
completes a longer reach

Kelambatan yang dapat dihindarkan (Avoidable delay/AD) – Operator solely

responsible for idle time e.g coughing

Merencanakan (Plan/PL/Pn) – pausing to determine next action; usually detected as a

hesitation preceding motion

Istirahat (Rest to overcome fatigue /R)-appears periodically, not even cycle , depend s
on the physical workload

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 1. Mencari (Search)
Source: HuffPost

Questions for reducing the time

Basic movement of an operator to define for “search” in therblig
the location of an object
Is the characteristics of the object clear
enough?
Started when eye moves to find the object,
ended when the object is found
Is the object placed consistently?

Ineffective movement can be avoided by

placing an object consistently in the same Is it possible to use transparent
place placement?

Is the layout management is the best to

The Objectives of analyzing Therbligs of support the “search” elimination?
“search”

• Eliminating the unnecessary movement Is the lighting adequate?

• Help new workers to memorize where to find
the product more easily
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2. Memilih (Select)
A movement to find mixed
object
Involved hands and eyes
Started when hand and eyes
start selecting, ended when the
object found
It is quite difficult to determine
the boundary of started
selecting and finished searching
Design Tutsplus - Envato Tuts+
Questions for minimizing
kylerossiter.com
“select” in therblig
Are the different objects
placed in the same place?
Can the surface of a
container widen?
Can we used the
transparent container?
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 3. Memegang (Grasp)
grasp.xief.net

Questions for improving “grasp” in therblig

Commonly preceded by
“reach” followed by “move”
Can we grasp several object at once?

Effective movement, Can we manage how the object was placed to ease the grasp?
difficult to be eliminated
but could be reduced
Can the object derailed (digelincirkan)?

Can we design the surface of the object placement to ease

the grasp?

Can we use certain tool to help grasping?

Can we use magnet?

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 4. Menjangkau (Reach)
The hand moves without
any load, either approach
the object or away from
the object
www.dreamstime.com

Started when the hand

moves, ended when the
hand stops

Difficult to be eliminated
but could be reduced

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 5. Membawa (Moves)

A type of “reach” with some load

Started and ended as “reach”

(Started when the hand moves,
ended when the hand stops)

Considers

• Movement distance
• Eyes (movement)
• The weight of the load

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 Questions for improving “reach” and
“move”
Can we reduce the distance?

Do we use the best way?

Do we moves the right parts of

our body?

Can we shortened the time by

moves many object at once?

Can we avoid the change of

direction?
www.quickanddirtytips.com

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 Different curves, Different time
needed to move the object
BD < ½ AD
(Normal track) 1/3 AD ≤ BD < AD
1st case 2nd case
Movement distance :
AC Movement distance :
AB + BC

3rd case 4th case

BD ≥ AD, BD < 3AD
BD ≥ 3AD
Two different
Movement distance :
movement
AB + BC
&
1. AB
Change of direction
2. BC
“factor”

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6. Memegang untuk memakai (Hold)

Hold the object without moving

Questions for minimizing “Hold”
in therblig
Different from “grasp” because there is Can we use a tool to conduct the
no “move” after “hold” “hold” movement?
Ineffective movement, need to be Can we use hand buffer
minimized
(penyangga tangan)?

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 7. Melepas (Release)
The workers release the previously
held object
Occurred in a very short time,
compared to other movements
Start when the workers release the
object until the object is totally free
from the hand
Questions for improving
“Release” in therblig
Can we combine it with “move”?
Is the release place has been well
designed?
Is hand or the releasing tool directly
operated after release the object?
Can we use a tool to release?
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 8. Mengarahkan (Position)
Questions for improving
Position an object to a certain place “Release” in Therblig
Is “position” needed?
Started from “move”, followed by
“assemble”
Is the held object has been placed
Started when the hand controls the object to ease the taking?
(e.g rotate) shifting to the target place,
ended when the assembly started Is there any tools that can help
guiding the positioned object
The time needed for position the object
related with the work of eyes, because it
controls the object to be placed as targeted

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9. Mengarahkan Sementara (Preposition)
A temporary “position”

Objective : Ease the held of the object that will be immediately used, expected that
the “position” can be minimized.
Often occurred with “move” and “release”
Eg : Writing

No. Steps Movement

1 Taking the pen Reach
2 Holding the pen Grasp
3 Bring the pen approaching the paper Move
4 Prepare to write Position
5 Write Use
6 Turn the pen to the original place Move
7 Put the pen in the original place Pre-position
8 Release the pen Release
9 Move the hand back to the paper Reach 21
 10. Pemeriksaan (Inspect)
Questions for improving
“Inspect” in Therblig
Examine whether the object in Can it combined with other movement?
accordance with the standard
Is there any tool that inspect many
objects at once?
See (check the color), fingering
meraba (checking the softness of
Is additional light needed?
a surface) , smell, listen, taste
Is there any tools to replace human
body to conduct the “inspect”
The length of this movement
depends on operator’s ability to
find the difference between the
object and the standard

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 11. Perakitan (assemble) dan
12. Lepas rakit (disassemble)

Assemble Disassemble
Separate the combines object
Combines two or more objects (usually preceded by “grasp”
(usually preceded by “move” and followed by “release”)
or “position” and followed by
“release”) Grasp  disassemble
release

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 13. Memakai (Use)

Using one or both hands to use

the tool

The length of this movement

depends on the types of the
job and the skill of the workers

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Questions to improve the “assemble”,
“disassemble” and “use”
Can we use the tools to help the hand?

Can we conduct the job by automation?

Can we assemble many units at once?

Is the tools operated efficiently

• E.g. lathe (mesin bubut), were the feeding and acceleration appropriately
set up (?)

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 14. Keterlambatan tak terhindarkan
(Unavoidable Delay)
Delay due to E.g
unavoidable event
• Drilling operator (use
only one hand to drill)
• The power failure and
other unexpected
events

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 15. Keterlambatan yang dapat
dihindarkan (avoidable delay)
Delay caused by Eg.
• Sick
the worker
• Smoke
• Stress

Minimizing the avoidable delay

Workers need to change their working
behavior without changing the
operation
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 16. Merencanakan (Plan)
A mental process. The
operator think about what to
do next

Occurred more often in the

new job

123RF.com

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17. Istirahat (Rest to overcome fatigue)
Questions for improving “Rest”
Time needed for workers to in Therblig
recover from the fatigue due Do the work conduct the job
to work appropriately? (anggota tubuh yang
digunakan sudah tepat?)

Are the temperature, humidity, noise,

Influenced by the workers and and working conditions satisfying?
the types of the job
Are the size of the chair and table fit the
workers?

Do the worker works with the best

working position?

Are the workers nutrients fulfilled?

Chapman World

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Classification of Therbligs
Objective Basic
Division

Physical Basic
Division
17 Therbligs
Mental/Semi-
Mental Basic
Division

Outside Element

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 Effective and ineffective basic motion elements
Effective Ineffective
1. Reach (Re) 1. Hold (H)
2. Move (M) 2. Rest (R)
3. Grasp (G) 3. Position (P)
4. Release Load (RL) 4. Search (S)
5. Use (U) 5. Select (SE)
6. Assemble (A) 6. Plan (PL)
7. Disassemble (DA) 7. Unavoidable Delay (UD)
8. Pre-Position (P) 8. Avoidable Delay (D)
9. Inspect (I)

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 Classification of Therbligs (2)
Objective Basic Division: Physical Basic Division:
•Use (U) • Transport Empty (TE)
• Assembly (A) • Grasp (G)
• Disassembly (DA) • Transport Loaded (TL)
• Release Load (RL)

Give value added to task

Doesn’t give value added but
needed to accomplish the task
Improvement :
Efficiency movement Improvement:
Minimize movement

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 Classification of Therbligs (3)
Mental/Semi-Mental Basic Division: Outside Element :
• Search (Sh) • Plan (Pn)
• Select (St) • Rest (R)
• Position (P) • Avoidable delay (AD)
• Unavoidable delay (UD)
• Hold (H)
• Inspection (I)
• Pre-position (PP)
Doesn’t give a value added
Doesn’t give a value added and may
be eliminated Improvement :
Eliminate motion
Improvement :
Work arrangement or using tools
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 Principles of Motion Study

Eliminate ineffective therbligs if possible

Avoid holding objects with hand – Use workholder

Combine therbligs – Perform right-hand and left-hand

motions simultaneously

Simplify

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PART2

MOTION ECONOMY

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 MOTION ECONOMY
Developed over
many years of
practical
experience in work
design

They are guidelines • Work method

that can be used to • Workplace layout
help determine • Tools, and equipment

• maximize efficiency and

Objective :
minimize worker fatigue
Source: https://powercore.net
 Motion Economy Principle
Design of
Use of the Workplace
tooling and
human body arrangement
equipment

Source: http://www.designbuzz.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/5_wQ5sa_58.jpg Source: http://www.evansclarke.com.au/Lib/tools.JPG

Source: Source: http://sf.co.ua/2012/wallpaper-1596688.jpg

PACKBOARD
1. Use of Human Body
1. Both hands should begin and end their
motions at the same time.

2. Both hands should never been idle at the

same time (excluding rest time)

3. The motions of the hands and arms should

be symmetrical and in opposite direction.

4. The motions should be efficient (dihemat).

• Finger movement
• Finger and palm movement
• Finger, palm, lower arm, and upper arm
• Finger, palm, lower arm, upper arm, and
shoulder
Source: Source: http://sf.co.ua/2012/wallpaper-1596688.jpg
 1. Use of Human Body (2)
5. Use momentum to facilitate task : When
carpenters strike a nail with a hammer, they are
using momentum, which can be defined as mass
times velocity.

6. Method should consist of smooth continuous

curved motions rather than straight motions with
sudden changes in direction

7. Ballistic movement is faster, more fun, and more

accurate compared to controlled movement

8. Method should achieve a natural cadence of the

motions involved

9. Minimize eye focus and travel

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Source: Source: http://sf.co.ua/2012/wallpaper-1596688.jpg
1. Use Human Body (3-additional)

10. The work should be designed

to emphasize the worker’s
preferred hand.

11. Take advantage of gravity –

Don’t oppose it

12. The method should be

designed to utilize the worker’s
feet and legs when appropriate.

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 2. Workplace Layout
1. Locate tools and materials in fixed positions within the work area

2. Locate tools and materials close to where they are used

3. The object mechanism should be well designed

4. Locate tools and materials to be consistent with sequence of work elements

(b) Good arrangement of parts and
(a) Poor arrangement of parts and tools in workplace
tools in workplace Numbers indicate sequence of work elements in
relation to locations of hand tools and parts bins.
 Workplace Layout (2)
5.1 Use gravity feed bins to deliver small parts and
fasteners
• A gravity feed bin is a container that uses gravity to move the items in it
to a convenient access point for the worker.

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 Workplace Layout (3)
5.2 Use gravity drop chutes (channels,
tubes) for completed work units where
appropriate

6. Provide adequate illumination

• The issue of illumination is normally

associated with ergonomics.
• Illumination is especially important in
visual inspection tasks.
7. A proper chair should be provided for
the worker
• Adjustable chair that can be fitted to the
size of the worker. The adjustments
usually include seat height and back
height.
• The chair height should be in proper
relationship with the worker height.
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 Workplace Layout (4)
The time needed for “reach” is
longer when it is following
“select” compared to “reach”
when it is following “hold” that
8. Motions has been previously “pre-
arrangement can be position”-ed.
sensitive to the
completion time It needs a long time to conduct
“move” that is followed by
“position” because it involves
mental preparation to position
the item

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 Design of tooling and equipment
1. Work-holding devices should be
designed for the task
• Typically, the work holder must be
custom-designed for the work part
processed in the task.
2. Hands should be relieved of work
elements that can be performed by the
feet using foot pedals
• Foot pedal controls can be provided
instead of hand controls to operate
certain types of equipment. Sewing
machines (with its foot pedals).
3. Combine multiple functions into one
tool where possible
4. Perform multiple operations
simultaneously rather than sequentially
5. Where feasible, perform operation on
multiple parts simultaneously
6. Design equipment controls for
operator convenience and error
avoidance
7. Hand tools and portable power tools
should be designed for operator comfort
& convenience
8. Mechanize or automate manual
operations if economically and
technically feasible
 Design of tooling and equipment (2)
9. The tooling should be well 11. Hand-wheel (roda tangan),
hand-bar (palang tangan), and
designed to ease its storage other similar tools should be
and its use designed to be used in best
working position and minimum
energy
10. If the finger used
independently, the load
distributed on each finger
should be fit with the power
of each finger

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 STEPS TO EFFICIENT THE MOTION
Reduce the number of motions
• Eliminate or reduce the
ineffective motion Penghapusan
(elimination)

Perform motions simultaneously Penggabungan

• Allow to use both hands at the (combination)
same time
Shorten motion distances Pengaturan kembali
• Reduce : walking, reaching, (rearrangement)
streatching, squatting, turning,
etc Penyederhanaan
Make motion easier
(simplification)
• Work should be smooth and
rhythmical, reduce fatigue and
promote safety
EXAMPLE OF ASSEMBLY
WORKSTATION

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50
 Class Project
1. Search any object that doing manual job
of people around tel U
2. Make a video of that activity (Short
video)(max 1 minute)
3. Breakdown the element for that activity
4. Classify the activity based on
“classification of Therbligs”
5. Identify what needs to be improved
6. Write an improvement
recommendation

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 Examples – Motion Element of
Drawing Activity
• Reach the paper (reach)
• Grasp the paper (grasp)
• Move the paper (move)
• Release the paper (release load)
• Reach the pencil (reach)
• Grasp the pencil (grasp)
• Move the pencil next to the paper (move)
• Positioning the pencil on the paper (position)
• Use the pencil to start drawing (use)

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 Homework – BE CREATIVE, BE
INNOVATIVE
• 1. Calculate the time needed if each movement and
calculate the total time
• 2. Simulate the improvement
• 3. Compare outcomenya (initial vs improved  time,
money, dll)
• 4. Design workplace lay out or deign the toold or
equipment (improvement)
• 5. Submit the video max h-1 before the next meeting
 ilma.mufidah1@gmail.com
• Make a beautiful template in one piece of wide paper,
draw manually, put the manual drawing of the job, the
tools, the graph, the tables if any
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 BIG PROJECT
• Object : An established company which has at least 10 operations and has manual
job
• Format : Poster A3 and PPT
• Content :
– 1. Group name
– 2. Company name,
– 3. Short description about the company,
– 4. OPC, FPC, FD,
– 5. Problem identification
– 6. Chose one manual operation (the most problematic) Analyze that operation using motion
study (PTKTK) and motion economy
– 7. recommendation (Improvement plan) for everything
– 8. Documentation
• Template & design : Up to you
• Presentation : week 7
• Assignment for next week :
– progress presentation (power point)
– 5 slide
– Content : company profile, production process (description), obstacles, one most
problematic manual job
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QUIZ

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