ARDUINO PROJECT

REPORT
SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM
ICT (INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY)

SUBMITTED BY:

 ALEEZA ANJUM (20-CS-101).

 MUHAMMAD USMAN (20-CS-85).
 SYEDA KAHDIJA NADEEM (20-CS-53).

SUBMITTED TO:

 DR. MUNAWWAR IQBAL.

DEPARTMENT: COMPUTER SECIENCE.

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA.

 CONTENTS
ABSTRACT___________________________________________________________________________1
INTRODUCTION_______________________________________________________________________2
OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY USED________________________________________________________3
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT_________________________________________________4
COMPONENTS USED IN CIRCUIT__________________________________________________________5
WORKING PROCESS____________________________________________________________________6
CODE_______________________________________________________________________________7
TOOLS USED__________________________________________________________________________8
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS9
CONCLUSIONS10
SCOPE OF PROJECT11
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES12
REFRENCES13

ABSTRACT:
The project we have undertaken is “Automatic Irrigation System Using Moisture Sensor”. This project is taken
up as because Pakistan is an agriculture oriented country and the rate at which water resources are depleting
is a dangerous threat hence there is a need of smart and efficient way of irrigation. In this project we have
implemented sensors which detect the humidity in the soil (agricultural field) and supply water to the field
which has water requirement. This project is a microcontroller based design which controls the water supply
and the field to be irrigated. There are sensors present in each field which are not activated till water is
present on the field. Once the field gets dry sensors sense the requirement of water in the field and send a
signal to the microcontroller. Microcontroller then supply water to that particular field which has water
requirement till the sensors is deactivated again. In case, when there are more than one signal for water
requirement then the microcontroller will prioritize the first received signal and irrigate the fields accordingly.
The development of the automated irrigation system based on microcontrollers and wireless communication
at experimental scale within rural areas is presented. The aim of the implementation was to demonstrate that
the automatic irrigation can be used to reduce water use. A microcontroller for data acquisition, and
transceiver; the sensor measurements are transmitted to a microcontroller based receiver. This gateway
permits the automated activation of irrigation when the threshold values of soil moisture and temperature is
reached.
 INTRODUCTION:
The objective of this project is to provide a combination of manual supervision and partial automation and is
similar to manual set-up in most respects but it reduces the labor involved in terms of Irrigation design is
simple, easy to install, microcontroller-based circuit to monitor and record the values of temperature, soil
moisture (Transistor circuit) that are continuously modified and controlled in order optimize them to achieve
maximum plant growth and yield. Also, the use of easily available components reduces the manufacturing
and. The design is quite flexible as the software can be changed any time. It can thus be made to the specific
requirements of the user. This makes the proposed system to be an economical, portable and a low
maintenance solution for greenhouse applications, especially in rural areas and for small scale agriculturists.
The software application and the hardware implementation help the microcontroller read the data from the
temperature sensor verify the data with the already stored data and take the next action. The system is totally
designed module and embedded systems technology. The Controlling unit has an application program to
allow the microcontroller interface with the LM35, SOIL moisture module, the reader reads the data from the
sensor, passes the data to the microcontroller and the controller verifies this data with the already existing
data in the controller‟s memory and then implements the commands directed by the controller section. The
performance of the design is maintained by controlling unit.

OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY USED:

Embedded Systems:
An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused job. Appliances
such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax machine, mobile phone etc. are examples
of embedded systems. Each of these appliances will have a processor and special hardware to meet the
specific requirement of the application along with the embedded software that is executed by the
processor for meeting that specific requirement. The embedded software is also called “firm ware”. The
desktop/laptop computer is a general purpose computer. You can use it for a variety of applications such
as playing games, word processing, accounting, software development and soon
Following are the advantages of Embedded Systems:
1. They are designed to do a specific task and have real time performance constraints which must be met.
2. They allow the system hardware to be simplified so costs are reduced.

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT:

The block diagram of the project is as shown in the given below Fig:-
 COMPONENTS USED IN CIRCUIT:
 12V Adapter power supply.
 SD 90 DC Motor.
 Arduino.
 LED.
 Pump.
 Small Fan.
 2 Soil moisture sensors.
 Relay
 Diodes
 7805 voltage regulator

Adapter Power Supply:

An AC adapter is a type of external power supply, often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Other
common names include plug pack, plug-in adapter, and power adapter etc. Adapters for battery-powered
equipment may be described as chargers or rechargers. AC adapters are used with electrical devices that
require power but do not contain internal components to derive the required voltage and power
from mains power. The internal circuitry of an external power supply is very similar to the design that
would be used for a built-in or internal supply.
ADVANTAGES:
 1. Safety – External power adapters can free product designers from worrying about some safety
issues. If an external power supply is used (usually via a power connector, often of coaxial type),
the equipment need not be designed with concern for hazardous voltages inside the enclosure.
2. Configuration versatility – Externally powered electronic products can be used with different
power sources as needed (e.g. 120 VAC, 240 VAC, 12 VDC, or external battery pack), for convenient
use in the field, or when traveling.
3. Heat reduction – Heat reduces reliability and longevity of electronic components, and can cause
sensitive circuits to become inaccurate or malfunction. A separate power supply removes a source
of heat from the apparatus.

DC Motor:
I use DC motor to make water pump. DC motor has two leads one is positive and another one is negative. If
we connect them directly to the Arduino board then it will damage the board. To overcome this problem, NPN
transistor is used to control the switching activity of the motor according to the code.

Arduino pin 13 (named as WATERPUMP in code) is used to turn on and off the transistor. According to the
code to control the speed of the motor we need to enter a value between 0 and 255 in the Serial Monitor. I
used 200 value for the speed of the motor.

LED ( Light Emitting Diode):

The lighting emitting diode is a p-n junction diode. It is a specially doped diode and made up of a special type
of semiconductors. When the light emits in the forward biased, then it is called a light-emitting diode. The
light-emitting diode simply, we know as a diode. When the diode is forward biased, then the electrons & holes
are moving fast across the junction and they are combined constantly, removing one another out. Soon after
the electrons are moving from the n-type to the p-type silicon, it combines with the holes, then it disappears.
Hence it makes the complete atom & more stable and it gives the little burst of energy in the form of a tiny
packet or photon of light.
There are many applications of LED and some of them are explained below.

 LED is used as a bulb in the homes and industries

 The light-emitting diodes are used in motorcycles and cars
 These are used in mobile phones to display the message
 At the traffic light signals led’s are used.

Soil Moisture Sensor:

The soil moisture sensor consists of two leads that are used to measure volume of water content in soil. These
leads allow the current to pass through the soil and in return calculates the resistance value to measure the
moisture level. If there is more water in soil then soil will conduct more electricity, means less resistance value
along with high level of moisture. In the same manner if there is less water in soil then soil will conduct less
electricity, means high resistance value along with low level of moisture.

Relay:
Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or electronically. Relays control one
electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit. When a relay contact is normally open
(NO), there is an open contact when the relay is not energized. When a relay contact is Normally Closed (NC),
there is a closed contact when the relay is not energized. In either case, applying electrical current to the
contacts will change their state.
Relays are generally used to switch smaller currents in a control circuit and do not usually control power
consuming devices except for small motors and Solenoids that draw low amps. Nonetheless, relays can
"control" larger voltages and amperes by having an amplifying effect because a small voltage applied to a
relays coil can result in a large voltage being switched by the contacts.
Protective relays can prevent equipment damage by detecting electrical abnormalities, including overcurrent,
undercurrent, overloads and reverse currents. In addition, relays are also widely used to switch starting coils,
heating elements, pilot lights and audible alarms.
Here also when larger current is passed the relay will set OFF and if the current is suitable then relay will set
ON.

Diodes:
A diode is defined as a two-terminal electronic component that only conducts current in one direction (so
long as it is operated within a specified voltage level). An ideal diode will have zero resistance in one direction,
and infinite resistance in the reverse direction.

Voltage Regulator:
A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage. A voltage regulator
may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback. It may use an electromechanical
mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC
or DC voltages.
Here also voltage regulator is used to maintain the voltage of smart irrigation system so that current and
voltage could flow normally.

WORKING PROCESS:
The deficiency of water in the field is sensed by the op-amp based sensor. Whenever there is need of water in
the particular field, the high signal(“1”) appears on the output pin of the sensor of that particular field. The
output pins of all the sensors are connected to the PORT 2 of microcontroller [5]. The high signal(logic 1) from
the sensor is entertained by the microcontroller at a particular pin. By knowing the position of the pin on
which signal appears , the microcontroller rotates the water funnel type cup at the desired speed by using DC
motor connected at PORT 0 in clockwise direction. & switch ON the RELAY (i.e. Water pump) connected at
port 0. Now water starts flowing into the required field. After completion of watering the sensor sends low
signal (logic 0) to microcontroller. When microcontroller receives this signal, it switches OFF the water pump
& rotates the stepper motor in anticlockwise direction to the previous angle to bring the funnel cup in its
initial position. Now microcontroller starts sensing the signal at PORT 2. Whenever there is signal at any pin
the microcontroller repeats the above process. So this process continues & we get the automatic irrigation
the fields by using intelligent device microcontroller 8051.

CODE:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include<Servo.h>

Servo servo_1;

LiquidCrystal lcd(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7);

int sensor_pin1 = A0;

int output_value1 ;
int sensor_pin2 = A1;
int output_value2 ;

int pump = 8;

int cont1 = 0;
int cont2 = 0;

void setup() {
servo_1.attach(9);
servo_1.write(90);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" Welcome ");
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Reading From the Sensor ...");
pinMode(sensor_pin1, INPUT);
pinMode(sensor_pin2, INPUT);
pinMode(pump, OUTPUT);
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
}

void loop() {

output_value1= analogRead(sensor_pin1);
 output_value1 = map(output_value1,100,1023,100,0);

output_value2= analogRead(sensor_pin2);
output_value2 = map(output_value2,100,1023,100,0);

if(output_value1>=100){output_value1=100;}
if(output_value2>=100){output_value2=100;}

if(output_value1<35 && cont2==0){cont1 = 1;

digitalWrite(pump, HIGH);
}

if(output_value2<35 && cont1==0){cont2 = 1;

digitalWrite(pump, HIGH);
}

if(output_value1>70 && cont1==1){cont1 = 0;

digitalWrite(pump, LOW);
}

if(output_value2>70 && cont2==1){cont2 = 0;

digitalWrite(pump, LOW);
}

if(cont1==1){servo_1.write(0);}
if(cont2==1){servo_1.write(180);}
 lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Moisture 1 =");
lcd.print(output_value1);
lcd.print("% ");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Moisture 2 =");
lcd.print(output_value2);
lcd.print("% ");

delay(100);
}

TOOLS USED:
WIRE STRIPPER:
Wire stripper is used to strip off wire insulator from its conductor before it is used to connect to another wire
or soldered into the printed circuit board. Some wire stripper or wire cutter has a measurement engraved on
it to indicate the length that will be stripped.

SIDE- CUTTING PLIER:

A 4-inch side cutting plier will come in handy as one of the electronic tools when one need to trim off excess
component leads on the printed circuit board. It can also be used to cut wires into shorter length before being
used. Tweezer
Small tweezer is used to hold small components especially when doing soldering and desoldering of surface
mount components.

RESULT & DISCUSSIONS:

RESULT:
After successful Hardware Implementation of the circuit diagram in PCB following outputs will be obtained:-
1) When the value of soil moisture is zero there will be no connection between the electrodes and a
infinite impedance will occur between the two electrodes. This makes relay in ON state. The microcontroller
send output „1‟ to the motor circuit. Hence it will result in turning ON the motor.
2) When there is sufficient moisture is present between the electrodes of the circuit. Then it makes a
complete connection between the electrodes. The relay will switch OFF. Then microcontroller will send
output „0‟ to the motor. This will result in turning OFF the motor.

CONCLUSION:
Since prior days agriculturist should visit their horticultural land and check the dampness substance of soil
physically. It permits the client to screen and keep up the dampness remotely regardless of time. It is truly a
viable and financial approach to decrease human exertion and water wastage in farming area. Ebb and flow
systems in farming have decreased the groundwater level and accessibility of human asset. This Irrigation
control framework utilizing Android can help agriculturist as a part of numerous courses.
Aside from horticultural fields, this framework can be utilized as a part of Cricket stadiums or Golf stadiums
furthermore openly cultivates. The framework has an immense interest and future extension as well.
It permits a ton of improvement inside it and prompts the standard and valuable framework which can be
utilized differ generally as a part of rural field.

SCOPE OF PROJECT:

1. Irrigation In Fields
2. Irrigation In Garden Parks.
3. Very Efficient For Paddy Fields.
4. Pisciculture

ADVANTAGES:
 Automation eliminates the manual operation of opening or closing valves.
 Possibility to change frequency of irrigation and fertigation processes and to optimize these
processes.
 Adoption of advanced crop systems and new technologies, especially new crop systems that are
complex and difficult to operate manually.
 Use of water from different sources and increased efficiency in water and fertilizer use.
 System can be operated at night, water loss from evaporation is thus minimized.
 Irrigation process starts and stops exactly when required, thus optimizing energy requirements.

DISADVANTAGES:
 The systems can be very expensive.
 Self-help compatibility is very low with big-scale systems, which are very complex.
 Most automated irrigation systems need electricity.
 For crops like rice we cannot use this same project because of excess need of water. We will use
DTMF technique in the fields where large amount of water is needed.

REFRENCES:

[1]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_moisture_sensor

[2]. http://www.edgefxkits.com/automatic-irrigation-system-on-sensing-soil-moisture-content.

[3]. http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/16x2-lcd-module-datasheet

[4]. http://www.electrical4u.com/working-or-operating-principle-of-dc-motor/
[5]. https://electrosome.com/led-blinking-8051-microcontroller-keil-c-tutorial-at89c51

[6]. http://www.keil.com/c51/c51.asp

[7]. http://www.labcenter.com/index.cfm