CHEMICAL LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS FOR

EP 211 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4

LABORATORY MANUAL

Lecturer/Instructor: Wan Adeebah Binti Wan Mahmood

Name: Adnan(1001541439), Kamaleswary a/p Moorthy(1001541305), Abdimajid

Mohamed(1001541435), Sarindran Vasu(1001541314), Ishaq Kadida
Mashaushi(1001541662)

Course: Experiment 7 (HEAD LOSS IN PIPE)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY& BUILT ENVIRONMENT

UCSI UNIVERSITY
JAN-APRIL 2017

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: DATE OF SUBMISSION:

_______________________ ______________________

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 Table of Content

Objective 3

Introduction 3-5

Material & Apparatus 5

Procedure 5

Result 6-12

Discussion 12-13

Conclusion 13

Limitation & Recommendation 13-14

Reference 14

Appendix 15

Rubric 16

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OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the head loss in pipe flow for different pipe diameter.
2. To estimate the friction factor for difference pipe diameter.
3. To determine the head losses in bends.

LEARNING OUTCOME

Upon the completion of the experiment, student should be able to determine the head loss
in pipe flow for different pipe diameter. Besides that, students are able to plot the graph of fiction
factor against Reynolds number. Student should be able to determine the head loses in each bend
and find the pressure drop along the pipe. Besides that, student should be able to plot the graph
𝑉2
of ∆𝐻 against 2𝑔 to obtain K for all the four bends.

INTRODUCTION

In hydraulic engineering practice, it is a necessary to estimate the head loss incurred by a

fluid as it flows along a pipeline. In the experiment, the frictional resistance to flow along a long
straight pipe with smooth walls is observed.

The resistance to fluid flow is mostly due to the viscosity of the liquid. it is the measure
of a moving fluid’s internal flow resistance. When the intermolecular forces of attraction
between the liquid is strong, the viscosity is also large. Viscosity can be simply define as how

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sticky is the fluid is. A fluid with large viscosity resists motion because its molecular make up
gives it a lot of internal friction. A fluid with low viscosity flows easily because its molecular
makeup results in very little friction when it is in motion.

Hydraulic head is a specific measurement of liquid pressure above a gerdetic datum. It is

usually measured as a liquid surface elevation, expressed in units of length, at the entrance (or
bottom) of a piezometer. In fluid dynamics, the term “head” often relates the energy that an
incompressible fluid possess to the height of an equivalent static column of that fluid. In a
oversimplified manner, “head” basically expresses the total amount of energy a fluid possess at a
specific point in terms of equivalent height of that fluid in a column. Head is expressed in units
of length, most commonly in meters and feet.

Fluid that possess high energy has a high head and a fluid that possess low energy has a
low head. In order to determine the total head in and out of a pipe, calculation of 4 types of head
is needed to make up the total head. The 4 types of heads are velocity head, elevation head,
pressure head and resistance head. Velocity head is the kinetic energy of a fluid flow whereby
elevation head is due to the pontential energy of elevation of flowing fluid. Next, pressure head
is the static pressure of fluid, the intermolecular motion of fluid that exerts a force on its
container. Lastly, resistance head is due to the frictional force acting against the motion of the
fluid by the container.

There are also some factor that can affect the head loss which are flow rate, inside
diameter of the pipe, roughness of the pipe wall, viscosity of the fluid, corrosion and scale
deposit, length of the pipe, fittings and straightness of the pipe. The head loss due to pipe friction
can be estimated using the Darcy- Weisbach equation:

fLV2
HL = 2gD

Whereby, V is the average velocity fluid, D represents the pipe diameter, L is the length
of the pipe being considered, g is referring to gravitational acceleration (9.81 ms−2 ) and f is the
fiction factor. While the pressure loss associated with Valves, Bends, Tees and Elbows can be
determined using the minor loss coefficient formula for a pipe.

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 v2
Δhm = K (2g)

Where: *Δhm is the minor head loss (m)

*K is the Minor Loss Coefficient (dimensionless),
*v is the velocity of the fluid (m/s)
*g is the gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s2

MATERIAL AND APPARATUS

LS-18001-15 Pipe Friction Apparatus connect with Hydraulic Bench, stopwatch, inlet valve
connect to Hydraulic Bench.

PROCEDURE

Head Loss in Pipes of Different Diameter Procedures:

1. The LS-18001-15 Pipe Friction Apparatus is placed on the hydraulic bench.

2. The water inlet and outlet nipples are connected with the flexible hose.
3. The quick coupling is connected to the copper pipe, which has 11 mm inner diameter.
4. The water pump is switched on and the hydraulic bench over-flow valve is closed slowly.
5. The valves at the copper pipe are opened and the air gap in the manometer is removed by
pressing relief valve, which is located on top of the manometer. The water flow rate is
measured by using a measuring beaker and a stopwatch.
6. The reading at the manometer is recorded.
7. Steps 4 to 6 are repeated with different flow rates and the reading of the manometer was
taken.
8. Steps 3 to 7 are repeated for the other different diameter pipes.

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RESULT
Part 1

11mm 8.3mm 5.3mm

Flowrate(L/s) H(mm Hg) Flowrate(L/s) H(mm Hg) Flowrate(L/s) H(mm Hg)

0.2905 34 0.3209 128 0.1364 278

0.2508 30 0.2508 106 0.1328 245

0.2444 27 0.2173 88 0.1206 215

0.2237 24 0.1957 69 0.1097 181

0.2186 21 0.1599 51 0.0992 155

0.2064 18 0.1288 33 0.0889 124

Table 1: Time, Volume of Water Collected, Flow Rate and Velocity

11mm

t (s) Water collected (L) Flow rate (L/s) Velocity, v (m/s)

17.21 5 0.2905 3.0621

19.94 5 0.2508 2.6391

20.46 5 0.2444 2.5717

22.35 5 0.2237 2.3539

22.87 5 0.2186 2.3002

24.23 5 0.2064 2.1718

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8.3mm

t (s) Water collected (L) Flow rate (L/s) Velocity, v (m/s)

15.58 5 0.3209 5.9309

19.94 5 0.2508 4.6353

23.01 5 0.2173 4.0162

25.55 5 0.1957 3.6170

31.27 5 0.1599 2.9553

38.81 5 0.1288 2.3805

5.3mm

t (s) Water collected (L) Flow rate (L/s) Velocity, v (m/s)

36.66 5 0.1364 6.1826

37.64 5 0.1328 6.0195

41.47 5 0.1206 5.4665

45.56 5 0.1097 4.9724

50.50 5 0.0992 4.4965

56.23 5 0.0889 4.0296

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Example of calculation to determine the flow rate:

Flow rate = L
s

= 5L
36.66s

= 0.1364 L/s

Example of calculation to determine the velocity (m/s):

Velocity = 4 × L/s
π × D2 × 1000

= 4 × 0.1364
π × 0.00532 × 1000

= 6.1826 m/s

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Table 3: Velocity, Reynolds Number, Head Loss and Friction Factor

11mm

Velocity, v (m/s) Re Δh (m Hg) Friction factor, f

3.0621 37260.07 0.034 0.001841

2.6391 32112.94 0.030 0.002187

2.5717 31292.81 0.027 0.002073

2.3539 28642.59 0.024 0.002200

2.3002 27989.16 0.021 0.002016

2.1718 26426.77 0.018 0.001938

8.3mm

Velocity, v (m/s) Re Δh (m Hg) Friction factor, f

5.9309 54454.06 0.128 0.001394

4.6353 42558.62 0.106 0.001890

4.0162 36874.40 0.088 0.002091

3.6170 33209.18 0.069 0.002021

2.9553 27133.84 0.051 0.002238

2.3805 21856.36 0.033 0.002231

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5.3mm

Velocity, v (m/s) Re Δh (m Hg) Friction factor, f

6.1826 36247.54 0.278 0.001780

6.0195 35291.32 0.245 0.001654

5.4665 32049.17 0.215 0.001760

4.9724 29152.35 0.181 0.001791

4.4965 26362.22 0.155 0.001876

4.0296 23624.87 0.124 0.001869

Example of calculation to determine Reynolds number, Re:

Re = vD
u

= 6.1826 × 0.0053
9.04 × 10−7

= 36247.54

Example of calculation to determine friction factor, f:

h
f =
L v2

d 2g

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 = 0.278
0.425 6.18262
×
0.0053 2(9.81)

= 0.001780

Graph of f against Re for 11mm

0.0023
0.0022
Frictional Factor, f

0.0021
0.002
0.0019
0.0018
0.0017
0.0016
37260.07 32112.94 31292.81 28642.59 27989.16 26426.77
Reynold Number, Re

Graph of f against Re for 8.3mm

0.0025

0.002
Friction Factor, f

0.0015

0.001

0.0005

0
54454.06 42558.62 36874.4 33209.18 27133.84 21856.36
Reynold Number, Re

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 Graph of f against Re for 5.3mm
0.0019
0.00185
Friction Factor, f

0.0018
0.00175
0.0017
0.00165
0.0016
0.00155
0.0015
36247.54 35291.32 32049.17 29152.35 26362.22 23624.87
Reynold Number, Re

DISCUSSION

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the head loss in pipe flow for different pipe
diameters and estimate the friction factor for different pipe diameters. The most common
equation used to calculate major head losses is the Darcy–Weisbach equation.

The frictional factors which were determined experimentally, were closely related to the ones in
the moody chart but there was slight variations. The differences occurred because of human error
while reading the manometer and flow meter. The differences also occurred due to the fact that
the pipes were assumed to be smooth while in reality the pipes had some relative roughness, and
because the water was assumed to be at room temperature

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The relation between the friction factor and Reynolds number is that when the Reynolds number
increases, the friction factor decreases. Graphs of friction factor against Reynolds number were
plotted for pipe diameters of 11mm, 8.3mm and 5.3mm.

Looking at the results obtained, the pipe with 5.3mm diameter can be classified as a laminar
flow although values on the graph have Reynolds number more than 25,000 which are all greater
than 4,000 meaning turbulent flow. The 5.3mm diameter has the smallest Reynolds number out
of the three. Laminar flow is the flow in which each particle of the fluid follows a smooth path,
paths which do not interfere with one another. This definition indicates that smaller diameter will
produce lower Reynolds number.

Conclusion

Generally the objectives of this experiment were achieved. This experiment was to determine the
head loss in pipe flow for different pipe diameter, estimate the friction factor for difference pipe
diameter and determine the head loss in bends. Head loss gets larger when the cross sectional
area of the pipe decreases. From the result, the 11 mm pipe registered as the lowest head loss
value along with the lowest velocity and the largest friction factor value as compared to the 8.3
mm and 5.3 mm pipe. Plus we can also calculate the Reynolds number. The graph of friction
factor against Reynolds number was plotted, the graph shows the relationship of Reynolds
number and the friction factor as Reynolds number increases the friction factor decreases.

LIMITATION OF REPORT

In this experiment, there are some errors that have been detected which caused
inaccuracy in the results. For instance, the eye of the reader is not perpendicular the meniscus of
water while observing causing inaccurate reading. There might be bubble formation in the pipe
line as bubbles are not properly flushed during bleeding. To overcome this problem, the eye of
the reader should be perpendicular to the meniscus while taking the reading. The air bubbles

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should be released out before the reading is taken. In order to obtain an accurate result, the
experiment should be repeated. In addition, the apparatus that will be used should be clean and
dry. For safety purpose, closed shoes and suitable attire should be worn during the experiment
period to avoid any injuries. Those were the problems encountered while conducting the
experiment that affected the end result causing it not precise and inaccurate to the correct value.

REFERENCE

1. Massey, B.; Ward-Smith, J.(1868). Pipe Head Loss. Retrieved, 8th June 2016, from
http://www.codecogs.com/library/engineering/fluid_mechanics/pipes/head_loss/pipe-
head-loss.php
2. Mulley, Raymond.(1882). Head Loss in Piping Systems. Retrieved, 8th June 2016, from
http://www.hydromatic.com/ResidentialPage_techinfopage_headloss.aspx
3. Dwivedi, P. N. (1977). “Particle-fluid mass transfer in fixed and fluidized beds".
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development 16 (2): 157–165.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_head
4. Hubert, Chanson.(1999). Head loss in a pipeline. Retrieved, 10th June 2016, from
http://www.pumpsandsystems.com/pumps/april-2015-calculating-head-loss-pipeline
5. Stokes, George (1851). "On the Effect of the Internal Friction of Fluids on the Motion of
Pendulums".
http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/kinnas/319LAB/Lab/Lab%208/Head%20Losses%20in%2
0Pipe%20Flow/Lab8.htm

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